Ascetosporea Explained

The Ascetosporea are a group of eukaryotes that are parasites of animals, especially marine invertebrates. The two groups, the haplosporids and paramyxids, are not particularly similar morphologically, but consistently group together on molecular trees, which place them near the base of the Cercozoa.^[1] Both produce spores without the complex structures found in similar groups (such as polar filaments or tubules).

Haplosporid spores have a single nucleus and an opening at one end, covered with an internal diaphragm or a distinctive hinged lid. After emerging, it develops within the cells of its host, usually a marine mollusc or annelid, although some infect other groups or freshwater species. The trophic cell is generally multinucleated. Paramyxids develop within the digestive system of marine invertebrates, and undergo internal budding to produce multicellular spores.

A 2009 study concluded that Haplosporidium species form a paraphyletic group and that the taxonomy of the haplosporidians needs a thorough revision.^[2]

Taxonomy

Class Ascetosporea Desportes & Ginsburger-Vogel, 1977 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2009^{[3] [4] [5]}

• Genus ?Marteilioides Comps, Park & Desportes 1986
• Genus ?Oryctospora Purrini & Weiser 1991
• Order Claustrosporida Cavalier-Smith 2003
  • Family Claustrosporidiidae Larsson 1987
    • Genus Claustrosporidium Larsson 1987
• Order Paradiniida Cavalier-Smith 2009
  • Family Paradiniidae Schiller 1935
    • Genus Paradinium Chatton, 1910
• Order Mikrocytida Hartikainen et al. 2014^[6]
  • Family Mikrocytidae Hartikainen et al. 2014
    • Genus Paramikrocytos Hartikainen et al. 2014
    • Genus Microcytos Farley, Wolf & Elston 1988
• Order Paramyxida Chatton 1911 [Paramyxea <small>Chatton 1911</small>; Paramyxidea <small>Chatton 1911</small>; Paramyxa]
  • Family Marteiliidae Grizel et al. 1974 [Occlusosporida; Marteiliida <small>Desportes & Ginsburger-Vogel, 1977</small>; Marteiliidea <small>Desportes & Ginsburger-Vogel, 1977</small>]
    • Genus Paramarteilia Ginsburger-Vogel & Desportes 1979
    • Genus Marteilia Grizel et al. 1974
  • Family Paramyxidae Chatton 1911
    • Genus Paramyxa Chatton 1911
• Order Haplosporida Caullery & Mesnil 1899 [Balanosporida <small>Sprague, 1979</small>; Haplosporidia <small>Hall, 1953</small>; Haplosporea <small>Caullery 1953</small>; Haplospora <small>Margulis & Schwartz, 1998</small>; Haplosporidiidea <small>Poche, 1913</small>; Haplosporidies <small>Caullery and Mesnil, 1905</small>]
  • Genus ?Bertramia Mesnil & Caullery 1897 non Weiser & McCauley 1974
  • Genus ?Coleospora Gibbs 1959
  • Family Nephridiophagidae Sprague 1970 [Nephridiophagea]
    • Genus Nephridiophaga Woolever 1966 [''[[Coelosporidium]] Mesnil & Marchoux 1897]
  • Family Urosporidiidae Sprague 1979 [Anurosporidiidae]
    • Genus Urosporidium Caullery & Mesnil 1905 [''[[Anurosporidium]] Caullery & Chappelier 1906] (8 species)
  • Family Haplosporidiidae Sprague 1979
    • Genus Bonamia Pichot et al. 1980
    • Genus Haplosporidium Caullery & Mesnil 1899 (23 species)
    • Genus Minchinia (Lankester 1895) Labbe 1896 (5 species)

Notes and References

1. Thomas Cavalier-Smith . Ema E.-Y. Chao . amp . 2003 . Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and other Protozoa and early eukaryote megaevolution . . 56 . 5 . 540–563 . 12698292 . 10.1007/s00239-002-2424-z. 2003JMolE..56..540C . 30773513 .
2. P. M. Hine . R. B. Carnegie . E. M. Burreson . M. Y. Engelsma . 2009 . Inter-relationships of haplosporidians deduced from ultrastructural studies . . 83 . 3 . 247–256 . 10.3354/dao02016 . 19402456 . free .
3. Web site: Brands . S.J. . Class Ascetosporea Sprague 1979 . The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services . Zwaag, The Netherlands . August 14, 2016.
4. Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement . Part 1- Virae, Prokarya, Protists, Fungi . etal . 30 June 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160814234049/http://mave.tweakdsl.nl/tn/genera1.html . 14 August 2016 . dead .
5. Ruggiero. Michael A.. Gordon. Dennis P.. Orrell. Thomas M.. Bailly. Nicolas. Bourgoin. Thierry. Brusca. Richard C.. Cavalier-Smith. Thomas. Guiry. Michael D.. Kirk. Paul M.. 2015-04-29. A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLOS ONE. 10. 4. e0119248. 10.1371/journal.pone.0119248. 1932-6203. 4418965. 25923521. 2015PLoSO..1019248R. free.
6. Hartikainen . 2014 . Mikrocytids Are a Broadly Distributed and Divergent Radiation of Parasites in Aquatic Invertebrates . Current Biology. 24 . 7 . 807–812. 10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.033. etal. 30 June 2016 . 24656829. free .