Artemis Accords Explained

Artemis Accords
Long Name:The Artemis Accords: Principles for Cooperation in the Civil Exploration and Use of the Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purposes
Image Alt:Map of states' adoption of the Artemis Accords
Type:Space law
Parties:43
Languages:English
Wikisource:Artemis Accords

The Artemis Accords is a series of non-binding multilateral arrangements[1] between the United States government and other world governments that elaborates on the norms expected to be followed in outer space.[2] The accords are related to the Artemis program, an American-led effort to return humans to the Moon by 2026, with the ultimate goal of expanding space exploration to Mars and beyond.[3]

As of, with the accession of Armenia, 43 countries have signed the accords, including twenty-one in Europe, eight in Asia, six in South America, three in North America, three in Africa, and two in Oceania.

Drafted by NASA and the U.S. Department of State, the Accords establish a framework for cooperation in the civil exploration and peaceful use of the Moon, Mars, and other astronomical objects.[4] They are explicitly grounded in the United Nations Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which signatories are obliged to uphold, and cite most major U.N.-brokered conventions constituting space law.[5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

The Accords were originally signed on 13 October 2020 by representatives of the national space agencies of eight countries: Australia, Canada, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[5] The Accords remain open for signature indefinitely, as NASA anticipates more nations joining.[10] Additional signatories can choose to directly participate in Artemis program activities, or may agree simply to commit to the principles for responsible exploration of the Moon as set out in the Accords.[11]

List of Parties

StateContinentSignedOfficial signing
AustraliaOceaniaDr. Megan Clark, Head of the Australian Space Agency[12]
CanadaLisa Campbell, president of the Canadian Space Agency[13]
ItalyEuropeRiccardo Fraccaro, Undersecretary of State at the Presidency of the Italian Council of Ministers[14]
JapanAsiaHagiuda Koichi, Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and Inoue Shinji, Minister of State for Space Policy [15]
LuxembourgEuropeFranz Fayot, Minister of the Economy [16]
AsiaSarah Al Amiri, Minister for Advanced Technology and Chair of the United Arab Emirates Space Agency[17]
United KingdomEuropeDr. Graham Turnock, Chief Executive of the UK Space Agency[18] The signature of the UK has been extended to the Isle of Man on 27 July 2021[19]
United StatesNorth AmericaJames Bridenstine, NASA Administrator
UkraineEurope[20]
AsiaLim Hyesook, Minister of Science and ICT[21]
New ZealandOceaniaPeter Crabtree, New Zealand Space Agency[22]
BrazilMarcos Pontes, Minister of Science, Technology, and Innovation[23]
PolandEuropeGrzegorz Wrochna, president of Polish Space Agency (POLSA)[24]
MexicoNorth AmericaMarcelo Ebrard Casaubon, Secretary of Foreign Affairs[25]
IsraelAsiaUri Oron, Director General of the Israel Space Agency[26]
RomaniaEuropeMarius-Ioan Piso, president and CEO of the Romanian Space Agency[27]
BahrainAsiaDr. Mohamed Al Aseeri, CEO of National Space Science Agency (NSSA)[28]
SingaporeAsiaGan Kim Yong, Minister for Trade and Industry[29]
ColombiaSouth AmericaMarta Lucía Ramírez, Vice President and Foreign Minister [30]
FranceEuropePhilippe Baptiste, president of the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES)[31]
Saudi ArabiaAsiaMohammed bin Saud Al-Tamimi, CEO of the Saudi Space Commission[32]
NigeriaAfricaIsa Ali Ibrahim, Minister of Communications and Digital Economy [33]
RwandaAfricaFrancis Ngabo, CEO of Rwanda Space Agency
Czech RepublicEuropeJan Lipavský, Minister of Foreign Affairs[34]
SpainEuropeDiana Morant, Minister of Science and Innovation[35]
EcuadorSouth AmericaGustavo Manrique Miranda, Minister of Foreign Affairs [36]
IndiaAsiaTaranjit Singh Sandhu, Ambassador of India to the United States [37]
ArgentinaSouth AmericaDaniel Filmus, Minister of Science, Technology, and Innovation[38]
GermanyEuropeDr. Walther Pelzer, Director General of the German Space Agency at DLR[39]
IcelandEurope[40] [41]
NetherlandsEuropeHarm van de Wetering, Director of Netherlands Space Office (NSO)
BulgariaEuropeMilena Stoycheva, Minister of Innovation and Growth[42]
AngolaAfrica[43]
BelgiumEuropeHadja Lahbib, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Belgium [44]
GreeceEuropeGiorgos Gerapetritis, Minister of Foreign Affairs[45]
UruguaySouth America[46]
SwitzerlandEurope[47]
SwedenEuropeDr. Mats Persson, Minister for Education [48]
SloveniaEurope[49]
LithuaniaEuropeAušrinė Armonaitė, Minister of Economy and Innovation [50]
PeruSouth AmericaJavier González-Olaechea, Minister of Foreign Affairs [51]
SlovakiaEurope
ArmeniaEuropeMkhitar Hayrapetyan, Minister of High-Tech Industry[52]

History

On 5 May 2020, Reuters published an exclusive report that the Donald Trump administration was drafting a new international agreement for mining on the Moon, which would draw from the 1967 Outer Space Treaty.[53] Ten days later, then-NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine officially announced the Artemis Accords, a series of agreements with partner nations aimed at establishing a governing framework for exploring and mining the Moon.

The Accords originated from the eponymous Artemis Program, an American plan launched in 2017 to send the first woman and the next man to the Moon by 2024.[54] Bridenstine stated that the agreements were intended to create a uniform set of guidelines for countries to avoid potential conflict or misunderstanding in future space endeavors; governments that sign the Accords may formally take part in the Artemis Program. The Accords were drafted by NASA, the U.S. Department of State, and the newly re-established National Space Council; a draft was released to several governments for consultation before the final document was announced in May 2020.[55] [56]

On 13 October 2020, in a recorded and livestreamed ceremony, the Accords were signed by the directors of the national space agencies of the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan, Luxembourg, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United Arab Emirates.[5] [57] The head of the Ukrainian national space agency signed the Accords exactly one month later.[20] [58]

In 2021, South Korea became the tenth country to sign the Accords,[21] [59] with New Zealand joining a week later.[22] The following June, Brazil became the first country in Latin America to join the Artemis Accords,[60] after previously indicating its intent to sign in 2020.[23] [61] Poland signed the Accords at the 72nd International Astronautical Congress (IAC) in Dubai, with the head of the Polish Space Agency expressing a desire to develop indigenous Polish space technology.[24] Mexico joined the Accords in December 2023.[25]

In 2022, the number of signatories of the Accords more than doubled from the previous year: Israel signed,[62] followed by Romania,[63] Bahrain,[64] and Singapore[65] in March; Colombia in May,[30] and France on 7 June 2022, the 60th anniversary of the founding of its space program[31] (pursuant to meetings in November 2021 between U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris and French President Emmanuel Macron in which he expressed France's intent to join).[66] [67] [68] [69] Saudi Arabia signed the Accords on 14 July 2022, becoming the second Middle Eastern and Arab country to join.[32] On 13 December 2022, at the United States–Africa Leaders Summit, Rwanda and Nigeria became the first African nations to sign the Artemis Accords.[33] [70]

Representatives from signatory nations held their first meeting on 19 September 2022 at the IAC to discuss the Accords and cooperation in space more broadly.[71] [72]

In 2023, signatories to the accords continued to grow, including: the Czech Republic[73] [34] and Spain[74] both signing within a single month, followed by Educador as well as India signing the accords[37] during prime minister Narendra Modi's state visit to the U.S.[75] [76] In September 2023, Director General of the German Space Agency at DLR and Member of the DLR Executive Board Walther Pelzer, signed the Accords for Germany in the German embassy in Washington D.C. The ceremony was attended and witnessed as well by Space-Coordinator of the German Government, Anna Christmann, the current German ambassador in Washington, Andreas Michaelis as well as the Administrator of NASA, Bill Nelson.[77] Iceland, the Netherlands and Bulgaria joined in October/November 2023. Angola joined in December 2023 during a ceremony in Washington, D.C.[78]

In 2024, Belgium,[79] Greece,[45] Uruguay, Switzerland,[47] Sweden,[80] Slovenia,[81] Lithuania,[82] Peru,[83] Slovakia[84] and Armenia[85] joined the accords.

Accords

Although a prerequisite for taking part in the Artemis Program, the Accords have been interpreted as codifying key principles and guidelines for exploring space generally.[7] Their stated purpose is to "provide for operational implementation of important obligations contained in the Outer Space Treaty and other instruments." The Accords are a single document, signed by each country that commits to the Accords' principles. Bilateral agreements between space agencies for specific operations on the Moon and beyond are expected to reference the Accords and implement them in particular projects.

The provisions:[86]

Reactions

Support

The Artemis Accords have generally been welcomed for advancing international law and cooperation in space.[7] Observers note that the substance of the Accords is "uncontentious" and represent a "significant political attempt to codify key principles of space law" for governing nations' space activities.[7] International legal scholars also credit the agreement with helping influence space exploration in the direction of uniform standards of cooperation and peaceful use.[87] The Accords have also been lauded for being the first time several nations have agreed to recognize the presence of human cultural heritage in outer space and the need to protect it.[88]

With Australia signing and ratifying both the Moon Treaty as well as the Artemis Accords, there has been a discussion if they can be harmonized.[89] In this light an Implementation Agreement for the Moon Treaty has been advocated for, as a way to compensate for the shortcomings of the Moon Treaty and to harmonize it with other laws, allowing it to be more widely accepted.[90] [91]

Criticism

The Accords have also been criticized for allegedly being "too centered on American and commercial interests." Russia has condemned them as a "blatant attempt to create international space law that favors the United States." Beside possibly being an opportunity for China in light of the Wolf Amendment, Chinese government affiliated media has called the Accords "akin to European colonial enclosure land-taking methods."[92] Russia and China have since reached an understanding to work together on the Chinese International Lunar Research Station concept, to serve as a potential competing option for third parties such as Pakistan.[93]

Two researchers writing in Science magazine's Policy Forum have called on countries to speak up about their objections, and argued that the United States should go through the United Nations treaty process in order to negotiate on space mining. They were concerned NASA's Accords, if accepted by many nations, would enable the Accords' interpretation of the Outer Space Treaty to prevail.[94] Acceptance of the Artemis Accords is a prerequisite for participation in NASA's Artemis lunar program.

Critics also contend that since the Outer Space Treaty expressly forbids nations from staking claim to another planetary body, the Accords violate space law by allowing signatories to lay claim to any resources extracted from celestial objects.[95] Frans von der Dunk of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln claims the Accords strengthen "the US interpretation of the Outer Space Treaty", namely "the basic right for individual States to allow the private sector to become engaged" in commercial activities. The weakened alternative interpretation is that "unilateral approval of commercial exploitation is not in compliance with the Outer Space Treaty, and that only an international regime, notably—presumably—including an international licensing system, could legitimise such commercial exploitation."[96] [97]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Foust . Jeff . 2020-10-13 . Eight countries sign Artemis Accords . 2024-02-27 . SpaceNews . en-US . 15 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615061320/https://spacenews.com/eight-countries-sign-artemis-accords/ . live .
  2. Web site: Artemis Accords . NASA . 2024-02-27 . en-US . 15 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615061323/https://www.nasa.gov/artemis-accords/ . live .
  3. Web site: Dunbar. Brian. 2019-07-23. What is Artemis?. 2021-05-01. NASA. 7 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190807143015/http://www.nasa.gov/what-is-artemis. live.
  4. Web site: NASA: Artemis Accords. 2021-05-01. NASA. 16 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200516053058/https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/index.html. live.
  5. Web site: Potter. Sean. 2020-10-13. NASA, International Partners Advance Cooperation with Artemis Accords. 2021-05-01. NASA. 19 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210219062155/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-international-partners-advance-cooperation-with-first-signings-of-artemis-accords/. live.
  6. Web site: 2020-10-20. Fact Sheet: Artemis Accords - United for Peaceful Exploration of Deep Space. 2021-05-01. U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Brazil. en-US. 6 March 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220306222629/https://br.usembassy.gov/fact-sheet-artemis-accords-united-for-peaceful-exploration-of-deep-space/. live.
  7. Web site: Newman . Christopher . Artemis Accords: why many countries are refusing to sign Moon exploration agreement . . 2020-10-19 . 2021-06-17 . 25 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220625095410/https://theconversation.com/artemis-accords-why-many-countries-are-refusing-to-sign-moon-exploration-agreement-148134 . live .
  8. Web site: The Artemis Accords and the Future of International Space Law . ASIL . 2021-06-17 . 25 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220625095427/https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/24/issue/31/artemis-accords-and-future-international-space-law . live .
  9. Except the Moon Treaty, despite Australia having ratified it. The Moon Treaty only has 17 State Parties, none of which has engaged in self-launched human spaceflight.
  10. Web site: Oct 13, 2020. NASA, International Partners Advance Cooperation with First Signings of Artemis Accords. live. NASA. Additional countries will join the Artemis Accords in the months and years ahead, as NASA continues to work with its international partners to establish a safe, peaceful, and prosperous future in space. Working with emerging space agencies, as well as existing partners and well-established space agencies, will add new energy and capabilities to ensure the entire world can benefit from the Artemis journey of exploration and discovery.. https://web.archive.org/web/20201015052621/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-international-partners-advance-cooperation-with-first-signings-of-artemis-accords/ . 2020-10-15 .
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  12. Web site: 2020-10-14. Australia signs NASA's Artemis Accords. Australian Department of Industry, Science and Resources. 15 February 2024. 15 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240215033805/https://www.industry.gov.au/news/australia-signs-nasas-artemis-accords. live.
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  15. Web site: 2020-10-13. Eight nations sign Artemis Accords on Space Exploration. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. 15 February 2024. 15 June 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240615061323/https://www.mext.go.jp/en/news/topics/detail/mext_00032.html. live.
  16. Web site: 2020-10-13. Minister of the Economy Franz Fayot signs the Artemis Accords on behalf of Luxembourg at the International Aeronautical Congress. Luxembourg Space Agency. 15 February 2024. 15 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240215033803/https://space-agency.public.lu/en/news-media/news/2020/20201.html. live.
  17. Web site: 2020-10-13. United Arab Emirates Accedes to Artemis Accords. PRNewswire. 15 February 2024. 15 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240215033803/https://www.prnewswire.com/ae/news-releases/united-arab-emirates-accedes-to-artemis-accords-834881810.html. live.
  18. Web site: 2020-10-13. UK and NASA sign international agreement ahead of mission to the Moon. gov.uk. 15 February 2024. 15 June 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240615061324/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-nasa-sign-international-agreement-ahead-of-mission-to-the-moon. live.
  19. Web site: Quayle. Howard. 2021-07-27. Artemis Accords to be extended to the Isle of Man. Isle of Man Government. 30 July 2021. 29 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220129015953/https://www.gov.im/news/2021/jul/27/artemis-accords-to-be-extended-to-the-isle-of-man/. live.
  20. Web site: 2020-11-17. Ukraine becomes the 9th country to sign the Artemis Accords. 2021-05-01. U.S. Embassy in Ukraine. en-US. 11 March 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220311115834/https://ua.usembassy.gov/ukraine-becomes-the-9th-country-to-sign-the-artemis-accords/. live.
  21. Web site: Potter. Sean. 2021-05-27. Republic of Korea Joins List of Nations to Sign Artemis Accords. NASA. 27 May 2021. 27 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210527123225/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/republic-of-korea-joins-list-of-nations-to-sign-artemis-accords. live.
  22. Web site: Foust . Jeff . 2021-06-01 . New Zealand signs Artemis Accords . SpaceNews . en-US . 20 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230220215954/https://spacenews.com/new-zealand-signs-artemis-accords/ . live .
  23. Web site: Shea. Garrett. 2021-06-15. Brazil Signs Artemis Accords. NASA. 15 February 2024. 15 June 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240615061324/https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/brazil-signs-artemis-accords/. live.
  24. Web site: Foust. Jeff. 2021-10-27. Poland signs Artemis Accords. 2021-10-27. Space News. en. 20 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230220220109/https://spacenews.com/poland-signs-artemis-accords/. live.
  25. Web site: Foust. Jeff. Mexico joins Artemis Accords. SpaceNews. 10 December 2021. 10 December 2021. 7 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220907145350/https://spacenews.com/mexico-joins-artemis-accords/. live.
  26. Web site: 2022-01-27. Israel Signs Artemis Accords. NASA. 15 February 2024. 15 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240215033804/https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/israel-signs-artemis-accords/. live.
  27. Web site: Romania Signs Artemis Accords . NASA . 1 March 2022 . 2 March 2022 . 15 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220415061749/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/romania-signs-artemis-accords/ . live .
  28. Web site: Bahrain Signs Artemis Accords . NASA . 8 March 2022 . 8 March 2022 . 24 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220424080210/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/bahrain-signs-artemis-accords/ . live .
  29. Web site: Republic of Singapore Signs the Artemis Accords . United States Department of State . 28 March 2022 . 28 March 2022 . 5 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220705200957/https://www.state.gov/republic-of-singapore-signs-the-artemis-accords/ . live .
  30. Web site: Potter . Sean . 2022-05-10 . NASA Welcomes Vice President of Colombia for Artemis Accords Signing . 2022-05-10 . NASA . 14 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220614194628/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-welcomes-vice-president-of-colombia-for-artemis-accords-signing/ . live .
  31. Web site: Potter . Sean . 2022-06-07 . France Signs Artemis Accords as French Space Agency Marks Milestone . 2022-06-07 . NASA . 19 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220719164004/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/france-signs-artemis-accords-as-french-space-agency-marks-milestone/ . live .
  32. Web site: Potter . Sean . 2022-07-14 . Saudi Arabia Signs Artemis Accords . 2022-07-16 . NASA . 19 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220719103937/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/saudi-arabia-signs-artemis-accords/ . live .
  33. Web site: House . The White . 2022-12-13 . STATEMENT: Strengthening the U.S.-Africa Partnership in Space . 2022-12-13 . The White House . en-US . 13 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221213195823/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/12/13/statement-strengthening-the-u-s-africa-partnership-in-space/ . live .
  34. Web site: McGuinness . Jackie . Bardan . Roxana . 2023-05-03 . O'Shea . Claire . NASA Welcomes Czech Foreign Minister for Artemis Accords Signing . 2023-05-13 . NASA . 15 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615061326/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-czech-foreign-minister-for-artemis-accords-signing/ . live .
  35. Web site: Jones . Andrew . 2023-06-02 . Spain signs the Artemis Accords for peaceful moon exploration . 2023-06-05 . Space.com . en . 15 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615061857/https://www.space.com/spain-signs-artemis-accords-moon-exploration . live .
  36. Web site: O’Shea . Claire . 2023-06-21 . NASA Welcomes Ecuador as 26th Artemis Accords Signatory . NASA . 15 February 2024 . 15 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615061857/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-ecuador-as-26th-artemis-accords-signatory/ . live .
  37. Web site: O’Shea . Claire . 2023-06-23 . NASA Welcomes India as 27th Artemis Accords Signatory . 2023-07-07 . NASA . 12 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230712195032/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-welcomes-india-as-27th-artemis-accords-signatory/ . live .
  38. Web site: Bardan . Roxana . 2023-07-27 . NASA Welcomes Argentina as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory . NASA . 15 February 2024 . 15 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240215033803/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-argentina-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/ . live .
  39. Web site: 2023-09-15 . NASA Welcomes Germany as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory . NASA . 15 February 2024 . 15 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240215033803/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-germany-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/ . live .
  40. Web site: Bardan . Roxana . 2023-11-01 . NASA Welcomes Netherlands as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory . NASA . 15 February 2024 . 6 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106133734/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-netherlands-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/ . live .
  41. Web site: Iceland and Netherlands Join Artemis Accords . Marcie . Smith . 2023-11-02 . NASA told SpacePolicyOnline.com on November 7 that the Embassy of Iceland in the United States hand delivered a copy of the signed document to NASA on October 31 (the day before Netherlands joined) and the document is dated October 10. . 2024-05-24 . 24 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240524160757/https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/iceland-and-netherlands-join-artemis-accords/ . live .
  42. Web site: Donaldson. Abbey. 2023-11-09. Bulgaria Signs Artemis Accords at NASA Headquarters; Joins 31 Nations. NASA. 10 November 2023. 9 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231109190507/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/bulgaria-signs-artemis-accords-at-nasa-headquarters-joins-31-nations/. live.
  43. Web site: Bardan. Roxana. 2023-12-01. NASA Welcomes Angola as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory. NASA. 15 February 2024. 15 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240215033803/https://www.nasa.gov/general/nasa-welcomes-angola-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/. live.
  44. Web site: Bardan. Roxana. 2024-01-24. NASA Welcomes Belgium as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory. NASA. 15 February 2024. 13 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240213041605/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-belgium-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/. live.
  45. Web site: Bardan. Roxana. 2024-02-09. NASA Welcomes Greece as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory. NASA. 9 February 2024. 9 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240209222103/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-greece-as-newest-artemis-accords-signatory/. live.
  46. Web site: Bardan. Roxana. 2024-02-09. NASA Welcomes Uruguay Foreign Minister for Artemis Accords Signing. NASA. 16 February 2024. 16 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240216185715/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-uruguay-foreign-minister-for-artemis-accords-signing/. live.
  47. Web site: NASA Invites Media to Switzerland Artemis Accords Signing Ceremony . NASA . 2024-04-15 . en-US . 11 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240411192157/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-invites-media-to-switzerland-artemis-accords-signing-ceremony/ . live .
  48. Web site: NASA Embraces Sweden as Newest Member of Artemis Accords Family . NASA . 2024-04-16 . en-US . 15 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615061858/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-embraces-sweden-as-newest-member-of-artemis-accords-family/ . live .
  49. Web site: Slovenia Signs Artemis Accords, Joins Pursuit of Safer Space . NASA . 19 April 2024 . 19 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240419204753/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/slovenia-signs-artemis-accords-joins-pursuit-of-safer-space/ . live .
  50. Web site: Artemis Accords Reach 40 Signatories as NASA Welcomes Lithuania . NASA . 15 May 2024 . 15 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615061858/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/artemis-accords-reach-40-signatories-as-nasa-welcomes-lithuania/ . live .
  51. Web site: NASA Welcomes Peru as 41st Artemis Accords Signatory . NASA . 30 May 2024 . 30 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240530192225/https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-welcomes-peru-as-41st-artemis-accords-signatory/ . live .
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