Artificial noise refers to waves, vibrations, audible sounds, electromagnetic signals, or other stimuli intentionally generated by human sources. Artificial noise is utilized in diverse contexts for different purposes. It plays a significant role in experimental research, urban environments, and sports, serving to either assess responses to controlled stimuli or enhance the atmosphere in various settings.
In experimental settings, artificial noise is a tool for examining how subjects respond to varying levels of stimuli. This involves manipulating the frequency or amplitude of noise to test, for instance, the efficacy of noise-reduction filters in microphones. Researchers generate specific noise patterns to determine if a device can differentiate between noise and non-noise signals effectively.
In cities, the term 'artificial noise' often refers to sounds associated with human activity, such as traffic or light pollution. These noises are an unintended consequence of urban development and can affect the quality of life for residents.
Initially, fan noise in sports came solely from supporters cheering for their teams. The tradition of employing cheerleaders and the subsequent use of megaphones, horns, and cowbells evolved to amplify this support. The introduction of compressed air horns further enhanced fans' ability to create noise. The strategic deployment of noise by fans, intended to distract opposing teams, became an integral part of sports culture, especially in college football where marching bands played a significant role.
The widespread availability of electronic devices capable of generating significant noise levels led sports leagues to regulate artificial noise. The aim was to maintain a balance between fan enthusiasm and the integrity of the game. Regulations were introduced to limit the use of electronic devices, horns, bells, and other noisemakers. Most leagues prohibited the use of recorded music during live play, following the National Football League's example. Notable instances, such as the Indianapolis Colts being accused of using artificial noise against the New England Patriots, highlighted the challenges leagues faced in enforcing these regulations.[1]
In specific sports, penalties are imposed for excessive artificial noise. For example, in football, a "delay of game" penalty may be issued, while in basketball, a technical foul can be called. The Arena Football League fined the San Jose SaberCats for distributing cowbells, demonstrating the enforcement of these regulations.
Despite bans, some fan groups, such as those of Mississippi State University in football, continue to use banned noisemakers like cowbells, showcasing the ongoing tension between fan traditions and regulatory efforts.
Artificial noise in sports, from its origins to its regulation, reflects the dynamic interaction between fan culture and sports governance. While designed to ensure fair play, regulations also respond to the evolving ways fans participate in and influence the sporting experience.