Ash Wednesday Explained

Holiday Name:Ash Wednesday
Observedby:Many Western Christians
Date:46 days before Easter Sunday

Ash Wednesday is a holy day of prayer and fasting in many Western Christian denominations. It is preceded by Shrove Tuesday and marks the first day of Lent, the six weeks of penitence before Easter.[1]

Ash Wednesday is observed by Catholics, Lutherans, Moravians, Anglicans, and United Protestants, as well as by some churches in the Reformed, (including certain Congregationalist, Continental Reformed, and Presbyterian churches), Baptist, Methodist and Nazarene traditions.[2] [3]

Ash Wednesday is traditionally observed with fasting and abstinence from meat in several Christian denominations. As it is the first day of Lent, many Christians begin Ash Wednesday by marking a Lenten calendar, praying a Lenten daily devotional, and making a Lenten sacrifice that they will not partake of until the arrival of Eastertide.[4] [5]

Many Christians attend special Ash Wednesday church services at which churchgoers receive ash on their foreheads or the top of their heads, as the wearing of ashes was a sign of repentance in biblical times.[6] Ash Wednesday derives its name from this practice, in which the placement of ashes is accompanied by the words, "Repent, and believe in the Gospel" or the dictum "Remember that you are dust, and to dust you shall return."[7] [8] The ashes are prepared by burning palm leaves from the previous year's Palm Sunday celebrations.[9]

Observing and non-observing denominations

Ash Wednesday is observed by numerous denominations within Western Christianity.[10] Latin Church Catholics observe it, along with certain Protestants like Lutherans, Anglicans,[10] some Baptists,[11] many Methodists (including Nazarenes and Wesleyans),[12] [13] the Evangelical Covenant Church,[14] and some Mennonites.[15] [16] The Moravian Church[17] [18] and Metropolitan Community Churches observe Ash Wednesday.[19] Churches in the United Protestant tradition, such as the Church of North India and United Church of Canada honour Ash Wednesday too.[20] Some Independent Catholics,[21] [22] and the Community of Christ also observe it.[23]

Reformed churches have historically not observed Ash Wednesday, nor Lent in general, due to the Reformed regulative principle of worship.[24] [25] [26] Nevertheless, some churches in the Reformed tradition (including certain Congregationalist, Continental Reformed, and Presbyterian churches) do observe Lent today, although often as a voluntary observance.[27] [28] The Reformed Church in America, for example, describes Ash Wednesday as a day "focused on prayer, fasting, and repentance."[29] The liturgy for Ash Wednesday thus contains the following "Invitation to Observe a Lenten Discipline" read by the presider:

The Eastern Orthodox Church does not, in general, observe Ash Wednesday. Instead, Orthodox Great Lent begins on Clean Monday. There are a relatively small number of Orthodox Christians who follow the Western Rite. These do observe Ash Wednesday, although often on a different day from the previously mentioned denominations, as its date is determined from the Orthodox calculation of Pascha, which may be as much as a month later than the Western observance of Easter.

Observances

Fasting and abstinence

Many Lent-observing denominations emphasize making a Lenten sacrifice, as well as fasting and abstinence during the season of Lent, particularly on Ash Wednesday. The First Council of Nicaea spoke of Lent as a period of fasting for forty days in advance of Easter, although it is unclear whether the prescribed fast applied to all Christians, or specifically to new Christians preparing to be baptized.[30] Whatever the council's original intent, this forty-day fast came into wide practice throughout the church.

While starting a Lenten sacrifice on Ash Wednesday (e.g. giving up watching television), it is customary to pray for strength to keep it through the whole season of Lent; many often wish others to do so as well, e.g. "May God bless your Lenten sacrifice."[31] In many places, Christians historically abstained from food for a whole day until the evening, and at sunset, Western Christians traditionally broke the Lenten fast, which is often known as the Black Fast.[32] [33]

In India and Pakistan, many Christians continue this practice of fasting until sunset on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday, with some fasting in this manner throughout the whole season of Lent.[34] In India, Ash Wednesday is called व्रत विभूति (Vrat Vibhuti - meaning, "the sacred ash of the Holy Fast"). After attending a worship service, often on Wednesday evenings, it is common for Christians of various denominations that celebrate Lent to break that day's Lenten fast together through a communal Lenten supper, which is held in the church's parish hall.[35]

Among Catholics, Ash Wednesday is observed by fasting, abstinence from meat (which begins at age 14 according to canon law 1252[36]), and repentance. On Ash Wednesday and Good Friday, Roman Catholics between the ages of 18 and 59, whose health enables them to fast, are permitted to consume one full meal, along with two smaller meals, which together should not equal the full meal. Some Catholics will go beyond the minimum obligations put forth by the Church and undertake a complete fast or a bread and water fast until sunset. Ash Wednesday and Good Friday are also days of abstinence from meat (mammals and fowl), as are all Fridays during Lent.[37] Some Roman Catholics continue fasting throughout Lent, as was the Church's traditional requirement,[38] concluding only after the celebration of the Easter Vigil. Where the Ambrosian Rite is observed, the day of fasting and abstinence is postponed to the first Friday in the Ambrosian Lent, nine days later.

Several Lutheran parishes teach communicants to fast on Ash Wednesday, with some parishioners choosing to continue doing so throughout the entire season of Lent, especially on Good Friday.[39] [40] [41] [42] One Lutheran congregation's A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent recommends that the faithful "Fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday with only one simple meal during the day, usually without meat".[43]

In the Church of England, and throughout much of the Worldwide Anglican Communion, the entire forty days of Lent are designated days of fasting. Fridays are designated as days of abstinence in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer.[44] Saint Augustine's Prayer Book, a resource for Anglo-Catholics, defines "Fasting" as "usually meaning not more than a light breakfast, one full meal, and one-half meal, on the forty days of Lent."[45] The same text defines abstinence as refraining from flesh meat on all Fridays of the Church Year, except for those during Christmastide.[45]

In the Methodist tradition, John Wesley's sermons on the topic of the Sermon on the Mount stress the importance of the Lenten fast, which begins on Ash Wednesday.[46] The United Methodist Church therefore states that:Rev. Jacqui King, the minister of Nu Faith Community United Methodist Church in Houston explained the philosophy of fasting during Lent as "I'm not skipping a meal because in place of that meal, I'm dining with God".[47]

Members of the Moravian Church may voluntarily fast during the season of Lent, along with making a Lenten sacrifice for the season as a form of penitence.[48]

Date of Ash Wednesday

Ash Wednesday is always 46 days before Easter. Easter is determined as the Sunday following the first full moon that happens on or after the March equinox (which is always 21 March).[49]

Lent is 40 days long, not including Sundays. According to the calendar, that means the season is 46 days long overall. Lent begins on Ash Wednesday and ends on Holy Saturday (in the Moravian Church,[50] Lutheran Church,[51] Anglican Church,[52] Methodist Church,[53] Reformed Churches,[54] Western Rite Orthodox Church,[55] and United Protestant Churches[56]) or at the start of the Easter Triduum on the evening of Maundy Thursday in the Catholic Church.[57]

Ashes

Ashes are ceremonially placed on the heads of Christians on Ash Wednesday, either by being sprinkled over their heads or, in English-speaking countries, more often by being marked on their foreheads as a visible cross. The words (based on Genesis 3:19) used traditionally to accompany this gesture are, "Memento, homo, quia pulvis es, et in pulverem reverteris." ("Remember, man, that thou art dust, and to dust thou shalt return.") This custom is credited to Pope Gregory I the Great (c. 540–604),[58] although this is probably incorrect since Ash Wednesday was not part of Lent in his time.[59]

In the 1969 missal of the Roman Rite, an alternative formula (based on Mark 1:15) was introduced and given first place "Repent, and believe in the Gospel" and the older formula was translated as "Remember that you are dust, and to dust you shall return." The old formula, based on the words spoken to Adam and Eve after their sin,[60] reminds worshippers of their sinfulness and mortality and thus, implicitly, of their need to repent in time.[61]

Various manners of placing the ashes on worshippers' heads are in use within the Latin Church, the two most common being to use the ashes to make a cross on the forehead and sprinkle the ashes over the crown of the head. Originally, the ashes were strewn over men's heads, but, probably because women had their heads covered in church, were placed on the foreheads of women.[62] In the Catholic Church the manner of imposing ashes depends largely on local custom since no fixed rule has been laid down.

Although the account of Ælfric of Eynsham shows that in about the year 1000 the ashes were "strewn" on the head, the marking of the forehead is the method that now prevails in English-speaking countries and is the only one envisaged in the Occasional Offices of the Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea, a publication described as "noticeably Anglo-Catholic in character". In its ritual of "Blessing of Ashes", this states that "the ashes are blessed at the beginning of the Eucharist. After they have been blessed they are placed on the forehead of the clergy and people."[63]

The Ash Wednesday ritual of the Church of England, Mother Church of the Anglican Communion, contains "The Imposition of Ashes" in its Ash Wednesday liturgy.[64] On Ash Wednesday, the Pope, the Bishop of Rome, traditionally takes part in a penitential procession from the Church of Saint Anselm to the Basilica of Santa Sabina, where, by the custom in Italy and many other countries, ashes are sprinkled on his head, not smudged on his forehead, and he places ashes on the heads of others in the same way.[65]

The Anglican ritual, used in Papua New Guinea states that, after the blessing of the ashes, "the priest marks his forehead and then the foreheads of the servers and congregation who come and kneel, or stand, where they normally receive the Blessed Sacrament."[63] The corresponding Catholic ritual in the Roman Missal for celebration within Mass merely states: "Then the Priest places ashes on the head of those present who come to him, and says to each one ..." Pre-1970 editions had much more elaborate instructions about the order in which the participants were to receive the ashes, but again without any indication of the form of placing the ashes on the head.[66]

The 1969 revision of the Roman Rite inserted into the Mass the solemn ceremony of blessing ashes and placing them on heads, but also explicitly envisaged a similar solemn ceremony outside of Mass.[67] The Book of Blessings contains a simple rite. While the solemn rite would normally be carried out within a church building, the simple rite could appropriately be used almost anywhere. While only a priest or deacon may bless the ashes, laypeople may do the placing of the ashes on a person's head. Even in the solemn rite, laymen or women may assist the priest in distributing the ashes. In addition, laypeople take blessed ashes left over after the collective ceremony and place them on the heads of the sick or of others who are unable to attend the blessing.[68] (In 2014, Anglican Liverpool Cathedral likewise offered to impose ashes within the church without a solemn ceremony.)[69]

In addition, those who attend such Catholic services, whether in a church or elsewhere, traditionally take blessed ashes home with them to place on the heads of other members of the family,[70] and it is recommended to have envelopes available to facilitate this practice. At home the ashes are then placed with little or no ceremony.

Unlike its discipline regarding sacraments, the Catholic Church does not exclude anyone from receiving sacramentals, such as the placing of ashes on the head, even those who are not Catholics and perhaps not even baptized.[71] Even those who have been excommunicated and are therefore forbidden to celebrate sacramentals are not forbidden to receive them.[72] After describing the blessing, the rite of Blessing and Distribution of Ashes (within Mass) states: "Then the Priest places ashes on the heads of all those present who come to him."[67] The Catholic Church does not limit the distribution of blessed ashes to church buildings and has suggested the holding of celebrations in shopping centers, nursing homes, and factories.[73] Such celebrations presume preparation of an appropriate area and include readings from Scripture (at least one) and prayers, and are somewhat shorter if the ashes are already blessed.[74]

The Catholic Church and the Methodist Church say that the ashes should be those of palm branches blessed at the previous year's Palm Sunday service,[67] [75] while a Church of England publication says they "may be made" from the burnt palm crosses of the previous year.[63] [64] These sources do not speak of adding anything to the ashes other than, for the Catholic liturgy, a sprinkling with holy water when blessing them. An Anglican website speaks of mixing the ashes with a small amount of holy water or olive oil as a fixative.[76]

Where ashes are placed on the head by smudging the forehead with a sign of the cross, many Christians choose to keep the mark visible throughout the day. The churches have not imposed this as an obligatory rule, and the ashes may even be wiped off immediately after receiving them;[77] [78] but some Christian leaders, such as Lutheran pastor Richard P. Bucher and Catholic bishop Kieran Conry, recommend keeping the ashes on the forehead for the rest of the day as a public profession of the Christian faith.[79] [80] Morgan Guyton, a Methodist pastor, and leader in the Red-Letter Christian movement, encourages Christians to wear their ashed cross throughout the day as an exercise of religious freedom.[81]

Ashes to Go

Since 2007, some members of major Christian Churches in the United States, including Anglicans, Lutherans, and Methodists, have participated in 'Ashes to Go' activities, in which clergy go outside of their churches to public places, such as city centres, sidewalks and railroad stations, to distribute ashes to passers-by,[82] [83] even to people waiting in their cars for a stoplight to change.[84] The Anglican priest Emily Mellott of Calvary Church in Lombard took up the idea and turned it into a movement, stated that the practice was also an act of evangelism.[85] [86]

Anglicans and Catholics in parts of the United Kingdom such as Sunderland, are offering Ashes to Go together: Marc Lyden-Smith, the priest of Saint Mary's Church, stated that the ecumenical effort is a "tremendous witness in our city, with Catholics and Anglicans working together to start the season of Lent, perhaps reminding those who have fallen away from the Church, or have never been before, that the Christian faith is alive and active in Sunderland."[87] The Catholic Student Association of Kent State University, based at the University Parish Newman Center, offered ashes to university students who were going through the Student Center of that institution in 2012,[88] and Douglas Clark of St. Matthew's Roman Catholic Church in Statesboro, among others, have participated in Ashes to Go.[89] [90]

On Ash Wednesday 2017, Father Paddy Mooney, the priest of St Patrick's Roman Catholic Church in the Irish town of Glenamaddy, set up an Ashes to Go station through which commuters could drive and receive ashes from their car; the parish church also had "drive-through prayers during Lent with people submitting requests into a box left in the church grounds without having to leave their car".[91] Reverend Trey Hall, pastor of Urban Village United Methodist Church, stated that when his local church offered ashes in Chicago "nearly 300 people received ashesincluding two people who were waiting in their car for a stoplight to change."[84]

In 2013, churches not only in the United States but also at least one church each in the United Kingdom, Canada, and South Africa, participated in Ashes to Go.[92] Outside of their church building, Saint Stephen Martyr Lutheran Church in Canton offered Ashes to Go for "believers whose schedules make it difficult to attend a traditional service" in 2016.[93] In the United States itself 34 states and the District of Columbia had at least one church taking part. Most of these churches (parishes) were Episcopal, but there were also several Methodist churches, as well as Presbyterian and Catholic churches.[94]

Commination Office

Robin Knowles Wallace states that the traditional Ash Wednesday church service includes Psalm 51 (the Miserere), prayers of confession, and the sign of ashes.[95] No single one of the traditional services contains all of these elements. The Anglican church's traditional Ash Wednesday service, titled A Commination,[96] contains the first two elements, but not the third. On the other hand, the Catholic Church's traditional service has the blessing and distribution of ashes but, while prayers of confession and recitation of Psalm 51 (the first psalm at Lauds on all penitential days, including Ash Wednesday) are a part of its general traditional Ash Wednesday liturgy, they are not associated specifically with the rite of blessing the ashes.[97]

The rite of blessing has acquired an untraditionally weak association with that particular psalm only since 1970 when it was inserted into the celebration of Mass, at which a few verses of Psalm 51 are used as a responsorial psalm. Where the traditional Gregorian Chants are still used, the psalm continues to enjoy a prominent place in the ceremony.[97]

In the mid-16th century, the first Book of Common Prayer removed the ceremony of the ashes from the liturgy of the Church of England and replaced it with what would later be called the Commination Office.[98] In that 1549 edition, the rite was headed: "The First Day of Lent: Commonly Called Ash-Wednesday".[99] The ashes ceremony was not forbidden, but was not included in the church's official liturgy. Its place was taken by reading biblical curses of God against sinners, to each of which the people were directed to respond with Amen.[100] [101]

The text of the "Commination or Denouncing of God's Anger and Judgments against Sinners" begins: "In the primitive Church there was a godly discipline, that, at the beginning of Lent, such persons as stood convicted of notorious sin were put to open penance, and punished in this world, that their souls might be saved in the day of the Lord; and that others, admonished by their example, might be the more afraid to offend. Instead whereof, until the said discipline may be restored, (which is much to be wished,) it is thought good that at this time (in the presence of you all) should be read the general sentences of God's cursing against impenitent sinners".[102] In line with this, Joseph Hooper Maude wrote that the establishment of The Commination was due to a desire of the reformers "to restore the primitive practice of public penance in church". He further stated that "the sentences of the greater excommunication" within The Commination corresponded to those used in the ancient Church.[103]

The Anglican Church's Ash Wednesday liturgy, he wrote, also traditionally included the Miserere, which, along with "what follows" in the rest of the service (lesser Litany, Lord's Prayer, three prayers for pardon and final blessing), "was taken from the Sarum services for Ash Wednesday".[103] From the Sarum Rite practice in England the service took Psalm 51 and some prayers that in the Sarum Missal accompanied the blessing and distribution of ashes.[104] [105] In the Sarum Rite, the Miserere psalm was one of the seven penitential psalms that were recited at the beginning of the ceremony.[106] In the 20th century, the Episcopal Church introduced three prayers from the Sarum Rite and omitted the Commination Office from its liturgy.

Low church ceremonies

In some of the low church traditions, other practices are sometimes added or substituted, as other ways of symbolizing the confession and penitence of the day. For example, in one common variation, small cards are distributed to the congregation on which people are invited to write a sin they wish to confess. These small cards are brought forth to the altar table where they are burned.[107]

Regional customs

In the Victorian era, theatres refrained from presenting costumed shows on Ash Wednesday, so they provided other entertainment, as mandated by the Church of England (Anglican Church).[108]

In Iceland, children "pin small bags of ashes on the back of some unsuspecting person",[109] dress up in costumes, and sing songs for candy.[110]

In Hungary if someone in the village didn't receive ash, they "shared their blessing" by rubbing their foreheads together, and the Csángó people of Moldova even cover the pots with ashes to bring good luck. Ash Wednesday also marks the start of Lent. An interesting related tradition is that since dancing was forbidden, children played dancing games (like ulicskázás and hajujvárazás) and ball games (as mancsozás, csülgözés, kutyasatú and sajbózás), all specific to Hungary. [111]

Biblical significance of ashes

Ashes were used in ancient times to express grief. When Tamar was raped by her half-brother, "she sprinkled ashes on her head, tore her robe, and with her face buried in her hands went away crying" (Samuel 13:19). The gesture was also used to express sorrow for sins and faults. Ashes could be symbolic of the old sinful self dying and returning to the dust. In Job 42:5–6, Job says to God: "I have heard of thee by the hearing of the ear: but now mine eye seeth thee. Wherefore I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes."

The prophet Jeremiah calls for repentance by saying: "O daughter of my people, gird on sackcloth, roll in the ashes" (Jer 6:26). The prophet Daniel recounted pleading to God: "I turned to the Lord God, pleading in earnest prayer, with fasting, sackcloth, and ashes" (Daniel 9:3). Just before the New Testament period, the rebels fighting for Jewish independence, the Maccabees, prepared for battle using ashes: "That day they fasted and wore sackcloth; they sprinkled ashes on their heads and tore their clothes" (1 Maccabees 3:47; see also 4:39).

Examples of the practice among Jews are found in several other books of the Bible, including Numbers 19:9, 19:17, Jonah 3:6, Book of Esther 4:1, and Hebrews 9:13. Jesus is quoted as speaking of the practice in Matthew 11:21 and Luke 10:13: "If the mighty works done in you had been done in Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented long ago (sitting) in sackcloth and ashes."

Christian use of ashes

Christians continued the practice of using ashes as an external sign of repentance. Tertullian (c. 225) said that confession of sin should be accompanied by lying in sackcloth and ashes.[112] The historian Eusebius (c. 260/265339/340) recounts how a repentant apostate covered himself with ashes when begging Pope Zephyrinus to readmit him to communion.[113]

John W. Fenton writes that "by the end of the 10th century, it was customary in Western Europe (but not yet in Rome) for all the faithful to receive ashes on the first day of the Lenten fast. In 1091, this custom was then ordered by Pope Urban II at the council of Benevento to be extended to the church in Rome. Not long after that, the name of the day was referred to in the liturgical books as "Feria Quarta Cinerum" (i.e., Ash Wednesday)."[114]

The public penance that grave sinners underwent before being admitted to Holy Communion just before Easter lasted throughout Lent, on the first day of which they were sprinkled with ashes and dressed in sackcloth. When, towards the end of the first millennium, the discipline of public penance was dropped, the beginning of Lent, seen as a general penitential season, was marked by sprinkling ashes on the heads of all.[115] This practice is found in the Gregorian Sacramentary of the late 8th century.[61] [116] About two centuries later, Ælfric of Eynsham, an Anglo-Saxon abbot, wrote of the rite of strewing ashes on heads at the start of Lent.[117] [118]

The article on Ash Wednesday in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition states that, after the Protestant Reformation, the ashes ceremony was not forbidden in the Church of England; liturgical scholar Blair Meeks notes that the Lutheran and Anglican denominations "never lapsed in this observance".[119] It was even prescribed under King Henry VIII in 1538 and under King Edward VI in 1550, but it fell out of use in many areas after 1600.[120] In 1536, the Ten Articles issued by authority of Henry VIII commended "the observance of various rites and ceremonies as good and laudable, such as clerical vestments, a sprinkling of holy water, bearing of candles on Candlemas-day, giving of ashes on Ash-Wednesday".[121]

After Henry's death in January 1547, Thomas Cranmer, within the same year, "procured an order from the Council to forbid the carrying of candles on Candlemas-day, and the use of ashes on Ash-Wednesday, and of palms on Palm-Sunday, as superstitious ceremonies", an order that was issued only for the ecclesiastical province of Canterbury, of which Cranmer was archbishop.[122] [123] [124] The Church Cyclopædia states that the "English office had adapted the very old Salisbury service for Ash-Wednesday, prefacing it with an address and a recital of the curses of Mount Ebal, and then with an exhortation uses the older service very nearly as it stood."[103] [125]

The new Commination Office had no blessing of ashes and therefore, in England as a whole, "soon after the Reformation, the use of ashes was discontinued as a 'vain show' and Ash Wednesday then became only a day of marked solemnity, with a memorial of its original character in a reading of the curses denounced against impenitent sinners".[126] The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, in the 19th century, observed Ash Wednesday: "as a day of fasting and humiliation, wherein we are publicly to confess our sins, meekly to implore God's mercy and forgiveness, and humbly to intercede for the continuance of his favour".[127] In the 20th century, the Book of Common Prayer provided prayers for the imposition of ashes.[128]

Monte Canfield and Blair Meeks state that after the Protestant Reformation, Lutherans and Anglicans kept the rite of blessing and distributing ashes to the faithful on Ash Wednesday, and that the Protestant denominations that did not keep it, such as the Methodists, encouraged its use "during and after the ecumenical era that resulted in the Vatican II proclamations".[119] [129] Jack Kingsbury and Russell F. Anderson likewise state that the practice was continued among some Lutherans and Anglicans.[130] [131]

As part of the liturgical revival ushered in by the ecumenical movement, the practice was encouraged in Protestant churches,[129] including the Methodist Church.[132] [133] It has also been adopted by Anabaptist and Reformed churches and some less liturgical denominations.[134]

The Eastern Orthodox churches generally do not observe Ash Wednesday,[115] although in recent times, the creation of the Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate has led to the observance of Ash Wednesday among Western Orthodox parishes.[114] In this tradition, ashes "may be distributed outside of the mass or any liturgical service" although "commonly the faithful receive their ashes immediately before the Ash Wednesday mass".[114] In Orthodoxy, historically, "serious public sinners in the East also donned sackcloth, including those who made the Great Fast a major theme of their entire lives such as hermits and desert-dwellers."[135] Byzantine Rite Catholics, although in the United States use "the same Gregorian calendar as the Roman Catholic rite", do not practice the distribution of ashes as it is "not part of their ancient tradition".[136]

In the Ambrosian Rite, ashes are blessed and placed on the heads of the faithful not on the day that elsewhere is called Ash Wednesday, but at the end of Mass on the following Sunday, which in that rite inaugurates Lent, with the fast traditionally beginning on Monday, the first weekday of the Ambrosian Lent.[137] [138] [139] [140]

Dates

Ash Wednesday is exactly 46 days before Easter Sunday, a moveable feast based on the cycles of the moon. The earliest date Ash Wednesday can occur is 4 February (which is only possible during a common year with Easter Sunday on 22 March), which happened in 1598, 1693, 1761, and 1818 and will next occur in 2285.[141] The latest date Ash Wednesday can occur is 10 March (when Easter Sunday falls on 25 April) which occurred in 1666, 1734, 1886 and 1943 and will next occur in 2038.

Since the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in 1582, Ash Wednesday has never occurred on Leap Year Day (29 February) but it will do so for the first time in 2096. The only other years of the third millennium that will have Ash Wednesday on 29 February are 2468, 2688, 2840, and 2992.[142] (Ash Wednesday falls on 29 February if and only if Easter is on 15 April in a leap year.) Also, there are certain times that Ash Wednesday coincides with Valentine's Day (14 February), which occurred in 1923, 1934, 1945, 2018, 2024, and will next occur in 2029.[143]

Ash Wednesday marks the start of a 40-day period which is an allusion to the separation of Jesus in the desert to fast and pray. During this time he was tempted. Matthew 4:1–11, Mark 1:12–13, and Luke 4:1–13.[144] While not specifically instituted in the Bible text, the 40 days of fast and pray is also analogous to the 40 days during which Moses repented and fasted in response to the making of the Golden calf (Exo. 34:27–28). (Jews today follow 40 days of repenting in preparation for and during the High Holy Days from Rosh Chodesh Elul to Yom Kippur.)

National No Smoking Day

In the Republic of Ireland, Ash Wednesday is National No Smoking Day.[145] [146] The date was chosen because quitting smoking ties in with giving up a luxury for Lent, and because of the link between ash and smoking.[147] [148] In the United Kingdom, No Smoking Day was held for the first time on Ash Wednesday in 1984[149] but is now fixed as the second Wednesday in March.[150]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Shrove Tuesday inspires unique church traditions. Walker. Katie. 7 March 2011. Daily American Reporter. en. 13 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20160214030411/http://articles.dailyamerican.com/2011-03-07/news/29155052_1_pancake-dinner-pancake-day-shrove. 14 February 2016. dead.
  2. Web site: Lipin . Bridget . Lenten Reflections: Ash Wednesday . . English . 27 February 2017.
  3. Web site: The Significance of Lent . . 14 February 2024 . English . 22 January 2020 . Over the last 25 years, more and more Methodist local conferences have been observing Lent, the 46 days before Easter..
  4. Book: International Journal of Religious Education, Volume 27. 1950. National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A.. en. 33.
  5. Web site: McDuff . Mallory . After Giving up Alcohol, I'm Addicted to Lent . . 17 March 2019 . en . 4 April 2013.
  6. Web site: Hilovsky . Judy . The Biblical Foundations of Lent and Ash Wednesday . . 16 February 2024 . 15 February 2024. He also established the tradition of marking parishioners’ foreheads with ashes in the shape of a cross. But why ashes? The symbolism of marking oneself with ashes traces its history to ancient traditions. The liturgical use of ashes can be seen in the Old Testament, where they denote mourning, mortality, and penance. In Esther 4:1, Mordecai puts on sackcloth and ashes when he hears of the decree of King Ahasuerus of Persia to kill all of the Jewish people in the Persian Empire. In Job 42:6, at the end of his confession, Job repents in sackcloth and ashes. And in the city of Nineveh, after Jonah preaches of conversion and repentance, all the people proclaim a fast and put on sackcloth, and even the king covers himself with sackcloth and sits in ashes, as told in Jonah 3:5–6..
  7. Book: The Roman Missal [Third Typical Edition, Chapel Edition]]. 9781568549903. Church. Catholic. 14 September 2011. 210. LiturgyTrainingPublications .
  8. Book: Allen . O. Wesley . Protestant Worship: A Multisensory Introduction for Students and Practitioners . 29 November 2019 . Abingdon Press . 978-1-5018-4266-5 . 182 . en.
  9. Web site: Palms to Ashes: A Few Things to Know About Ash Wednesday. Pattison. Mark. 13 February 2019. The Catholic Sun. en. 10 April 2022.
  10. Book: Melton, J. Gordon. Melton. J. Gordon. Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA49. 1. 2011. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara. 978-1-59884-206-7. 49–50. Ash Wednesday.
  11. Web site: Ash Wednesday Today, Christians Observe First Day of Lent. 5 March 2014. Koonse. Emma. The Christian Post. Although some denominations do not practice the application of ashes to the forehead as a mark of public commitment on Ash Wednesday, those that do include Catholics, Anglicans, Lutherans, Methodists, Presbyterians, and some Baptist followers.. live. https://archive.today/20140305225907/http://www.christianpost.com/news/ash-wednesday-today-christians-observe-first-day-of-lent-115628/. 5 March 2014.
  12. Web site: How do you observe Lent?. Sleeth. Nancy. 23 February 2017. The Wesleyan Church. en-US.
  13. Web site: Lent: Preparation for Easter HOLINESS TODAY. www.holinesstoday.org. 11 March 2019. 11 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190311083050/http://holinesstoday.org/lent-preparation-for-easter. dead.
  14. Web site: First Day of Lent, Ash Wednesday . The Evangelical Covenant Church of Canada . en-CA . 14 February 2018 . 14 February 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202649/http://www.covchurch.ca/news/2016/2/3/first-day-of-lent-ash-wednesday . dead .
  15. News: Remember that you are dust . Ahlgrim . Ryan . 13 February 2018 . Mennonite World Review . en-US.
  16. News: Preparing to enter Lentthoughts on Ash Wednesday . Harader . Joanna . 18 February 2015 . Mennonite World Review . en-US . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171129015500/http://mennoworld.org/2015/02/18/the-world-together/preparing-to-enter-lent-thoughts-on-ash-wednesday/ . 29 November 2017 .
  17. Web site: Lent for Everyone: Matthew, Year A: A Daily Devotional . Moravian Church in North America . 14 February 2018 . 14 February 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180214141951/http://resource.moravian.org/ResourceView/1/4622 . dead .
  18. Web site: Lent around the world . Moravian Women's Association . The Moravian Church British Province . March 2017 . 14 February 2018 . 14 February 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073756/http://www.moravian.org.uk/attachments/article/20/Home%20%20Overseas%20-%20March%202017%20-%20Lent.pdf . dead .
  19. Web site: Ash Wednesday 2018 Worship Resources . Metropolitan Community Churches . en-US . 14 February 2018.
  20. Web site: . Moderator's Lent Message 2020 . . English . 17 February 2020 . 17 February 2021 . 21 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210221031537/https://united-church.ca/news/moderators-lent-message-2020 . dead .
  21. Book: Wagner, Abp. Wynn. A Catechism of the Liberal Catholic Church. 4th. 6 February 2011. BookBaby. 9781609849306. 53.
  22. News: Ash Wednesday ushers in time of remorse . Cabie . Honor Blanco . 14 February 2018 . Manila Standard . en . 14 February 2018 . 14 February 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180214142045/http://www.manilastandard.net/news/top-stories/258651/ash-wednesday-ushers-in-time-of-remorse.html . dead .
  23. Web site: Ash Wednesday Ideas . Community of Christ . en . 14 February 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171021211131/http://www.cofchrist.org/ash-wednesday-ideas . 21 October 2017 .
  24. Duncan, Ligon . 22 August 2013 . Should You Cancel Good Friday?. Podcast . The Gospel Coalition. 00:53. [T]he only part of the church calendar that features in the regular cycle of services and worship at First Pres[byterian Church] would be Christmas and Easter..
  25. Web site: Clark. R. Scott. With The Reformed Pubcast On Lent And Sola Scriptura. According to the Western church calendar this is the Lenten season (the 40 days from 'Shrove Tuesday' to Easter) and it is being more widely observed within NAPARC. This is worth noting since, historically, most Reformed churches have not observed Lent and have often confessed against it as an infringement of Christian liberty and contrary to the formal principle of the Reformation, sola scriptura.. The Heidelblog. 14 March 2017.
  26. Book: Directory for the Publish Worship of God. The Westminster Assembly. 1645. Chapter XIV.
  27. Web site: Ash Wednesday: What do Presbyterians do? . Scanlon . Leslie . 7 February 2005 . The Presbyterian Outlook . en-US . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170422000108/https://pres-outlook.org/2005/02/ash-wednesday-what-do-presbyterians-do/ . 22 April 2017 .
  28. Book: Bartlett. David L.. Taylor. Barbara Brown. Feasting on the Word: Year C, Volume 2: Lent through Eastertide. 2009. Presbyterian Publishing Corporation. 9781611641189. 22.
  29. Web site: The Liturgical Calendar. 2018. Reformed Church in America. en. 13 March 2018.
  30. Book: Gassmann. Günther. Oldenburg. Mark W.. Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism. 2011. Scarecrow Press. en. 9780810874824. 229. The Council of Nicea (325) mentions for the first time Lent as a period of 40 days of fasting in preparation for Easter..
  31. Web site: What is Shrove Tuesday? Meaning, Traditions, and 2021 Date . . 16 February 2021 . English . While undergoing a Lenten sacrifice, it is helpful to pray for strength; and encouraging fellow Christians in their fast saying, for example: "May God bless your Lenten sacrifice.".
  32. Book: Cléir, Síle de. Popular Catholicism in 20th-Century Ireland: Locality, Identity and Culture. 2017. Bloomsbury Publishing. en. 9781350020603. 101. Catherine Bell outlines the details of fasting and abstinence in a historical context, stating that the Advent fast was usually less severe than that carried out in Lent, which originally involved just one meal a day, not to be eaten until after sunset..
  33. Book: Guéranger. Prosper. Fromage. Lucien. The Liturgical Year: Lent. 1912. Burns, Oates & Washbourne. en . 8. St. Benedict's rule prescribed a great many fasts, over and above the ecclesiastical fast of Lent; but it made this great distinction between the two: that whilst Lent obliged the monks, as well as the rest of the faithful, to abstain from food till sunset, these monastic fasts allowed the repast to be taken at the hour of None..
  34. Web site: Some Christians observe Lenten fast the Islamic way. 27 February 2002. Union of Catholic Asian News. en. 28 February 2018.
  35. Web site: The Lighthouse . Christ the Savior Orthodox Church . 3 . English . 2018 . 17 February 2021 . 16 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230216003633/https://christsaviorchurch.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/02-2018-Church-Bulletin_email-version.pdf . dead .
  36. Web site: Code of Canon Law – Book IV – Function of the Church (Cann. 1244–1253). www. Vatican.va. 28 February 2020.
  37. 1983 Code of Canon Law, canon 1251
  38. 1917 Code of Canon Law, canon 1252 §§2–3
  39. Book: Hatch, Jane M.. The American Book of Days. 1978. Wilson. en. 9780824205935. 163. Special religious services are held on Ash Wednesday by the Church of England, and in the United States by Episcopal, Lutheran, and some other Protestant churches. The Episcopal Church prescribes no rules concerning fasting on Ash Wednesday, which is carried out according to members' wishes; however, it recommends a measure of fasting and abstinence as a suitable means of marking the day with proper devotion. Among Lutherans as well, there are no set rules for fasting, although some local congregations may advocate this form of penitence in varying degrees.. registration.
  40. Book: Gassmann. Günther. Oldenburg. Mark W.. Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism. 2011. Scarecrow Press. en. 9780810874824. 229. In many Lutheran churches, the Sundays during the Lenten season are called by the first word of their respective Latin Introitus (except Palm/Passion Sunday): Invocavit, Reminiscere, Oculi, Laetare, and Judica. Many Lutheran church orders of the 16th century retained the observation of the Lenten fast, and Lutherans have observed this season with a serene, earnest attitude. Special days of eucharistic communion were set aside on Maundy Thursday and Good Friday..
  41. Book: Pfatteicher, Philip H.. Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship: Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context. 1990. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. en. 9780800603922. 223–244, 260. The Good Friday fast became the principal fast in the calendar, and even after the Reformation in Germany many Lutherans who observed no other fast scrupulously kept Good Friday with strict fasting..
  42. Book: Jacobs. Henry Eyster. Haas. John Augustus William. The Lutheran Cyclopedia. 1899. Scribner. en. 110. By many Lutherans Good Friday is observed as a strict fast. The lessons on Ash Wednesday emphasize the proper idea of the fast. The Sundays in Lent receive their names from the first words of their Introits in the Latin service, Invocavit, Reminiscere, Oculi, Lcetare, Judica..
  43. Web site: A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent. Weitzel. Thomas L.. 1978. Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. en. 17 March 2018. 17 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164940/http://www.ststephenlutheranchurch.org/pdf/Disciplines%20of%20Lent-%20Handbook.pdf. dead.
  44. Book: Buchanan, Colin. Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism. 2015. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. en. 9781442250161. 256.
  45. Book: Gavitt, Loren Nichols. Saint Augustine's Prayer Book: A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion. 1991. Holy Cross Publications.
  46. Book: Abraham. William J.. Kirby. James E.. The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies. 2009. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-160743-1. 257.
  47. Web site: Lent: A Time to Fast and Pray. Chavez. Kathrin. 2010. The United Methodist Church. en. 1 March 2017.
  48. Web site: Lent: 40 Days of Spiritual Renewal . New Hope Moravian Church . 17 February 2021 . English . 12 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210512140401/https://newhopemoravian.org/holy-days.html . dead .
  49. News: LaBianca . Juliuana . When Is Lent in 2021? Everything You Need to Know About When the Season Starts and Ends . . 16 February 2021 . 19 February 2021 .
  50. Web site: Moravian Passion Week . New Hope Moravian Church . 8 March 2021 . English . Lent begins with Ash Wednesday and ends with the conclusion of the Great Sabbath (Holy Saturday – Easter Eve) – forty days on the church calendar, excluding Sundays. . 12 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210512140401/https://newhopemoravian.org/holy-days.html . dead .
  51. Book: The Northwestern Lutheran, Volumes 60–61. 1973. Northwestern Publishing House. 66.
  52. Book: Kitch, Anne E.. The Anglican Family Prayer Book. 2003. Church Publishing, Inc.. 130.
  53. Book: Langford, Andy. Blueprints for worship: a user's guide for United Methodist congregations. registration. 1993. Abingdon Press. 96. 9780687033126.
  54. Web site: The Meaning of Lent . Covenant Presbyterian Church of Chicago . 8 March 2021 . English.
  55. Web site: Fenton. John. The Holy Season of Lent in the Western Tradition. Western Rite of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America. 3 March 2014.
  56. Web site: First Sunday in Lent . . 8 March 2021 . English . 21 February 2021.
  57. Web site: Akin. James. All About Lent. EWTN. https://web.archive.org/web/20180204060545/https://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/LENT.HTM. 4 February 2018. 3 March 2014. Lent is the forty day period before Easter, excluding Sundays, which begins on Ash Wednesday and ends on Holy Saturday (the day before Easter Sunday). [This traditional enumeration does not precisely coincide with the calendar according to the liturgical reform. To give special prominence to the Sacred Triduum (Mass of the Lord's Supper, Good Friday, Easter Vigil) the current calendar counts Lent as only from Ash Wednesday to Holy Thursday, up to the Mass of the Lord's Supper. Even so, Lenten practices are properly maintained up to the Easter Vigil, excluding Sundays, as before.].
  58. Web site: The Beginning of Lent. 8 August 2008. Olsen. Ted. Christianity Today. 14 February 2018.
  59. https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2022/03/05/did-pope-gregory-the-great-add-four-days-to-lent/ Did Pope Gregory the Great Add Four Days to Lent?
  60. The biblical text does not have the words "remember that", nor the vocative noun "homo" (human being) that is included in the pre-1970 Latin version of the formula.
  61. http://www.orlutheran.com/html/ash.html Richard P. Bucher, "The History and Meaning of Ash Wednesday"
  62. Web site: McNamara. Edward. Ashes and How to Impose Them. 17 February 2015. Zemit News Agency. 17 February 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150217180945/http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/ashes-and-how-to-impose-them. 17 February 2015.
  63. Web site: Ash Wednesday Blessing of Ashes. Occasional Office. Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea. 2 April 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171227115750/http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/PNG/special_days.html#ash_wednesday. 27 December 2017.
  64. http://www.churchofengland.org/media/41155/tslent.pdf Church of England, Lent Material
  65. Web site: Ash Wednesday: Pope Francis Celebrates at Santa Sabina. Order of preachers. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125837/http://www.op.org/en/content/ash-wednesday-pope-francis-celebrates-santa-sabina. 13 April 2014.
  66. Tridentine Roman Missal, "Feria IV Cinerum"
  67. Roman Missal, Ash Wednesday
  68. Web site: Laypeople Distributing Ashes. Zenit Staff. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407080540/http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/laypeople-distributing-ashes. 7 April 2014.
  69. News: Cathedral offers visitors 'Ashes to Go' this Ash Wednesday. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407060331/http://www.liverpoolcathedral.org.uk/404/section.aspx/403/ashes_to_go_this_ash_wednesday_. dead. 7 April 2014. 27 February 2014. Liverpool Cathedral (Anglican). 2 April 2014.
  70. Web site: Ash Wednesday in Ireland: End of the Good Times, Start of Lent. Bernd Biege. About.com Travel. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071110/http://goireland.about.com/od/easter-and-lent/fl/Ash-Wednesday-in-Ireland.htm. 7 April 2014.
  71. Web site: Catholics United for the Faith . Responses to frequently asked questions regarding Lenten practices . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075816/http://www.cuf.org/2013/02/are-you-ready-for-lent/ . 7 April 2014 .
  72. http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P4X.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 1331 §1 2°
  73. Website of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin. Web site: Archived copy . 4 April 2014 . 7 April 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083452/http://www.kandle.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Ash_Wednesday.pdf . dead .
  74. http://www.dioceseofgrandrapids.org/Documents/Worship_Ash_Wed_Service_Leader_Guide.pdf Order for the Blessing and Distribution of Ashes
  75. Web site: Why ashes on Ash Wednesday? . The United Methodist Church . . 7 March 2019 . en . It is traditional to save the palm branches from the previous Palm Sunday service to burn to produce ashes for this service..
  76. Web site: Lent and Easter . The Diocese of London . 17 March 2004 . Ash Wednesday marks the first day of Lent, the period of forty days before Easter. It is so called because of the Church's tradition of making the sign of the cross on people's foreheads, as a sign of penitence and of Christian witness. The ash is made by burning palm crosses from the previous year and is usually mixed with a little holy water or oil. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20060924101022/http://www.london.anglican.org/NewsShow_2653 . 24 September 2006 .
  77. Web site: Should Catholics Keep Their Ashes on All Ash Wednesday?. Scott P. Richert. About.com Religion & Spirituality. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140412224055/http://catholicism.about.com/od/lent/f/Should-Catholics-Keep-Their-Ashes-On-All-Day-On-Ash-Wednesday.htm. 12 April 2014.
  78. Web site: 9 things to know and share about Ash Wednesday. Akin. Jimmy. 4 March 2014 . National Catholic Register. 2 April 2014. There is no rule about this. It is a matter of personal decision based on the individual's inclinations and circumstances.. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140311003452/http://www.ncregister.com/blog/jimmy-akin/9-things-to-know-and-share-about-ash-wednesday. 11 March 2014.
  79. Web site: The History and Meaning of Ash Wednesday. Bucher. Richard P.. Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod. 2 April 2014. Many Christians choose to leave the ashes on their forehead for the remainder of the day, not to be showy and boastful (see Matthew 6:16–18). Rather, they do it as a witness that all people are sinners in need of repentance AND that through Jesus all sins are forgiven through faith.. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140413044542/http://www.orlutheran.com/html/ash.html. 13 April 2014.
  80. Web site: Don't rub off your ashes, urges bishop. Arco. Anna. 3 March 2011. The Catholic Herald. Catholic Herald. Catholics should try not to rub their ashes off after Ash Wednesday Mass, an English bishop has said. Bishop Kieran Conry of Arundel and Brighton, who heads the department of evangelization and catechesis, urged Catholics across Britain to wear "the outward sign of our inward sorrow for our sins and our commitment to Jesus as Our Lord and Savior". He said: "The wearing of the ashes provides us with a wonderful opportunity to share with people how important our faith is to us and to point them to the cross of Christ. I invite you where possible to attend a morning or lunchtime Mass.. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140311174617/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2011/03/03/dont-rub-off-your-ashes-urges-bishop/. 11 March 2014.
  81. Web site: Like Religious Freedom? Wear Ashes on Wednesday!. Guyton. Morgan. 21 February 2012. Red Letter Christians. I strongly believe that wearing ashes on our foreheads on Ash Wednesday is the best way to 1) assert our religious freedom as citizens and 2) remember that our call as Christians is to be witnesses first and foremost.. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150212035343/http://www.redletterchristians.org/like-religious-freedom-wear-ashes-on-wednesday/. 12 February 2015.
  82. Web site: Episcopal priests offer 'Ashes to Go' as Ash Wednesday begins Lent. Grossman. Cathy Lynn. USA Today. 2 April 2014. Dubbed Ashes to Go, it's a contemporary spin on the Ash Wednesday practice followed chiefly in Episcopal, Anglican, Catholic and Lutheran denominations..
  83. Web site: 'Ashes to Go' meets commuters in Washington, D.C.. Banks. Adelle M.. 5 March 2014. Bishop Mariann Edgar Budde, leader of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington, and members of St. Paul's Parish in Washington, D.C., imposed ashes on commuters and other passers-by on Ash Wednesday (5 March) near the Foggy Bottom Metro station in the nation's capital.. Religion News Service. 2 April 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407060853/http://www.religionnews.com/2014/03/05/photo-slideshow-ashes-go-meets-commuters-washington-d-c/. 7 April 2014.
  84. Web site: Got ashes? Chicago church takes Lent to the streets. 27 April 2011. The United Methodist Church. 2 April 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20120229083630/http://rethinkchurch.org/article/got-ashes-chicago-church-takes-lent-streets . 29 February 2012.
  85. Web site: About Ashes to Go. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095557/http://ashestogo.org/about/. 7 April 2014.
  86. Web site: Episcopal priests offer 'Ashes to Go' as Ash Wednesday begins Lent. Grossman. Cathy Lynn. USA Today. 2 April 2014. Anyone can accept the ashes although, Mellott says, non-Christians tend not to seek them. Still, she says, "If anyone does, we view it as an act of evangelism, and we make it clear this is a part of the Christian tradition.".
  87. Web site: Catholics and Anglicans to distribute ashes to shoppers in Sunderland city centre. 4 February 2016. The Catholic Herald. en. On Wednesday St Mary's Catholic church and Sunderland Minster, an Anglican church, will be working together to offer "Ashes to Go"a new approach to a centuries-old Christian tradition.. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160205070901/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2016/02/04/catholics-and-anglicans-to-distribute-ashes-to-shoppers-in-sunderland-city-centre/. 5 February 2016.
  88. Web site: Students make time to get ashes. 23 February 2012. TV2. Kent Wired. Anthony Ezzo. 2 April 2014. 14 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210214120423/http://www.kentwired.com/latest_updates/article_b2e8b91e-ef8a-523a-aac4-1c2623cb6497.html. dead.
  89. Web site: A modern way to begin the Lenten season. https://archive.today/20140403001330/http://www.statesboroherald.com/section/1/article/57542/. dead. 3 April 2014. Brandon. Loretta. Statesboro Herald. 3 April 2014. Ministers participating in Ashes to Go include the Rev. Dan Lewis from First Presbyterian Church, the Rev. Joan Kilian from Trinity Episcopal Church, the Rev. Bill Bagwell and the Rev. Jonathan Smith from Pittman Park United Methodist Church, the Rev. Douglas Clark of St. Matthew's Roman Catholic Church, and the Rev. James Byrd, from St. Andrew's Chapel Church..
  90. Web site: Catholics Who Can't Make it to Church can Get 'Ashes to Go'. 5 March 2014. KFBK News and Radio. 2 April 2014. Some Catholics who couldn't make it to church this morning got their "Ashes on the Go." Father Tony Prandini with Good Shepherd Catholic Parish was conducting Ash Wednesday ritualsmarking foreheadsoutside of the State Capitol.. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065144/http://www.kfbk.com/articles/kfbk-news-461777/catholics-who-cant-make-it-to-12127827/. 7 April 2014.
  91. Web site:
    1. AshesToGo at Start of Lent As Clergy Offer Commuters 'Ash n' Dash'
    . Farley. Harry. 1 March 2017. Christian Today. en. Commuters can drive in the gate of St Patrick's Church, in Glenmady, receive ashes from their car and drive out the other side. 'We looked at the situation on the ground. People and families are on the move all the time,' parish priest Father Paddy Mooney told the Irish Catholic. 'It's about meeting people where they are.' The same church will also offer drive-through prayers during Lent with people submitting requests into a box left on the church grounds without having to leave their car.. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170301131053/http://www.christiantoday.com/article/ashestogo.at.start.of.lent.as.clergy.offer.commuters.ash.n.dash/105145.htm. 1 March 2017.
  92. Web site: What Is 'Ashes To Go'? Where To Get 'ATG' In New York. 4 March 2014. International Business Times. 2 April 2014. In 2012, that initiative, "Ashes to Go," caught on nationally, and a year later the idea went international, with churches in the United Kingdom, Canada and South Africa also practicing the easy penitence method.. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407112607/http://www.ibtimes.com/what-ashes-go-where-get-atg-new-york-1559432. 7 April 2014.
  93. Web site: Jackson Township church offers 'Ashes to Go'. Coffey. Tim. 10 February 2016. WKYC. en.
  94. Web site: 7 April 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095738/http://ashestogo.org/join-in/where-to-find-ashes-to-go/. Ashes to Go. Where to find Ashes to Go This Year. live.
  95. Book: Wallace, Robin Knowles. The Christian Year: A Guide for Worship and Preaching. 2010. Abingdon Press. 9781426731303. 49. The service for Ash Wednesday has traditionally included Psalm 51, prayers of confession and the sign of ashes, often in the shape of a cross..
  96. Book: Mant, Richard. The Book of Common Prayer: And Administration of the Sacraments, and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church, According to the Use of the United Church of England and Ireland: Together with the Psalter Or Psalms of David, Pointed as They are to be Sung Or Said in Churches; and the Form and Manner of Making, Ordaining, and Consecrating of Bishops, Priests, and Deacons; and the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion: with Notes Explanatory, Practical and Historical, from Approved Writers of the Church of England. 1825. W. Baxter. 510.
  97. Web site: Traditional Gregorian Chants. L'abbaye Saint Pierre de Solesmes. Congregation. YouTube.
  98. Book: https://books.google.com/books?id=ezVH2h6PKUcC&q=%22Ash+Wednesday%22+commination+office&pg=PA564. Glossary. 564. . 9780199723898. Hefling. Charles. Shattuck. Cynthia. 2006. Oxford University Press. New York .
  99. Book: Mant. Richard. The Book of Common Prayer: And Administration of the Sacraments, and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church, According to the Use of the United Church of England and Ireland: Together with the Psalter Or Psalms of David, Pointed as They are to be Sung Or Said in Churches; and the Form and Manner of Making, Ordaining, and Consecrating of Bishops, Priests, and Deacons; and the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion: with Notes Explanatory, Practical and Historical, from Approved Writers of the Church of England. 1825. W. Baxter. Oxford. 506.
  100. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8nY9AQAAMAAJ/page/n54 John Brand, Sir Henry Ellis, James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps, Observations on the Popular Antiquities of Great Britain (Bell & Daldy, 1873), vol. 1, p. 98
  101. https://books.google.com/books?id=DZecAQAAQBAJ&q=Commination "Commination"
  102. Full text at the website of the Church of England
  103. Book: Maude, Joseph Hooper. The History of the Book of Common Prayer. 1901. E.S. Gorham. 110. The Commination. This service was composed in 1549. In the ancient services, there was nothing that corresponded at all nearly to the first part of this service, except the sentences of the greater excommunication, which were commonly read in parish churches three or four times a year. Some of the reformers were very anxious to restore the primitive practice of public penance in church, which was indeed occasionally practiced, at least until the latter part of the eighteenth century, and they put forward this service as a sort of substitute. The Miserere and most of what follows were taken from the Sarum services for Ash Wednesday..
  104. https://books.google.com/books?id=u2ZV_f4uZUEC&pg=PA110 Sylvia A. Sweeney, An Ecofeminist Perspective on Ash Wednesday and Lent
  105. https://books.google.com/books?id=5zoLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA431 Bernard Reynolds, Handbook to the Book of Common Prayer
  106. Book: The Sarum Missal in English. 52. Church Press Company. Church. Catholic. 1868.
  107. Web site: Why ashes on Ash Wednesday? . The United Methodist Church . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170706043035/http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/why-ashes-on-ash-wednesday . 6 July 2017 .
  108. Book: Foulkes, Richard. Church and Stage in Victorian Britain. Cambridge Univ. Press. 34.
  109. Book: Lacy, Terry G.. Ring of Seasons: Iceland – Its Culture and History. 2000. University of Michigan Press. en. 9780472086610. 109.
  110. Einarsdottir. Kristin. "Megum við syngja?" Rannsókn á öskudagssiðum Íslendinga fyrr og nú. ("Can we sing?" Research on öskudag customs in Iceland, past and present.). 2004. Masters. University of Iceland, department of ethnology. is.
  111. Web site: HAMVAZÓSZERDA Magyar néprajz Kézikönyvtár . 2024-03-24 . www.arcanum.com . hu.
  112. http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0320.htm Tertullian, On Repentance, chapter 9
  113. Web site: Church History, Book V (Eusebius). Church Fathers. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20110228204905/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm. 28 February 2011.
  114. Web site: Orthodox Ash Wednesday. Fenton. John W. 2013. Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140416123422/http://www.antiochian.org/content/orthodox-ash-wednesday. 16 April 2014.
  115. Encyclopedia: Ash Wednesday. Encyclopædia Britannica. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140413141952/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/38098/Ash-Wednesday. 13 April 2014.
  116. Web site: Fr. Saunders. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140307063659/http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/ASHES.HTM. 7 March 2014.
  117. The Lives of the Saints: "We read in the books both in the Old Law and in the New that the men who repented of their sins bestrewed themselves with ashes and clothed their bodies with sackcloth. Now let us do this little at the beginning of our Lent that we strew ashes upon our heads to signify that we ought to repent of our sins during the Lenten fast."
  118. The Lives of the Saints: https://archive.org/details/aelfricslivesof01aelf.
  119. Book: Meeks, Blair Gilmer. Season of Ash and Fire: Prayers and Liturgies for Lent and Easter. 2003. Abingdon Press. 9780687044542. 107. In recent years Christians from the Reformed branch of the Protestant tradition have begun to recover a practice that dates in the Western church at least to the tenth century. That is to begin Lent on the Wednesday before the First Sunday in Lent with a service of repentance and commitment, including the imposition of ashes. The Lutheran and Anglican traditions, of course, never lapsed in this observance, and the liturgical reforms of Vatican II have made Roman Catholic prayers and rubrics more accessible to other traditions through ecumenical dialogues..
  120. Ash Wednesday . 2 . 734.
  121. Book: Schaff, Philip . A History of the Creeds of Christendom. 1877. Hodder and Stoughton. London . 612.
  122. https://archive.org/details/britishbiograph00towegoog/page/n285 Joseph Towers, British Biography (Goadby 1766), vol. 2, p. 275
  123. https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7ZTAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22whole+city+of+London%22&pg=PA159 John Strype, Memorials of Thomas Cranmer (London, Chiswell 1694), p. 159
  124. https://archive.org/details/foxesbookofmarty00fo/page/500 John Foxe, John Milner, Ingram Cobbin, Foxe's Book of Martyrs (Knight and Son 1856), p. 500
  125. Book: Benton, Angelo Ames . The Church Cyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Church Doctrine, History, Organization, and Ritual, and Containing Original Articles on Special Topics, Written Expressly for this Work by Bishops, Presbyters, and Laymen; Designed Especially for the Use of the Laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America . The Church Cyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Church Doctrine, History, Organization, and Ritual, and Containing Original Articles on Special Topics. . 1883 . L. R. Hamersly . 163 .
  126. https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk4BAAAAQAAJ&dq=Chambers+Ash+Wednesday+vain+show&pg=PA240 Robert Chambers, The Book of Days (1862), p. 240
  127. https://books.google.com/books?id=yawOAAAAIAAJ&dq=Fowler+%22Ash-Wednesday+observed%22&pg=PA119 Andrew Fowler, Episcopal Church, An Exposition of the Book of Common Prayer, and Administration of the Sacraments (1805), p. 119
  128. Book: The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church: Together with the Psalter Or Psalms of David According to the Use of the Episcopal Church. 1979. Church Publishing, Inc.. 9780898690613. 265.
  129. Web site: Ash Wednesday: What is it About?. Monte Canfield. 20 February 2009. Salon. After the Reformation most Protestant church denominations, while recognizing Ash Wednesday as a holy day, did not engage in the imposition of ashes. Many Anglican, Episcopal, and some Lutheran churches did continue the rite but it was mostly reserved for use in the Roman Catholic Church. During and after the ecumenical era that resulted in the Vatican II proclamations, many of the Protestant denominations encouraged a liturgical revival in their churches, and the Ash Wednesday imposition of ashes was encouraged.. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140306024921/http://open.salon.com/blog/monte_canfield/2009/02/20/ash_wednesday_what_is_it_about. 6 March 2014.
  130. Book: Kingsbury. Jack D.. Pennington. Chester. Lent. 1980. Fortress Press. 9780800640934. The imposition of ashes symbolizes the penitential nature of the season of Lent. While this custom is still observed in the Roman Catholic church, and in some Lutheran and Anglican parishes, it has not been retained in Reformed churches..
  131. Book: Anderson, Russell F.. Lectionary Preaching Workbook. 1996. CSS Publishing. 9780788008214. 104. Ashes are a traditional symbol of penitence and remorse. The practice of imposing ashes on the first day of Lent continues to this day in the church of Rome as well as in many Lutheran and Episcopalian quarters..
  132. Book: Comparative Religion For Dummies. 98. William P. Lazarus, Mark Sullivan. For Dummies. This is the day Lent begins. Christians go to church to pray and have a cross drawn in ashes on their foreheads. The ashes draw on an ancient tradition and represent repentance before God. The holiday is part of Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Methodist, and Episcopalian liturgies, among others.. 8 March 2011. 9781118052273. 2011.
  133. http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=16&mid=6710 The United Methodist Church website: "When did United Methodists start the "imposition of ashes" on Ash Wednesday?"
  134. http://www.abpnews.com/ministry/congregations/item/8214-baptists-mark-ash-wednesday-today#.Uw7ny7_C18E Baptists mark Ash Wednesday Jeff Brumley
  135. Web site: on Fasting. Roman. Alexander. Ukrainian Orthodoxy. 14 April 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20151119214747/http://www.ukrainian-orthodoxy.org/articles/fasting/ash.html. 19 November 2015.
  136. News: Lenten practices differ for Byzantine Catholics. Baldwin. Lou. 12 March 2009. The Catholic Standard and Times. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140415154229/http://catholicphilly.com/2009/03/news/lenten-practices-differ-for-byzantine-catholics/. 15 April 2014.
  137. Web site: Il Rito Ambrosiano . Parrocchie.it . it . 9 June 2014 . la Quaresima inizia la domenica successiva al "mercoledì delle ceneri" con l'imposizione delle ceneri al termine della Messa festiva. ... Una delle pecularità di questo rito, con profili non-soltanto strettamente religiosi, è l'inizio della Quaresima, che non-parte dal Mercoledì delle Ceneri, ma dalla domenica immediatamente successiva. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145544/http://www.parrocchie.it/napoli/provvidenza/il_rito_ambrosiano.html . 14 July 2014 .
  138. Web site: Il Tempo di Quaresima nel rito Ambrosiano . Parrocchia S. Giovanna Antida Thouret . it . 9 June 2014 . The time of Lent in the Ambrosian rite . Il rito di Imposizione delle ceneri andrebbe celebrato il Lunedì della prima settimana di Quaresima, ma da sempre viene celebrato al termine delle Messe della prima domenica di Quaresima. ... I venerdì di Quaresima sono di magro, ed il venerdì che segue la I Domenica di Quaresima è anche di digiuno. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212552/http://www.adorazioneeucaristica.it/S.%20Ambrogio/Quaresima%20rito%20Ambrosiano.pdf . 14 July 2014 .
  139. Web site: Ambrosian Liturgy and Rite. 2012. The Catholic Encyclopedia. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140707130916/http://newadvent.org/cathen/01394a.htm. 7 July 2014.
  140. Web site: Septuagesima in the Ambrosian Rite. Dipippo. Gregory. 16 February 2014. New Liturgical Movement. The Ambrosian Rite still to this day has no Ash Wednesday; it is therefore Quinquagesima that forms the prelude to Lent, properly so-called, which the Roman Rite has in Ash Wednesday and the ferias "post Cineres".. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140508014116/http://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2014/02/septuagesima-in-ambrosian-rite.html#.U5PZQnJdWSo. 8 May 2014.
  141. Web site: Dates of Ash Wednesday and Easter Sunday . 29 October 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130102212630/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/easter.php . 2 January 2013 .
  142. https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/easter/easter_text2b.htm A Perpetual Easter and Passover Calculator: Days Dependent on Easter Sunday
  143. Web site: Esmaquel. Paterno II. Love for God or love for jowa? When Ash Wednesday falls on Valentine’s Day. Rappler. 10 February 2024. 23 March 2024.
  144. News: Lent with Jesus in the desert to fight the spirit of evil . Asia News.it . 3 May 2006 . Turning to the gospel of the day, which is about Jesus' 40 days in the desert, "where he overcame the temptations of Satan" (cfr Mk 1:12–13), Pope Benedict XVI exhorted Christians to follow "their Teacher and Lord to face together with Him 'the struggle against the spirit of evil'." He said: "The desert is rather an eloquent metaphor of the human condition." . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20090303052341/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=5554 . 3 March 2009.
  145. Web site: Written Answers.Cigarette Smoking. . Dáil Éireann . 475 . 18 February 1997 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120714105641/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0475/D.0475.199702180029.html . 14 July 2012.
  146. http://www.imt.ie/clinical/respiratory/chronic-longterm-costs-of-copd.html Chronic long-term costs of COPD
  147. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0225/1224241775710.html Ban on smoking in cars gets Minister's support
  148. http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2006/03/01/story213954161.asp 20% of smokers light up around their children every day
  149. http://www.nosmokingday.org.uk/corporate/history.htm The History of No Smoking Day
  150. http://www.nosmokingday.org.uk/organisers/faq.htm#whennsd FAQ: When is No Smoking Day 2010?

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