Aspidorhynchidae Explained

Aspidorhynchidae (from Neo-Latin "shield-snouts") is an extinct family of ray-finned fish from the Mesozoic Era. It is the only member of the monotypic order Aspidorhynchiformes. Members of the group are noted for their elongated, conical rostrums, of varying length, formed from fused premaxillae. The range of the group extends from the Middle Jurassic to the end of the Maastrichtian, with a potential record from the Late Paleocene. The family and order were described by Pieter Bleeker in 1859.

Taxonomy

Aspidorhynchiformes have generally been recovered as basal members of Teleosteomorpha, more closely related to teleosts than to Holostei. They have often considered to have a sister group relationship with Pachycormiformes, another group of basal teleosteomorphs.^[1] However, other studies instead suggest that they successively diverged after one another, with the aspidorhynchids actually being closer to the teleosts than the pachycormids.^[2]

Aspidorhynchiformes has one family, which is divided into at least two genera:^{[3] [4] [5]}

• Order †Aspidorhynchiformes Bleeker 1859 [Aspidorhynchida; Aspidorhynchoidei <small>Bleeker 1859</small>]
  • Family †Aspidorhynchidae Bleeker 1859 [Vinctiferidae <small>Silva Santos 1990</small>; Diphyodontidae <small>Jordan 1923</small>]
    • Genus †Jonoichthys Gouiric-Cavalli 2015
    • Genus ?†Ophirachis Costa 1854
    • Genus †Platycerhynchus Costa 1864
    • Genus †Pseudovinctifer Arratia 2015
    • Genus †Richmondichthys Bartholomai 2004
    • Genus †Aspidorhynchus Agassiz 1833 non Fitzinger 1843
    • Genus †Belonostomus Agassiz 1834 [''[[Dichelospondylus]] Costa 1856; Hemirhynchus Kner 1867 non Agassiz 1844 non Hodgson 1843; Diphyodus Lambe 1902]
    • Genus †Vinctifer Jordan 1920

Fossils range have been found in the United States, France, Italy, Russia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, and Uzbekistan. These fossils range from 167.7mya (Aspidorhynchus) to 66 mya (Belonostomus longirostris).

Evolutionary history

The earliest known remains of the group are known from the Middle Jurassic of Europe, in what was then the western Tethys Ocean, which was likely the centre of their initial diversification; during the Late Jurassic they dispersed to the waters around the Caribbean, South America and Antarctica. During the Cretaceous they dispersed worldwide.^[6] Some members, like Belonostomus, attained a global distribution in both marine and freshwater habitats; others, like Vinctifer, were restricted to the seas around Gondwana, while others like the giant Richmondichthys were restricted to small geographic regions such as the Eromanga Sea.^[7]

The youngest members of the group, belonging to Belonostomus, went extinct at the end of the Maastrichtian during the K-Pg extinction. A specimen from the Late Paleocene of North Dakota suggests they may have persisted into the early Cenozoic, although this may have just been reworked from earlier formations.^{[8] [9] [10]}

Anatomy

The most distinctive feature of the Aspidorhynchiformes are the elongated, tube-like rostrums, which are formed from fused premaxillary bones.^[11] The scales are lepidosteoid, similar to those of gars.^[12]

Most aspidorhynchids were predatory fish, which is best exemplified by fossils of Aspidorhynchus from Germany that have been found entangled with those of the pterosaur Rhamphorhynchus, which they appear to have attacked and died with. However, aspidorhynchids primarily fed on small fish and other vertebrates, with these attacks on pterosaurs appearing to be fatal mistakes.^[13] In contrast to other aspidorhynchids, the largest member of the family, the giant Richmondichthys from Australia, evolved clear adaptations for a planktivorous, filter-feeding lifestyle.^[14]

References

• paleodb

Notes and References

1. Peskin . Brianna . Henke . Katrin . Cumplido . Nicolás . Treaster . Stephen . Harris . Matthew P. . Bagnat . Michel . Arratia . Gloria . 2020-07-20 . Notochordal Signals Establish Phylogenetic Identity of the Teleost Spine . Current Biology . en . 30 . 14 . 2805–2814.e3 . 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.037 . 0960-9822 . 8159021 . 32559448.
2. Near . Thomas J. . Thacker . Christine E. . 2024 . Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii) . Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History . 65 . 1 . 3–302 . 10.3374/014.065.0101 . 0079-032X. free .
3. Web site: Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Haaramo. Mikko. 2007. †Aspidorhynchiformes . 30 December 2016.
4. Book: Nelson. Joseph S.. Grande. Terry C.. Wilson. Mark V. H.. 2016. Fishes of the World. 5th. John Wiley & Sons. 9781118342336.
5. van der Laan. Richard. 2018. Family-group names of fossil fishes. 10.5852/ejt.2018.466. free. European Journal of Taxonomy. 466. 1-167.
6. Brito (1997) Brito PM. Révision des Aspidorhynchidae (Pisces, Actinopterygii) du Mésozoïque: ostéologie, relations phylogénétiques, données environnementales et biogéographiques. Geodiversitas. 1997;19:681–772.
7. Bartholomai . Alan. . Bartholomai . Alan . 2004 . The large aspidorhynchid fish, Richmondichthys sweeti (Etheridge Jnr and Smith Woodward, 1891) from Albian Marine deposits of Queensland, Australia . Memoirs of the Queensland Museum . 49 . 2 . 521––536.
8. Van Vranken . Nathan . Fielitz . Christopher . Ebersole . Jun . 2019 . New occurrences of Belonostomus (Teleostomorpha: Aspidorhynchidae) from the Late Cretaceous of the North American Gulf Coastal Plain, USA . Palaeontologia Electronica . 22 . 3 . 1–11 . 10.26879/983 . 1935-3952 . 204264731 . free.
9. Bryant . Laurie J. . 1987 . Belonostomus (Teleostei: Aspidorhynchidae) from the Late Paleocene of North Dakota . PaleoBios . Museum of Paleontology, University of California Berkeley . 43.
10. Bogan . Sergio . Taverne . Louis . Agnolin . Federico L. . 2011 . Description of a new aspidorhynchid fish, Belonostomus lamarquensis sp. nov. (Halecostomi, Aspidorhynchiformes), from the continental Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina . Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belqique, Sciences de la Terre . 81 . 235-245.
11. Cantalice. Kleyton M.. Alvarado-Ortega. Jesús. Brito. Paulo M.. Cantalice. Kleyton M.. Alvarado-Ortega. Jesús. Brito. Paulo M.. 2018. On the occurrence of Vinctifer ferrusquiai sp. nov. (Actinopterygii, Aspidorhynchiformes) in the Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) deposits near Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca, southern Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas. en. 35. 2. 179–187. 10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2018.2.713. 51837850. 1026-8774. free.
12. Brito. Paulo M.. Meunier. François J.. January 2000. The morphology and histology of the scales of Aspidorhynchidae (Actinopterygii, Halecostomi). Geobios. en. 33. 1. 105–111. 10.1016/S0016-6995(00)80153-9. 2000Geobi..33..105B .
13. Frey . E. . and Tischlinger, H. . 2012 . The Late Jurassic pterosaur Rhamphorhynchus, a frequent victim of the ganoid fish Aspidorhynchus? . PLOS ONE . 7 . 3 . e31945 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0031945 . 3296705 . 22412850 . free.
14. Bartholomai . Alan. . Bartholomai . Alan . 2004 . The large aspidorhynchid fish, Richmondichthys sweeti (Etheridge Jnr and Smith Woodward, 1891) from Albian Marine deposits of Queensland, Australia . Memoirs of the Queensland Museum . 49 . 2 . 521––536.