Asian Highway Network Explained

The Asian Highway Network (AH), also known as the Great Asian Highway, is a cooperative project among countries in Asia and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) to improve their connectivity via highway systems, funded by G77 Gold Standards. It is one of the three pillars of the Asian Land Transport Infrastructure Development (ALTID) project, endorsed by the ESCAP commission at its 48th session in 1992, comprising Asian Highway, Trans-Asian Railway (TAR) and facilitation of land transport projects.

Agreements have been signed by 32 countries to allow the highway to cross the continent and also reach to Europe. Some of the countries taking part in the highway project are India (Look-East connectivity projects), Sri Lanka, Pakistan, China, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Nepal and Bangladesh. Most of the funding comes from the larger, more advanced Asian nations such as China, South Korea and Singapore as well as international agencies such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).

The project aims to make maximum use of the continent's existing highways to avoid the construction of newer ones, except in cases where missing routes necessitate their construction. Project Monitor, an Asian infrastructure news website, has commented that "early beneficiaries of the Asian Highway project are the planners within the national land transport department of the participating countries [since] it assists them in planning the most cost-effective and efficient routes to promote domestic and international trade. Non-coastal areas, which are often negligible, are the other beneficiaries."

However, in the mid-2000s some transportation experts were skeptical about the viability of the project given the economic and political climate in both South and Southeast Asia.

History

The AH project was initiated by the United Nations in 1959 with the aim of promoting the development of international road transport in the region. During the first phase of the project (1960–1970) considerable progress was achieved, however, progress slowed down when financial assistance was suspended in 1975.

ESCAP has conducted several projects in cooperation with AH member countries step by step after the endorsement of ALTID in 1992.

The Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network (IGA) was adopted on November 18, 2003, by the Intergovernmental Meeting; the IGA includes Annex I, which identifies 55 AH routes among 32 member countries totalling approximately 140,000 km (87,500 miles), and Annex II "Classification and Design Standards". During the 60th session of the ESCAP Commission at Shanghai, China, in April 2004, the IGA treaty was signed by 23 countries. By 2013, 29 countries had ratified the agreement.^[1]

In 2007, British drivers Richard Meredith and Phil Colley completed the first full East to West journey of the entire highway in an Aston Martin Vantage which was later sold to raise money for UNICEF. The drive was a marketing stunt promoted by the car manufacturer.^[2]

Implications

The advanced highway network would provide for greater trade and social interactions between Asian countries, including personal contacts, project capitalizations, connections of major container terminals with transportation points, and promotion of tourism via the new roadways.^[3] Infrastructure consultant Om Prakash noted that, "It's an excellent step taken by ESCAP to gather all the Asian countries under one crown but the problem with this project is political disputes between some countries, notably Pakistan and Myanmar, which is delaying the project."

Future development plans

Route AH1 is proposed to extend from Tokyo to the border with Bulgaria (EU) west of Istanbul and Edirne, passing through both Koreas, China and other countries in Southeast, Central and South Asia. The corridor is expected to improve trade links between East Asian countries, India and Russia. To complete the route, existing roads will be upgraded and new roads constructed to link the network. US$25 billion has been spent or committed with additional US$18 billion needed for upgrades and improvements to 26000km (16,000miles) of highway.^[4]

Numbering and signage

The project new highway route numbers begin with "AH", standing for "Asian Highway", followed by one, two or three digits. Single-digit route numbers from 1 to 9 are assigned to major Asian Highway routes which cross more than one subregion. Two- and three-digit route numbers are assigned to indicate the routes within subregions, including those connecting to neighbouring subregions, and self-contained highway routes within the participating countries.^[5] Route numbers are printed in the Latin script and Hindu-Arabic numerals and may simply be added to existing signage, like the E-road network.

The actual design of the signs has not been standardized, only that the letters and digits are in white or black, but the color, shape and size of the sign being completely flexible. Most examples feature a blue rectangular shield with a white inscription (similar to German Autobahn signage) with further examples of white on green and black on white rectangular shields.^{[3] [5] [6]}

Routes

AH1 to AH9: Continent-Wide Routes

• – 20557km (12,774miles): Tokyo, Japan – Bulgarian border, Turkey^[7]
  • Border of Bulgaria – Kapıkule – Istanbul – Gerede – Ankara – Sivas – Refahiye – Aşkale – Doğubayazıt – Gürbulak –
  • Bazargan – Ivughli – Tabriz – Qazvin – Tehran – Semnan – Damghan – Sabzevar – Neishabour-Mashhad – Dowqarun –
  • Islam Qala – Herat – Delaram – Kandahar – Kabul – Torkham –
  • Peshawar – Hassan Abdal – Rawalpindi (– Islamabad) – Lahore – Wagah –
  • Attari – New Delhi – Agra – Kanpur – Varanasi – Sasaram – Kolkata – Petrapole –
  • Benapole – Jashore – Dhaka – Kachpur – Sylhet – Tamabil –
  • Dawki – Shillong – Jorabat (– Guwahati) – Nagaon – Dimapur – Chümoukedima – Kohima – Viswema – Imphal – Moreh –
  • Tamu – Mandalay – Meiktila – Payagyi (– Yangon) – Myawaddy –
  • Mae Sot – Tak – Nakhon Sawan – Bang Pa-in (– Bangkok) – Hin Kong – Kabin Buri – Aranyaprathet –
  • Poipet – Phnom Penh – Bavet –
  • Mộc Bài – Ho Chi Minh City – Biên Hòa (– Vũng Tàu) – Nha Trang – Hội An – Da Nang – Huế – Đông Hà – Vinh – Hanoi – Đồng Đăng – Hữu Nghị –
  • Youyiguan – Nanning – Guangzhou (– Shenzhen – Hong Kong) – Xiangtan – Changsha – Wuhan – Xinyang – Zhengzhou – Shijiazhuang – Beijing – Shenyang – Dandong –
  • Sinuiju – Pyongyang – Kaesong –
  • Munsan – Seoul – Daejeon – Daegu – Gyeongju – Busan …
  • Fukuoka – Tokyo
• – 13177km (8,188miles): Denpasar, Indonesia – Khosravi, Iran
  • Khosravi – Hamadan – Saveh – Salafchegan (– Tehran) – Yazd – Anar – Kerman – Zahedan – Mirjaveh –
  • Taftan – Quetta – Rohri – Multan – Lahore – Wagah –
  • Attari – New Delhi – Rampur – Banbasa –
  • Bramhadev Mandi – Mahendranagar – Kohalpur – Narayangarh – Pathlaiya – Kakarbhitta –
  • Siliguri –
  • Banglabandha– Rangpur– Hatikumrul – Dhaka – Kachpur – Sylhet – Tamabil –
  • Dawki – Shillong – Jorabat (– Guwahati) – Nagaon – Dimapur – Chümoukedima – Kohima – Viswema – Imphal – Moreh –
  • Tamu – Mandalay – Meiktila – Kengtung – Tachilek –
  • Mae Sai – Chiang Rai – Tak – Nakhon Sawan – Bang Pa-in – Bangkok – Hat Yai – Sadao –
  • Bukit Kayu Hitam – Butterworth – Kuala Lumpur – Seremban – Johor Bahru –
  • Singapore – Sengkang
  • Jakarta (– Merak) – Cikampek (– Bandung) – Semarang – Surakarta – Surabaya – Denpasar
• – 7331km (4,555miles):
  • Northern section: Ulan-Ude, Russia – Tanggu, China
    • Ulan-Ude – Kyakhta –
    • Altanbulag – Darkhan – Ulaanbaatar – Nalaikh – Choir – Sainshand – Zamyn-Üüd –
    • Erenhot – Beijing – Tanggu
  • Southern section: Shanghai, China – Chiang Rai, Thailand
    • Shanghai – Hangzhou – Nanchang – Xiangtan – Guiyang – Kunming – Jinghong (– Daluo – Mong La – Keng Tung) – Mohan, Yunnan –
    • Boten – Nateuy – Houayxay –
    • Chiang Khong – Chiang Rai
• – 6024km (3,743miles): Novosibirsk, Russia – Karachi, Pakistan
  • Novosibirsk – Barnaul – Tashanta –
  • Ulaanbaishint – Khovd – Yarantai
  • Ürümqi – Kashgar – Honqiraf –
  • Khunjerab – Hassanabdal – Rawalpindi – Islamabad – Lahore – Multan – Rohri – Hyderabad – Karachi
• – 10380km (6,450miles): Shanghai, China – Bulgarian border, Turkey^[8]
  • Border of Bulgaria – Kapikule – Istanbul – Gerede – Merzifon – Samsun – Trabzon – Sarp –
  • Batumi – Poti – Senaki – (Port of Anaklia – Zugdidi bypass road – Samtredia) Khashuri – Mtskheta – Tbilisi –
  • Red Bridge – Qazax – Ganja – Gazi Mammed – Alat – Baku …
  • Turkmenbashi – Serdar – Ashgabat – Tejen – Mary – Turkmenabat – Farap –
  • Ələt – Bukhara – Navoi – Samarkand – Syrdaria – Tashkent – Chernyavka –
  • Chernyaevka – Shymkent – Merki –
  • Chaldovar – Kara Balta – Bishkek –
  • Kordai – Kaskelen – Almaty –
  • Khorgas – Jinghe – Kuytun – Ürümqi – Turpan – Lanzhou – Xi'an – Xinyang – Nanjing – Shanghai
• – 10475km (6,509miles): Busan, South Korea – Belarusian border, Russia
  • Border of Belarus – Krasnoye – Moscow – Samara – Ufa – Chelyabinsk – Petukhovo –
  • Chistoe – Petropavl – Karakoga –
  • Isilkul – Omsk – Novosibirsk – Krasnoyarsk – Irkutsk – Ulan-Ude – Chita – Zabaykalsk –
  • Manzhouli – Qiqihar – Harbin – Suifenhe –
  • Pogranichny – Ussuriysk – Razdolnoye (– Vladivostok – Nahodka) – Khasan –
  • Sonbong – Chongjin – Wonsan (– Pyongyang) –
  • Goseong – Ganseong – Gangneung – Gyeongju – Busan
• – 5868km (3,646miles): Yekaterinburg, Russia – Karachi, Pakistan
  • Yekaterinburg – Chelyabinsk – Troisk –
  • Kaerak – Kostanai – Astana – Karaganda – Burubaital – Merke –
  • Chaldovar – Kara-Balta – Osh –
  • Andijon – Tashkent – Syrdaria – Khavast –
  • Khujand – Dushanbe – Nizhniy Panj –
  • Shirkhan – Pol-e Khomri – Jabal Saraj – Kabul – Kandahar – Spin Boldak –
  • Chaman – Quetta – Kalat – Karachi
• – 4907km (3,049miles): Finnish border, Russia – Bandar Emam, Iran
  • Border of Finland – Torfyanovka – Vyborg – St. Petersburg – Moscow – Tambov – Borisoglebsk – Volgograd – Astrakhan – Khasavyurt – Mahachkala – Kazmalyarskiy –
  • Samur – Sumgayit – Baku – Alat – Bilasuvar – Astara –
  • Rasht – Qazvin – Tehran – Saveh – Ahvaz – Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni
• – 9,222 km (5,730 mi): St. Petersburg, Russia – Lianyungang, China^[9]
  • St. Petersburg – Moscow – Ulyanovsk – Toliatti – Samara – Orenburg – Sagarchin –
  • Zhaisan – Aktobe – Kyzylorda – Shymkent – Taraz – Almaty –
  • Khorgas – Urumqi – Lianyungang

AH10 to AH29: Southeast Asia Routes

• – 1588km (987miles): Vientiane, Laos – Sihanoukville, Cambodia
  • Vientiane – Ban Lao – Thakhek – Seno – Pakse – Veunkham – Tranpeangkreal –
  • Stung Treng – Kratie – Phnom Penh – Sihanoukville
• – 1195km (743miles): Nateuy, Laos – Hin Kong, Thailand
  • Nateuy – Oudomxai – Pakmong – Louang Phrabang – Vientiane – Thanaleng –
  • Nong Khai – Udon Thani – Khon Kaen – Nakhon Ratchasima – Hin Kong
• – 1429km (888miles): Hanoi, Vietnam – Nakhon Sawen, Thailand
  • Hanoi – Hoa Binh – Son La – Dien Bien – Tây Trang –
  • Pang Hok – Muang Khoua – Oudomxai – Muang Ngeun –
  • Huai Kon – Uttaradit – Phitsanulok – Nakhon Sawan
• – 2077km (1,291miles): Hai Phong, Vietnam – Mandalay, Myanmar
  • Hai Phong – Hanoi – Viet Tri – Lao Cai –
  • Hekou – Kunming – Ruili –
  • Muse – Lashio – Mandalay
• – 566km (352miles): Vinh, Vietnam – Udon Thani, Thailand
  • Vinh – Cau Treo –
  • Keoneau – Ban Lao – Thakhek –
  • Nakhon Phanom – Udon Thani
• – 1032km (641miles): Đông Hà, Vietnam – Tak, Thailand
  • Đông Hà – Lao Bao –
  • Densavanh – Seno – Savannakhet –
  • Mukdahan – Khon Kaen – Phitsanulok – Tak
• – 980km (610miles): Đà Nẵng, Vietnam – Vũng Tàu, Vietnam^{[10] [11]}
  • Đà Nẵng – Kon Tum – Pleiku – Ho Chi Minh – Vũng Tàu
• – 1042km (647miles): Hat Yai, Thailand – Johor Bahru Causeway, Malaysia
  • Hat Yai – Sungai Kolok –
  • Rantau Panjang – Kota Bahru – Kuantan – Johor Bahru – Johor Bahru Causeway
• – 459km (285miles): Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand – Bangkok, Thailand
  • Nakhon Ratchasima – Kabin Buri – Laem Chabang – Chonburi – Bangkok
• AH21 – length unknown: Qui Nhơn, Vietnam – Serei Saophoan, Cambodia
  • Quy Nhon port – Pleiku – Le Thanh –
  • O Yadav – Banlung – Stung Treng – Preah Vihear – Siem Reap – Serei Saophoan
• Trans-Sumatran Highway (Eastern Route) – 2549km (1,584miles): Banda Aceh, Indonesia – Merak, Indonesia
  • Banda Aceh – Medan – Tebingtinggi – Dumai – Pekanbaru – Jambi – Palembang – Tanjung Karang – Bakauheni … Merak
• Pan-Philippine Highway – 3379.73km (2,100.07miles):^[12] Laoag, Philippines – Zamboanga, Philippines
  • Laoag – Tuguegarao – Guiguinto – Quezon City (– Manila – Makati) – Makati – Calamba – Legazpi – Matnog … Allen – Tacloban (– Ormoc City … Cebu City) – Liloan … Surigao – Butuan – Davao (– Cagayan de Oro) – General Santos – Cotabato City – Zamboanga

AH30 to AH39: East Asia and Northeast Asia Routes

Route No.	Distance	Start	End	Notes
AH30	2,739 km (1712 miles)		Chita, Russia
AH31	1,595 km (997 miles)	Belogorsk, Russia	Dalian, China
AH32	3,748 km (2342.5 miles)		Khovd, Mongolia
AH33	575 km (359 miles)	Harbin, China	Tongjiang, China	Also known as G1011
AH34	1,033 km (646 miles)	Lianyungang, China	Xi'an, China
AH35	1,305 km (811 miles)	Undurkhaan, Mongolia	Jinzhou, China

AH40 to AH59: South Asian Routes

Route No.	Distance	Start	End
AH41	948 km (592.5 miles)		Mongla, Bangladesh
AH42	3,754 km (2346 miles)		Barhi, India
AH43	3,024 km (1892 miles)		Matara, Sri Lanka (Via) Rameswaram, TN, IN
AH44(A6)	107 km (67 miles)		Trincomalee, Sri Lanka
AH45	2,030 km (1269 miles)		Krishnagiri, TN, IN (Via) Chennai, TN, India
AH46	1,967 km (1,222 miles)	Hazira port, Surat, India	Howrah, India
AH47	2,057 km (1286 miles)
AH48	276 km (171 miles)		Changrabandha, India
AH51	825 km (513 miles)	Peshawar, Pakistan	Quetta, Pakistan

AH60 to AH89: North Asia, Central Asia and Southwest Asia Routes

Route No.	Distance	Start	End
AH60	2,151 km (1344 miles)	Omsk, Russia (on AH6)	Burubaital, Kazakhstan (on AH7)
AH61	4,158 km (2599 miles)	Kashgar, China (on AH4/AH65)	border between Russia and Ukraine
AH62	2,722 km (1701 miles)	Petropavl, Kazakhstan (on AH6/AH64)	Mazari Sharif, Afghanistan (on AH76)
AH63	2,434 km (1521 miles)	Samara, Russia (on AH6)	Guzar, Uzbekistan (on AH62)
AH64	1,666 km (1041 miles)	Petropavl, Kazakhstan (on AH6/AH62)	Barnaul, Russia (on AH4)
AH65	1,250 km (781 miles)	Kashgar, China (on AH4/AH61)	Termez, Uzbekistan (on AH62)
AH66	995 km (622 miles)	border between China and Tajikistan	Termez, Uzbekistan (on AH62)
AH67	2,288 km (1430 miles)	Kuitun, China (on AH5)	Zhezkazgan, Kazakhstan (on AH62)
AH68	278 km (174 miles)	Jinghe, China (on AH5)	Ucharal, Kazakhstan (on AH60)
AH70	4,832 km (3020 miles)	border between Ukraine and Russia	Bandar Abbas, Iran
AH71	426 km (266 miles)	Dilaram, Afghanistan (on AH1)	Dashtak, Iran (on AH75)
AH72	1,147 km (717 miles)	Tehran, Iran (on AH1/AH2/AH8)	Bushehr, Iran
AH75	1,871 km (1169 miles)	Tejen, Turkmenistan (on AH5)	Chabahar, Iran
AH76	986 km (616 miles)	Puli Khumri, Afghanistan (on AH7)	Herat, Afghanistan (on AH1/AH77)
AH77	1,298 km (811 miles)	Jabal Saraj District, Afghanistan (on AH7)	Mary, Turkmenistan (on AH5)
AH78	1,076 km (672.5 miles)	Ashgabat, Turkmenistan (on AH5)	Kerman, Iran (on AH2)
AH81	1,143 km (714 miles)	Larsi, Georgia	Aktau, Kazakhstan (on AH70)
AH82	1,261 km (788 miles)	border between Russia and Georgia	Ivughli, Iran (on AH1)
AH83	172 km (107.5 miles)	Qazakh, Azerbaijan (on AH5)	Yerevan, Armenia (on AH81/AH82)
AH84	1,188 km (742.5 miles)	Doğubeyazıt, Turkey (on AH1)	İçel, Turkey
AH85	338 km (211 miles)	Refahiye, Turkey (on AH1)	Merzifon, Turkey (on AH5)
AH86	247 km (154 miles)	Askale, Turkey (on AH1)	Trabzon, Turkey (on AH5)
AH87	606 km (378.75 miles)	Ankara, Turkey (on AH1)	İzmir, Turkey
AH88	1,700 km (1050 miles)^[13]	Chabahar, Iran (on AH75)	Bandar Imam Khomeini, Iran (on AH8)

AH100 to AH299: ASEAN Southeast Asia Routes

These routes were set up by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations as part of an extension to the Asian Highway Network, known as the ASEAN Highway Network.

Route No.	Distance	Start	End	Notes
AH111			Thibaw, Myanmar	^[14]
			Kawthaung, Myanmar
AH121			Sa Kaeo, Thailand
AH123			Pak Tho on AH2 in Thailand	^[15]
AH131		Vũng Áng, Vietnam	Thakhek, Laos
AH132		Quảng Ngãi, Vietnam	Thang Beng, Laos
		Butterworth, Malaysia	Pasir Puteh, Malaysia
			Kuantan, Malaysia
			Gambang, Malaysia
AH143			Senai, Malaysia
AH150		Telok Merano, Sarawak	Entikong, West Kalimantan	Also known as the Pan-Borneo Highway
AH151		Tebing Tinggi, North Sumatra	Bandar Lampung, Lampung	Also known as the Central Trans-Sumatran Highway. The highway is also co-signed as Sumatra by the Ministry of Transportation (Indonesia) since 2019.
AH152		Jakarta	Surakarta, Central Java	The highway is also co-signed by some Indonesian National Route Java by the Ministry of Transportation (Indonesia) since 2019.

Distance by country or region

The planned network runs a total of 1404790NaN0.

Country or region	Distance in km (mi)
	4247abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	958abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	1442abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	1804abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	1abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	1339abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	25579abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	1154abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	91abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	27987abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	3989abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	11152abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	1200abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	13189abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	1320abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	907abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	1695abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	2297abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	4006abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	4286abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	3003abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	1321abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	5377abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	3517abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	16869abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	38abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	650abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	1925abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	5112abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	5254abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	2204abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	2966abbr=onNaNabbr=on
	2678abbr=onNaNabbr=on

See also

• Other intercontinental highway systems: International E-road network, Pan-American Highway, Arab Mashreq International Road Network and Trans-African Highway network
• Trans-Asian Railway
• Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel
• G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway
• Seikan Tunnel
• One Belt, One Road
• Eurasian Land Bridge
• Bering land bridge
• Hippie trail

External links

• The project homepage
  • Alternative link
• Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network
• Asia signs up to 'new Silk Road' BBC News report (April 26, 2004)
• UNESCAP press release announcing treaty
• 2003 Asian Highway Handbook
• Pakistan's Gwadar to Afghanistan, China road declared Asian Highway
• Driven Together, Historic first crossing of Asia's new Highway to the West
• Asian Highway Network Details

Notes and References

1. Web site: UNTC . 2013-05-15 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140528133123/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XI-B-34&chapter=11&lang=en . 2014-05-28 . .
2. Milton Keynes Citizen 2008-11-03 "Aston adventure" Page 2
3. Kamat, Rahul The Great Asian Highway, Project Monitor website, 31 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-05-05
4. http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/common/tis/ah/priority_investment.asp#profiles "Priority Investment Needs for the Development for the Asian Highway Network"
5. http://www.geog.nau.edu/igust/China2005/other.html Newswire
6. McCartan, Brian Roadblocks on the Great Asian Highway, Asia Times website, 23 January 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-05;
7. Web site: INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENT ON THE ASIAN HIGHWAY NETWORK.
8. Web site: Asian Highway Agreement with Amended Annex-I 2020. UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. 2021-02-11.
9. Web site: Asian Highway Network . . https://web.archive.org/web/20230119045153/https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/2021-01/Map_AH_24Dec_Digital_Full.pdf . 2023-01-19 . live.
10. Book: ASEAN logistics network map.. 2009. JETRO. Nihon Bōeki Shinkōkai.. 978-4822410681. 2nd. Tokyo. 434492237.
11. Book: Master plan on ASEAN connectivity.. December 2010. 2018-01-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20170706183008/http://www.asean.org/storage/images/ASEAN_RTK_2014/4_Master_Plan_on_ASEAN_Connectivity.pdf. 2017-07-06. [ASEAN Secretariat, Public Outreach and Civil Society Division]. ASEAN. Public Outreach and Civil Society Division.. 9786028411622. [Jakarta, Indonesia]. 775662227. 12.
12. Web site: Asian Highway 26 (AH26). Department of Public Works and Highways. Maria Catalina. Cabral. ESCAP. September 4, 2021.
13. Web site: Islamic Republic of Iran country presentation at the Eighth Meeting of the Working Group on the Asian Highway. UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. 2021-02-11.
14. Web site: Status of the Asian Highway in Member Countries United Nations ESCAP. www.unescap.org. en. 2018-01-12.
15. Book: Master plan on ASEAN connectivity, 2025.. 2016. 9786026392022. Jakarta. 970396295. 2018-01-12. 2021-05-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20210513055943/https://asean.org/storage/2016/09/Master-Plan-on-ASEAN-Connectivity-20251.pdf. dead.