Ascidian mitochondrial code explained
The ascidian mitochondrial code (translation table 13) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Ascidia.
Code
[[Amino acid|AAs]] = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSSGGVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
[[Start codon|Starts]] = ---M------------------------------MM---------------M------------
[[DNA#Nucleobase_classification|Base1]] = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (Lys, K), Methionine (Met, M), Phenylalanine (Phe, F), Proline (Pro, P), Serine (Ser, S), Threonine (Thr, T), Tryptophan (Trp, W), Tyrosine (Tyr, Y), Valine (Val, V)
Differences from the standard code
| DNA codons | RNA codons | This code (13) | | Standard code (1) |
|---|
AGA | AGA | Gly (G) | | Arg (R) |
AGG | AGG | Gly (G) | | Arg (R) |
ATA | AUA | Met (M) | | Ile (I) |
TGA | UGA | Trp (W) | | STOP = Ter (*) | |
Systematic range and comments
There is evidence from a phylogenetically diverse sample of tunicates (Urochordata) that AGA and AGG code for glycine. In other organisms, AGA/AGG code for either arginine or serine and in vertebrate mitochondria they code a STOP. Evidence for glycine translation of AGA/AGG was first found in 1993 in Pyura stolonifera[1] and Halocynthia roretzi.[2] It was then confirmed by tRNA sequencing[3] and sequencing whole mitochondrial genomes.[4] [5]
Alternative initiation codons
See also
References
[7]
Notes and References
- Durrheim GA, Corfield VA, Harley EH, Ricketts MH . Nucleotide sequence of cytochrome oxidase (subunit III) from the mitochondrion of the tunicate Pyura stolonifera: evidence that AGR encodes glycine . Nucleic Acids Research . 21 . 15 . 3587–8 . 1993 . 8393993 . 331473 . 10.1093/nar/21.15.3587.
- Yokobori S, Ueda T, Watanabe K . Codons AGA and AGG are read as glycine in ascidian mitochondria . Journal of Molecular Evolution . 36 . 1 . 1–8 . January 1993 . 8381878 . 10.1007/bf02407301 . 1993JMolE..36....1Y . 12603691 .
- Kondow A, Suzuki T, Yokobori S, Ueda T, Watanabe K . An extra tRNAGly(U*CU) found in ascidian mitochondria responsible for decoding non-universal codons AGA/AGG as glycine . Nucleic Acids Research . 27 . 12 . 2554–9 . June 1999 . 10352185 . 148460 . 10.1093/nar/27.12.2554 .
- Yokobori S, Ueda T, Feldmaier-Fuchs G, Pääbo S, Ueshima R, Kondow A, Nishikawa K, Watanabe K . Complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi (Chordata, Urochordata) . Genetics . 153 . 4 . 1851–62 . December 1999 . 10.1093/genetics/153.4.1851 . 10581290 . 1460873 .
- Yokobori S, Watanabe Y, Oshima T . Mitochondrial genome of Ciona savignyi (Urochordata, Ascidiacea, Enterogona): comparison of gene arrangement and tRNA genes with Halocynthia roretzi mitochondrial genome . Journal of Molecular Evolution . 57 . 5 . 574–87 . November 2003 . 14738316 . 10.1007/s00239-003-2511-9 . 2003JMolE..57..574Y . 19474615 .
- Gissi C, Pesole G . Transcript mapping and genome annotation of ascidian mtDNA using EST data . Genome Research . 13 . 9 . 2203–12 . 2003 . 12915488 . 403730 . 10.1101/gr.1227803 .
- Web site: Andrzej . Elzanowski . Jim . Ostell . Detlef . Leipe . Vladimir . Soussov . vanc . The Genetic Codes. 5 June 2016 . Taxonomy browser . National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), U.S. National Library of Medicine .
