Arwa bint Mansur al-Himyari explained

Arwa bint Mansur al-Himyari أروى بنت منصور الحميرى
Succession:	Consort of the Abbasid caliph
Reign:	10 June 754 – 764
Reign-Type:	Tenure
Spouse:	al-Mansur
Issue:	Ja'far al-Mahdi
Full Name:	Umm Musa Arwa bint Mansur al-Himyari
Birth Date:	c. 735
Birth Place:	Kairouan, Umayyad Caliphate (now Tunisia)
Death Date:	c. 764 (aged 29)
Death Place:	Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate
Place Of Burial:	Baghdad
House:	Banu Himyar (by birth) Abbasid (by marriage)
Father:	Mansur al-Himyari
Religion:	Islam

Arwā bint Manṣūr al-Ḥimyarī (Arabic: أروى بنت منصور الحميرى) also known as Umm Mūsā (Arabic: ام موسى) was the famous principal wife of Abbasid caliph al-Mansur (r. 754–775) and mother of third Abbasid caliph al-Mahdi.

Biography

Arwa was the daughter of Mansur al-Himyari, a descendant of the Banu Himyar tribe, whose ancestors ruled Yemen in pre-Islamic times (110 BCE–525 CE).She was Al-Mansur's first wife. Arwa was also known as Umm Musa, her lineage went back to the Kings of Himyarite.^[1]

She married Abu Ja'far Abdallah ibn Muhammad, the future Abbasid caliph al-Mansur. She had two sons from her marriage, Ja'far and Muhammad,^[1] who became caliph al-Mahdi. According to their pre-marital agreement (later known as the Kairouanese marital agreement ^[2]), while Arwa was still alive al-Mansur had no right to take other wives and have concubines. Al-Mansur tried to annul this agreement several times, but Arwa always managed to convince the judges not to do that. The two sons of Arwa, Muhammad and Ja'far were regarded as his heirs.

Her first son, Ja'far, was born in 742/743 and her second son, Muhammad, was born in 744 or 745 in the village of Humeima (modern-day Jordan).

When her brother-in-law, al-Saffah, died after a five-year reign, her husband al-Mansur became caliph and held on to power for nearly 22 years, from 754 to 775.^{[3] [4]} Al-Mansur was proclaimed Caliph on his way to Mecca in the year 753 (136 AH) and was inaugurated the following year.^[5] Arwa convinced her husband to name only her two sons as heirs.

Her only son Muhammad was old enough to place in succession, Her elder son died during the reign of al-Mansur. Arwa died in 764, at the age of 29.^{[6] [1]} It was only after her death that al-Mansur took other wives.

She had a brother named Yazid.^[7] His full name was Yazid ibn Mansur al-Himyari.

Her paternal nephew, Mansur ibn Yazid ibn Mansur al-Himyari held important positions in Caliphate. In 779 he spent two months as governor of Egypt.^[8] Between 781/2 and 783 he was governor of the Yemen,^[9] and in 796 he briefly served as the governor of Khurasan.^[10]

See also

• Umm Salama bint Ya'qub al-Makhzumi
• Fatimah bint Muhammad al-Taymi

Sources

• Abbott, Nabia (1946). Two Queens of Baghdad: Mother and Wife of Hārūn Al Rashīd. University of Chicago Press.
• al-Masudi. The Meadows of Gold, The Abbasids. transl. Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone, Kegan Paul, London and New York, 1989.
• Book: Bosworth, C. E. . The Ornament of Histories: A History of the Eastern Islamic Lands AD 650-1041: The Persian Text of Abu Sa'id 'Abd Al-Hayy Gardizi . 2011 . I.B.Tauris . C. E. Bosworth . 1–169 . 978-1-84885-353-9 .
  • Al-Tabari; Hugh Kennedy (1990). The History of al-Tabari Vol. 29: Al-Mansur and al-Mahdi A.D. 763-786/A.H. 146–169. SUNY series in Near Eastern Studies. State University of New York Press. pp. 148–49.
• Book: The Works of Ibn Wadih al-Ya'qubi: An English Translation . 3 . Matthew S. . Gordon . Chase F. . Robinson . Everett K. . Rowson . Michael . Fishbein . 3 . Leiden and Boston . Brill . 2018 . 978-90-04-35621-4 .
• Book: Hamzah al-Isfahani, Ibn al-Hasan . Hamzah al-Isfahani . 1844 . Hamzae Ispahanensis Annalium, Libri X . Gottwaldt . J.M.E. . Leipzig . Leopold Voss.
• Book: Ibn Abd al-Majid, Taj al-Din 'Abd al-Baqi al-Yamani . Ta'rikh al-Yaman al-Musamma Bahjat al-Zaman fi Ta'rikh al-Yaman . Dar Kalimah . Sana'a . 1985.
• Book: Ibn Taghribirdi, Jamal al-Din Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf . Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira, Volume II . Ibn Taghribirdi . 1930 . Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya . Cairo . Arabic.
• Book: Khalifah ibn Khayyat . Khalifa ibn Khayyat . Tarikh Khalifah ibn Khayyat, 3rd ed . Dar Taybah . Arabic . 1985 . Al-Riyadh . al-Umari . Akram Diya'.

Notes and References

1. Book: Abbott, Nabia . Two Queens of Baghdad: Mother and Wife of Hārūn Al Rashīd . University of Chicago Press . 1946 . 15–16 . 978-0-86356-031-6 .
2. Web site: الصداق القيرواني .
3. Sanders, P. (1990). The Meadows of Gold: The Abbasids by MAS‘UDI. Translated and edited by Lunde Paul and Stone Caroline, Kegan Paul International, London and New York, 1989 . Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, 24(1), 50–51. doi:10.1017/S0026318400022549
4. [Michael Axworthy|Axworthy, Michael]
5. Book: Aikin. John. General biography: or, Lives, critical and historical, of the most eminent persons of all ages, countries, conditions, and professions, arranged according to alphabetical order. 1747. G. G. and J. Robinson. London. 1333072457. 201.
6. Encyclopedia: Arwa bint Mansur al-Himyari. Fathers and Sons: The Rise and Fall of Political Dynasty in the Middle East. 2013. M. McMillan. 9781137297891.
7. Book: . Hugh Kennedy . The History of al-Tabari Vol. 29: Al-Mansur and al-Mahdi A.D. 763-786/A.H. 146-169 . State University of New York Press . SUNY series in Near Eastern Studies . 1990 . 148–49.

8. .

9. ; .

10. ; (calling him Mansur ibn Yazid ibn Khalid); ; .