Otto Warmbier Explained

Otto Warmbier
Birth Name:Otto Frederick Warmbier
Birth Date:12 December 1994
Birth Place:Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
Death Place:Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
Resting Place:Oak Hill Cemetery, Glendale, Ohio, U.S.
Education:Wyoming High School
Alma Mater:University of Virginia
London School of Economics
Module:
Child:yes
Header1:Detention
Label2:Country
Data2:North Korea
Label3:Detained
Label4:Charge
Data4:Subversion (through alleged attempted theft of a propaganda poster)
Label5:Sentence
Data5:15 years imprisonment with hard labor
Label6:Released

Otto Frederick Warmbier (December 12, 1994 – June 19, 2017) was an American college student who was imprisoned in North Korea in 2016 on a charge of subversion. In June 2017, he was released by North Korea in a vegetative state and died soon after his parents requested his feeding tube be removed.

Warmbier entered North Korea as part of a guided tour group on December 29, 2015. On January 2, 2016, he was arrested at Pyongyang International Airport while awaiting departure from the country. He was convicted of attempting to steal a propaganda poster from his hotel, for which he was sentenced to 15 years of imprisonment with hard labor.[1]

Shortly after his sentencing in March 2016, Warmbier suffered a severe neurological injury from an unknown cause and fell into a coma, which lasted until his death.[2] North Korean authorities did not disclose his medical condition until June 2017, when they announced he had fallen into a coma as a result of botulism and a sleeping pill. He was freed later that month, still in a comatose state after 17 months in captivity. He was repatriated to the United States and arrived in Cincinnati, Ohio, on June 13, 2017. He was taken to the University of Cincinnati Medical Center for immediate evaluation and treatment.

Warmbier never regained consciousness and died on June 19, 2017, six days after his return to the United States when his parents requested his feeding tube be removed.[3] A coroner's report stated that he died from an unknown injury causing lack of oxygen to the brain. Non-invasive internal scans did not find any signs of fractures to his skull.

In 2018, a U.S. federal court found the North Korean government liable for Warmbier's torture and death, in a default judgment in favor of Warmbier's parents after North Korea did not contest the case.[4] [5]

Early life

Otto Warmbier was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on December 12, 1994. The eldest of Cynthia ("Cindy", née Garber) and Fred Warmbier's three children, he was raised in Cincinnati, Ohio.[6] [7] He attended Wyoming High School, where he was considered popular and studious, and graduated in 2013 as salutatorian.[8] [9] After that, he enrolled at the University of Virginia, where he was pursuing a double major degree in commerce and economics, and did a foreign exchange at the London School of Economics. His minor was in global sustainability. Warmbier, who was Jewish through his mother, was active in Hillel on his college campus.[10] He was a member of the Theta Chi fraternity. Being interested in other cultures, he had visited Israel (on a Birthright trip), Europe, Cuba, and Ecuador.

North Korea

Warmbier was scheduled to undertake a study-abroad program in Hong Kong in early 2016, and decided to visit North Korea en route over the New Year period. He booked a tour of North Korea with Young Pioneer Tours, a budget tour operator based in China founded by two Westerners, whose slogan was "Destinations your mother would rather you stayed away from." Warmbier's father Fred said that Young Pioneer advertised the trip as safe for U.S. citizens[11] [12] and that Otto was "curious about their culture ... he wanted to meet the people of North Korea."

On December 29, 2015, Warmbier flew via Beijing to North Korea with his tour group, which included ten other U.S. citizens,[13] for a five-day New Year's tour. The tour group celebrated New Year's Eve by carousing in Pyongyang's Kim Il Sung Square before returning to the Yanggakdo International Hotel, where some continued drinking alcohol.[14] According to his trial, Warmbier tried to steal a propaganda poster from a staff-only area of the hotel at around 2:00 am on New Year's Day.[15]

Arrest

On January 2, 2016, Warmbier was arrested at Pyongyang International Airport while awaiting departure from North Korea. Danny Gratton, a British member of Warmbier's tour group, witnessed the arrest.[16] He said:

When the group's plane was about to leave the terminal, an official came aboard and announced, "Otto is very sick and has been taken to the hospital".[17] Some media-reports indicated that Warmbier spoke by phone to a Young Pioneer tour guide following his arrest,[18] but this was denied by a Young Pioneer spokesman who told BBC News that "none of its employees had direct contact with Otto after he was escorted away". The others in his tour group left the country without incident.

North Korea's state-run Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) initially announced that Warmbier had been detained for "a hostile act against the state", without specifying further details. North Korea refused to elaborate on the precise nature of his wrongdoing for six weeks, although a Young Pioneer spokeswoman advised Reuters there had been an "incident" at the Yanggakdo Hotel. In a press conference on February 29, 2016, Warmbier, reading from a prepared statement, confessed that he had attempted to steal a propaganda poster from a restricted staff-only-area of the second floor of the Yanggakdo Hotel to take home.[19] The poster said (in Korean), "Let's arm ourselves strongly with Kim Jong Il's patriotism!". Damaging or stealing such items with the name or image of a North Korean leader is considered a serious crime by the North Korean government.[20] [21]

It is not known whether the confession was forced, as Warmbier never regained consciousness after his return to the U.S. However, at least one observer said that he was "clearly under duress". Former prisoners of North Korea have later recanted their confessions after their release, stating they were made under duress.[22] [23] [24]

Warmbier's confession also stated that he had plotted to steal the poster at the behest of a Methodist church in his hometown and the, a secret society at the University of Virginia that he wished to join, both of which he said were allied with the Central Intelligence Agency. These claims, which Time magazine called "fanciful" and "implausible," were disputed by both the church and the . The New York Times remarked that "the unlikely nature of the details suggested the script had been written by Mr. Warmbier's North Korean interrogators".[25] U.S. negotiator Mickey Bergman later stated that Warmbier's family were advised to maintain silence about his Jewish heritage while he was under arrest, as negotiators believed that publicly repudiating Warmbier's purported affiliation with a Methodist church would antagonize the North Korean regime.[26]

Trial and conviction

On March 16, 2016, a few hours after U.S. envoy Bill Richardson met in New York with two North Korean diplomats from the United Nations office to press for Warmbier's release,[27] [28] Warmbier was tried and convicted in North Korea's Supreme Court. He was charged with subversion under Article 60 of North Korea's Criminal Code.[29] The court held that he had committed a crime "pursuant to the U.S. government's hostile policy toward [North Korea], in a bid to impair the unity of its people after entering it as a tourist."[30] Evidence at his trial, which lasted one hour, included his confession, CCTV footage, fingerprint evidence, and witness testimony.[31] [32] The CCTV footage showed a man, identified as Warmbier by his North Korean guide, entering the staff only area. On March 18, KCNA released a brief low-resolution video, time-stamped 1:57a.m., showing a figure removing a poster from a wall and placing it on the floor.[33] [34]

Warmbier indicated in his confession that he abandoned the poster after discovering it was too large to carry away.[35] A hotel staff member told the court: "When I got off work, there was nothing amiss. But when I returned, I thought someone had deliberately taken the slogan down, so I mobilized security to prevent damage to it and reported it to the authorities."[36] His confession reads as follows:

Warmbier was sentenced to 15 years of hard labor.[37] Human Rights Watch called the hearing a kangaroo court[38] and described the sentencing as "outrageous and shocking".[39] U.S. State Department spokesman Mark Toner stated it was clear that North Korea arrested American citizens for political purposes despite its claims to the contrary.[40]

Release

Fred and Cindy Warmbier met with numerous Obama administration officials, including then Secretary of State John Kerry, and with the Swedish ambassador, Torkel Stiernlöf, who served as an interlocutor between the U.S. and North Korea.[41] In May 2017, Fred Warmbier said the Obama administration had encouraged them to keep a low profile about their son's situation, but that he and his wife wanted their son to be part of any negotiations between the United States and North Korea.[42]

On June 13, 2017, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson announced that North Korea had released Warmbier. Tillerson also announced that the State Department had secured Warmbier's release at the direction of President Donald Trump,[43] [44] and the State Department would continue discussing three other detained Americans with North Korea.[45]

Subsequent media reports revealed that, at a meeting in New York on June 6, North Korean officials had advised U.S. State Department Special Representative Joseph Yun that Warmbier had contracted food-borne botulism shortly after his sentencing and had fallen into a coma after taking a sleeping pill. A delegation headed by Yun flew to Pyongyang to oversee Warmbier's repatriation.[46]

After 17 months in detention, Warmbier, still in a comatose state, was medically evacuated from the Pyongyang Friendship Hospital[47] to Cincinnati, arriving on the evening of June 13. He was taken to the University of Cincinnati Medical Center, where doctors tried to determine what caused his coma and if there were signs of recovery.[48] [49]

Medical condition

Warmbier's physicians at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center stated that he was in "a state of unresponsive wakefulness", commonly known as persistent vegetative state.[50] He was able to breathe on his own and blink his eyes, but otherwise showed no signs of awareness of his environment, such as understanding language, nor did he initiate any purposeful movements.[51] Michael Flueckiger, a medical director who was part of the team which took Warmbier back to the U.S., stated that Warmbier had received good medical care at the hospital in Pyongyang.

Medical records from North Korea showed that Warmbier had been in this state since April 2016, one month after his conviction. During his release, the North Koreans provided a disk containing two magnetic resonance imaging brain scans, dated April and July 2016, showing damage to the brain.

According to his medical team, brain-scans revealed Warmbier had suffered extensive loss of brain tissue throughout his brain, consistent with a cardiopulmonary event that caused the brain to be deprived of oxygen. Doctors said they did not know what may have caused a cardiac arrest, if one had occurred, but that it could have been triggered by a respiratory arrest, while a neurointensive care specialist at the hospital stated that there was no evidence indicating botulism. His doctors found no evidence of physical abuse or torture; scans of Warmbier's neck and head were normal outside of the brain injury. They added "We didn't see any evidence of healing fractures or healed fractures that would have been within that time frame" and that "We believe that for somebody who had been bedridden for more than a year, that his body was in excellent condition, that his skin was in excellent condition".[52] [53] [54]

Warmbier's father held a press conference on June 15, but declined to answer a reporter's question as to whether or not the neurological injury was caused by an assault, saying he would let the doctors make that determination. He stated that his family did not believe anything the North Koreans told them.[55] He expressed anger at the North Koreans for his son's condition, saying, "There is no excuse for any civilized nation to have kept his condition secret, and denied him top-notch medical care for so long".

Death

After his parents requested his feeding tube be removed, Warmbier died in the hospital at 2:20 p.m. on June 19, 2017, at the age of 22.[56] His family issued a statement expressing their sadness, thanking the hospital staff for their actions.[57] President Trump issued a statement regarding Warmbier's death: "There is nothing more tragic for a parent than to lose a child in the prime of life. Our thoughts and prayers are with Otto's family and friends, and all who loved him." He added:"The United States once again condemns the brutality of the North Korean regime as we mourn its latest victim."[58]

North Korean officials said their country was the "biggest victim" of Warmbier's death as a result of a "smear campaign", stating their treatment of him was "humanitarian". A spokesman added:

At the request of Warmbier's family, an autopsy was not performed, and only a postmortem external examination was conducted.[59] [60] Doctors speculated that the cause of death could have been a blood clot, pneumonia, sepsis, or kidney failure. Sleeping pills could have caused Warmbier to stop breathing if he had botulism and was paralyzed from it.[61] The University of Cincinnati doctors found no evidence of botulism, but several neurologists said that botulism could not be ruled out, given the length of time before Warmbier's return to the U.S..[62] GQ journalist Doug Bock Clark suggested that Warmbier might have attempted suicide some time after his sentencing. The U.S. coroner who examined Warmbier's body after his death said that Warmbier's body showed no obvious signs of torture.

A funeral for Warmbier was held on June 22, 2017, at Wyoming High School; more than 2,500 mourners attended.[63] He was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Glendale, Ohio, and students tied ribbons on every tree and pole along the 3adj=onNaNadj=on route taken by the funeral procession from the high school to the cemetery.[64]

Public reactions

Public reactions to Warmbier's death were strong. U.S. senators John McCain and Marco Rubio called it "murder", as did representative Adam Schiff. Nikki Haley, U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, said, "Countless innocent men and women have died at the hands of the North Korean criminals, but the singular case of Otto Warmbier touches the American heart like no other".[65] [66] South Korean president Moon Jae-in conveyed his condolences to Warmbier's family, and said "We cannot know for sure that North Korea killed Mr. Warmbier. But I believe it is quite clear that they have a heavy responsibility in the process that led to Mr. Warmbier's death".[67]

Michael Kirby, chairman of the United Nations commission of inquiry on human rights in North Korea, wrote: "A young American's fate becomes a metaphor, a kind of symbol, of a big story about thousands of nameless statistics locked up and oppressed in North Korea. They are voiceless. But Otto Warmbier speaks of their suffering from his grave. He reminds the world of the human rights wrongs in North Korea. He joins the voices of the many witnesses who gave testimony to the UN commission."[68]

The media reported on a wide range of other reactions. Some commentators criticized the Obama administration for alleged inaction in Warmbier's case,[69] [70] a claim disputed by Obama spokesman Ned Price.[71] Some found fault with Young Pioneer Tours (the travel agency that organized Warmbier's North Korea trip) for its alleged drinking culture and for understating the risks of travel to North Korea.[72] Following Warmbier's death, Young Pioneer announced it would no longer accept American citizens on its tours.[73] It also amended its website to emphasize that North Korea has "what amount to extremely strict lèse-majesté laws".[74]

Some questioned the wisdom of Warmbier's decision to visit North Korea in the first instance.[75] Robert R. King, former U.S. envoy for North Korea human rights issues, remarked that Warmbier had disregarded the U.S. State Department's travel advisory, which "strongly warns" American citizens not to travel to North Korea.[76] Some analysts suggested that Warmbier had been framed by the North Korean regime for removing the propaganda poster, while others concluded that he was guilty of doing so,[77] and in some cases criticized Warmbier for breaking the law as an American visiting a hostile country. Some commentators pointed to Warmbier's perceived naiveté and white privilege as contributing to his fate. However, these claims have been denounced as hurtful, insensitive, and wildly inappropriate by some people.[78] [79] [80]

Aftermath

In July 2017, the U.S. government announced that it would ban American tourists from visiting North Korea as of September 1, 2017, with Warmbier's detention given as one of the reasons.[81] [82]

In his speech to the United Nations General Assembly on September 19, 2017, President Donald Trump mentioned Warmbier while lambasting North Korea as a rogue state.[83] One week later, Trump posted on Twitter that Warmbier was "tortured beyond belief" by North Korea.[84] His post followed a televised interview given by Warmbier's parents, in which they spoke of their son's death and expressed their wish for North Korea to be relisted as a state-sponsor of terrorism.[85]

The following day, responding to the parents' interview, the Ohio coroner who had examined Warmbier denied that there were signs of torture, and said, "They're grieving parents. I can't really make comments on their perceptions".[86] The coroner said that Warmbier had died due to brain damage following an interruption of blood flow. The coroner also said his skin condition was excellent, and his muscle volume was reasonably good given the circumstances.[87]

On November 20, 2017, the U.S. Department of State relisted North Korea as a state-sponsor of terrorism.[88] President Trump mentioned Warmbier's case when making this announcement.[89]

In June 2018, Warmbier's parents praised President Trump for his comments about the family and stated that they hoped something positive would come from the first North Korea - United States summit, which was held that month.[90]

In February 2019, at the conclusion of the second North Korea - United States summit, Trump announced that he had discussed Warmbier's treatment with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, and said, "He [Kim] tells me he didn't know about it, and I will take him at his word". President Trump also argued that it would not have been to Kim's advantage to allow Warmbier to be treated poorly.[91] Following President Trump's comments, Warmbier's parents released a statement, saying, "We have been respectful during this summit process. Now we must speak out. Kim and his evil regime are responsible for the death of our son Otto. Kim and his evil regime are responsible for unimaginable cruelty and inhumanity. No excuse or lavish praise can change that".[92] Trump later said his remarks had been "misinterpreted" and added, "Of course I hold North Korea responsible for Otto's mistreatment and death", without mentioning Kim specifically.[93]

In April 2019, The Washington Post reported previously undisclosed news that at the time of Warmbier's medical evacuation, North Korean officials had presented the U.S. delegation that repatriated him with a bill for US$2 million for his medical treatment while in Pyongyang.[94] President Trump denied that the U.S. government had paid the bill.[95]

In December 2022, US congress passed Otto Warmbier Countering North Korean Censorship and Surveillance Act of 2021.[96] [97]

Lawsuit

Warmbier v. DPRK
Court:United States District Court for the District of Columbia
Full Name:CYNTHIA WARMBIER, et al., Plaintiffs, v. DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA, Defendant
Citations:Civil Action No. 18-977 (BAH)
Decision By:Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell
Opinions:North Korea found liable (by default judgment) for the torture, hostage taking, and extrajudicial killing of Otto Warmbier. $501 million in monetary damages awarded to the Warmbier family.
Italic Title:no

In April 2018, Warmbier's parents sued the North Korean government in the United States federal district court in Washington, D.C., accusing North Korea of torture and murder.[98] Although private citizens are not usually able to sue foreign nations and their governments, damages may be paid to the victims of nations designated as state-sponsors of terrorism, like North Korea, from a special fund established by the United States Congress.[99]

North Korea did not contest the case in court, although the director of the Pyongyang hospital where Warmbier had been treated issued a press-release reaffirming North Korea's denials that Warmbier had been tortured by the regime.[100]

Although the coroner's post-mortem examination had found that Warmbier's teeth were "natural and in good repair", two of Warmbier's private dentists testified that his post-mortem dental x-rays indicated that some of his lower teeth were bent backward when compared to his earlier dental records, consistent with "some sort of impact".[101] A scar on Warmbier's foot, previously described by the coroner as "inexplicable",[102] was held up by some expert witnesses as evidence that Warmbier may have been subjected to torture (such as electric shock) by his North Korean jailers.[103] [104]

On December 24, 2018, Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell handed down a default judgment ordering North Korea to pay $501 million in damages.[105] A copy of the judgment was couriered by the court to North Korea's foreign ministry in Pyongyang; however, it was returned to the US court that sent it.[106] VOA News remarked that "it is unlikely North Korea will pay the judgment since there is no mechanism to force it to do so",[107] but that the Warmbier family "may nonetheless be able to recoup damages through a Justice-Department-administered fund for victims of state-sponsored acts of terrorism, and may look to seize other assets held by the country outside of North Korea".[108]

In July 2019, the Warmbier family filed a claim on a North Korean cargo ship, Wise Honest, that had been judicially seized in Indonesia by the U.S. government in May 2019 for allegedly transporting and selling North Korean coal in violation of international sanctions.[109] [110] [111] U.S. federal judges ordered that the vessel be sold to compensate the Warmbiers, and also the family of Kim Dong-shik, a Korean-American missionary believed to have died in North Korea after being abducted from China in January 2000.[112] [113]

In January 2022, a New York court ruled that the Warmbiers be awarded $240,000 in funds seized from the Korea Kwangson Banking Corporation, a North Korean bank.[114]

Scholarship

In 2022, his parents awarded a scholarship in Otto Warmbier's name to a North Korean defector, Seohyun Lee.[115]

Allegations from other Korean witnesses

In 2019, Kim Dong Chul, a Korean-American businessman detained in North Korea at the same time as Warmbier but released to the U.S. in 2018, said he had witnessed a young American man, presumably Warmbier, "almost fainting, being dragged across a hallway by investigators with his head and face soaked with water". Kim suggested Warmbier may have been a victim of water-torture during his interrogation, as Kim himself had suffered similar treatment during captivity.[116]

In 2023, Chul-eun Lee, a former officer of North Korea's Ministry of State Security (MSS) who had defected to South Korea, claimed in an interview with Asian Boss that while in the MSS's custody, Otto Warmbier was subjected to waterboarding and physical torture. He was also forced to admit his "spy-crimes" and the "intent" of "being assigned by CIA" to "do the task" without evidence under fear and torture. Warmbier was stated to have been insultingly referred to within the MSS as an "American spy", a "punk", an "American chicken", and a "bastard". Lee speculated that Warmbier's main cause of death was not torture but likely poisoning and drugging with bioweapons inside the prison camps, similar to the fate of Kim Jong-nam near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Lee stated that the MSS wanted to bury Warmbier secretly inside North Korea, similar to other prisoners who died within the camps.[117]

Documents

See also

Notes and References

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  2. News: Pennington . Matthew . Parents sue North Korea over death of detainee Otto Warmbier . AP News . April 26, 2018 . He was denied communication with his family by any means until in early June 2017 they were informed he was in a coma and had been in that condition for one year. . March 2, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190302152437/https://www.apnews.com/080bc6cd2fff4f9995e6292edcdf5e44 . March 2, 2019 . live . mdy-all.
  3. News: Clark . Doug Bock. The Untold Story of Otto Warmbier, American Hostage. GQ. July 23, 2018. November 25, 2018. August 1, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180801104201/https://www.gq.com/story/otto-warmbier-north-korea-american-hostage-true-story.
  4. News: Harvard . Sarah . North Korea ordered to pay $500m to Otto Warmbier's family over death of US student . The Independent . 24 December 2018 . en . February 9, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190210101616/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/north-korea-otto-warmbier-death-district-court-ruling-lawsuit-ohio-a8698656.html . February 10, 2019 . live . mdy-all.
  5. News: Tucker . Eric . US judge orders North Korea to pay for torture, death of student . . December 24, 2018 . His once straight teeth were misaligned, and he had an unexplained scarred wound on his foot. An expert said in court papers that the injuries suggested he had been tortured with electrocution. . March 2, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190302090610/https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/us-judge-orders-north-korea-to-pay-for-torture-death-of-student-20181225-p50o61.html . March 2, 2019 . live . mdy-all.
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  9. Web site: As he prepared to leave high school, Otto Warmbier celebrated 'finale' and the future ahead . O'Rourke . Tanya . June 20, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170620071750/http://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/hamilton-county/cincinnati/as-he-prepared-to-leave-high-school-otto-warmbier-celebrated-finale-and-the-future-ahead . June 20, 2017.
  10. News: Feldman . Ari . Otto Warmbier's Parents Kept Jewishness A Secret To Avoid 'Embarrassing' North Korea . . June 22, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181205052311/https://forward.com/fast-forward/375363/otto-warmbiers-parents-kept-his-jewishness-a-secret-to-not-embarrass-north/ . December 5, 2018.
  11. News: Ramzy . Austin . Sang-Hun . Choe . Otto Warmbier Came Home in a Coma. Travel Company Says North Korea Is 'Extremely Safe!' . . June 16, 2017 . https://archive.today/20170621003736/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/16/world/asia/otto-warmbier-north-korea-travel.html . June 21, 2017.
  12. News: Berlinger . Joshua . Ullah . Zahra . George . Steve . Is North Korea's tourism industry luring Americans into a trap? . . June 20, 2017.
  13. News: U.S. student detained in North Korea 'over hotel incident' . James Pearson . January 23, 2016 . Reuters . January 23, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160124102448/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-usa-student-arrest-idUSKCN0V1063 . January 24, 2016.
  14. News: Who Killed Otto Warmbier? . Isaac . Stone Fish . Politico . June 23, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170626165654/http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/06/23/otto-warmbier-north-korea-tour-company-215299 . June 26, 2017.
  15. News: North Korea puts tearful detained American before cameras . Associated Press . . February 29, 2016 . June 15, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170614231611/http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-north-korea-american-citizen-detained-20160229-story.html . June 14, 2017.
  16. Web site: Was Otto Warmbier Set Up? Roommate Doesn't Believe U.S. Student Did Anything Wrong . . June 16, 2017 . March 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190321132528/https://www.insideedition.com/headlines/23984-was-otto-warmbier-set-up-roommate-doesnt-believe-us-student-did-anything-wrong . March 21, 2019 . live . mdy-all.
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  19. News: Ripley. Will. U.S. student held in North Korea 'confesses'. CNN. February 29, 2016. A North Korean official... says [Warmbier] entered the staff-only second floor of the hotel intending to steal a sign or banner with a political slogan.. July 6, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170628122828/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/28/asia/north-korea-otto-warmbier. June 28, 2017. live. mdy-all.
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  21. News: U.S. Student Runs Afoul of North Korea's Devotion to Slogans . The New York Times . March 18, 2016 . Choe. Sang-Hun. March 17, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160317215915/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/18/world/asia/us-student-runs-afoul-of-north-koreas-devotion-to-slogans.html . March 17, 2016.
  22. https://news.vice.com/article/north-korea-imprisoned-us-student-confessing-crimes "Detained US Student Admits 'Very Severe' — And Totally Absurd — Crime in North Korea"
  23. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/02/29/north-koreas-recipe-for-bargaining-detained-westerner-script-tv-cameras/ "The strange ways North Korea makes detainees confess on camera"
  24. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/12/24/after-nearly-year-detained-in-north-korea-little-progress-made-to-free-american-student-otto-warmbier.html "After nearly a year detained in North Korea, little progress made to free American student Otto Warmbier"
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  27. News: Gladstone. Rick. U.S. Troubleshooter Meets North Korea Diplomats on Detained American. The New York Times. March 15, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160318164713/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/16/world/asia/us-troubleshooter-meets-north-korea-diplomats-on-detained-american.html. March 18, 2016.
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  31. News: North Korea releases CCTV of American student committing 'crime' that gave him 15 years hard labour . Joshua . Nevett . Mirror . March 18, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160420002622/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/north-korea-releases-cctv-american-7581370 . April 20, 2016.
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  33. Web site: The video that North Korea says proves US student tried to steal banner . March 18, 2016 . The Independent . June 15, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170509104238/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/north-korea-video-apparently-shows-us-student-otto-warmbier-taking-propaganda-banner-a6938091.html . May 9, 2017.
  34. News: N. Korea: Video shows Wyoming grad remove sign . Cincinnati.com . March 19, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160501232203/http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2016/03/18/video-supposedly-shows-wyoming-grad-remove-sign/81962072/ . May 1, 2016.
  35. News: Fifield . Anna . Anna Fifield. U-Va. student held in North Korea 'confesses' to 'severe' crime . The Washington Post. February 29, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170711150159/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/uva-student-held-in-north-korea-confesses-to-severe-crimes/2016/02/29/b561da4b-4dbd-4819-94da-9907fcc472a2_story.html. July 11, 2017.
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  40. News: North Korea sentences Virginia student to 15 years hard labor . Chicago Tribune news services . March 16, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170620045638/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-north-korea-virginia-student-sentenced-20160316-story.html . June 20, 2017.
  41. News: Otto Warmbier Was 'Brutalized and Terrorized' in North Korea, Father Says . https://web.archive.org/web/20170619025557/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/15/us/otto-warmbier-north-korea-ohio-student-home.html . June 19, 2017 . The New York Times . June 19, 2017. August 14, 2017.
  42. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/05/01/parents-otto-warmbier-us-citizen-detained-in-north-korea-want-son-to-be-part-negotiations.html Parents of Otto Warmbier, US citizen detained in North Korea, want son to be part of negotiations
  43. Web site: Otto Warmbier's father praises President Trump for bringing his son home from North Korea . The Week . June 15, 2017 . Peter Weber . June 16, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170616041744/https://theweek.com/speedreads/706149/otto-warmbiers-father-praises-president-trump-bringing-son-home-from-north-korea . June 16, 2017.
  44. Web site: Otto Warmbier's Father Says He's Proud of His Son, Praises Trump's Efforts . . Calamur . Krishnadev . June 15, 2017 . June 16, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170630060311/https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2017/06/otto-warmbier/530448/ . June 30, 2017.
  45. News: US university student medically evacuated in a coma as Dennis Rodman arrives in North Korea . June 13, 2017 . . June 13, 2017 . en . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170613153159/http://www.businessinsider.com/north-korea-releases-american-otto-warmbier-as-dennis-rodman-arrives-2017-6 . June 13, 2017.
  46. News: Sang-Hun. Choe. North Korea Says Otto Warmbier Was Released on 'Humanitarian Grounds'. The New York Times. June 15, 2017. July 30, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170730203857/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/15/world/asia/north-korea-otto-warmbier-humanitarian-.html. July 30, 2017. live. mdy-all.
  47. Web site: Clark. Doug Bock. 2018-10-19. Otto Warmbier: what happened in that North Korean jail?. South China Morning Post. en. Finally, Yun persuaded the North Koreans to let him see Otto. Flueckiger and Yun were shuttled to Pyongyang Friendship Hospital, a private facility that often treats foreign diplomats living in the city. [...] The North Koreans asked Flueckiger to sign a report testifying that Otto had been well cared for in hospital. "I would have been willing to fudge that report if I thought it would get Otto released," Flueckiger said. "But as it turned out," despite the most basic facilities (the room's sink did not even work), "he got good care and I did not have to lie.".
  48. News: Ripley . Will . Berlinger . Joshua . Brennan . Allison . Comatose Otto Warmbier lands in US after release by North Korea . June 14, 2017 . CNN . June 13, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170613231150/http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/13/asia/otto-warmbier-north-korea/index.html . June 13, 2017.
  49. Web site: US college student released by North Korea arrives in Ohio . ABC News . June 13, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170615231900/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/tillerson-north-korea-releases-us-citizen-otto-warmbier-48004317 . June 15, 2017.
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  51. News: Fox . Maggie . Otto Warmbier has bad brain damage, his doctors say . June 22, 2017 . NBC News . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170621172506/https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/otto-warmbier-has-extensive-brain-damage-doctors-say-n773036 . June 21, 2017.
  52. News: Svrluga . Susan . Otto Warmbier has extensive loss of brain tissue, no obvious signs of trauma, doctors say . June 15, 2017 . The Washington Post . June 15, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170616043429/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2017/06/15/otto-warmbier-has-extensive-loss-of-brain-tissue-no-obvious-signs-of-trauma-doctors-say/ . June 16, 2017.
  53. News: Berlinger . Joshua . Ex-North Korea detainee Otto Warmbier has 'severe neurological injury' . June 22, 2017 . CNN . June 15, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170622060227/http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/15/politics/otto-warmbier-north-korea/index.html . June 22, 2017.
  54. News: Fox. Maggie. Coroner contradicts parents about evidence Otto was tortured. NBC News. September 27, 2017. en. September 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170927214115/https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/otto-warmbier-had-breathing-tube-n-korea-exam-shows-n805191. September 27, 2017. live. mdy-all.
  55. News: Parents of American student released from North Korea hold news conference . June 20, 2017 . YouTube . June 15, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170619232912/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pp5qQVoPsOE . June 19, 2017.
  56. News: Sheryl Gay . Stolberg . Otto Warmbier, American Student Released From North Korea, Dies . . June 19, 2017 . June 22, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170619213420/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/19/us/otto-warmbier-north-korea-dies.html . June 19, 2017.
  57. News: Svrluga . Susan . Fifield . Anna . Otto Warmbier dies days after release from North Korean detention . . June 19, 2017 . https://archive.today/20170619220836/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2017/06/19/otto-warmbier-dies-days-after-release-from-north-korean-detainment/ . June 19, 2017 . June 19, 2017 . live.
  58. News: Lockie . Alex . Trump responds to 'tragic' death of Otto Warmbier, saying North Korea is a 'brutal regime' and 'we'll be able to handle it' . June 19, 2017 . Business Insider . June 19, 2017 . en . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170620001757/http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-statement-otto-warmbier-2017-6 . June 20, 2017.
  59. News: Grinberg . Emanuella . Otto Warmbier's family declines autopsy . June 21, 2017 . CNN . June 20, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170621014101/http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/20/health/otto-warmbier-autopsy/index.html . June 21, 2017.
  60. Koehler . Steven A. . Weedn . Victor W. . Failure to Autopsy: The Otto Warmbier Case . Journal of Forensic Science and Research . 2017 . 1 . 2 . 098–105 . 10.29328/journal.jfsr.1001012 . mdy-all . free.
  61. News: Fox . Maggie . What killed Otto Warmbier? . June 21, 2017 . NBC News . June 20, 2017 . en . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170621020523/https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/what-killed-otto-warmbier-maybe-infection-or-blood-clot-n774421 . June 21, 2017.
  62. News: What happened to Otto Warmbier? When the unthinkable is unknowable . June 21, 2017. Susan. Svrluga. Washington Post . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170621191658/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2017/06/20/what-happened-to-otto-warmbier-when-the-unthinkable-is-unknowable/ . June 21, 2017.
  63. News: Funeral Held for Otto Warmbier, Former North Korean Prisoner, at Ohio Alma Mater . Beck . Catie . Ortiz . Erik . https://web.archive.org/web/20170622173609/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/north-korea/funeral-held-otto-warmbier-former-north-korean-prisoner-ohio-alma-n775421 . June 22, 2017 . NBC News . June 22, 2017.
  64. News: Chiles . Richard . Wyoming adorned with Otto Warmbier tributes ahead of burial . June 29, 2017 . WLWT . June 21, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170622180636/http://www.wlwt.com/article/wyoming-adorns-city-with-otto-warmbier-tributes-ahead-of-burial/10203510 . June 22, 2017.
  65. News: Siegel . Josh . John McCain: Otto Warmbier 'murdered by the Kim Jong-un regime' . Washington Examiner . June 19, 2017 . March 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190321190927/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/john-mccain-otto-warmbier-murdered-by-the-kim-jong-un-regime . March 21, 2019 . live . mdy-all.
  66. News: Shesgreen . Deirdre . After Otto Warmbier's death, top senators say U.S. should consider banning North Korea travel . USA Today . June 20, 2017.
  67. News: S. Korean leader says N. Korea bears "heavy responsibility" for Otto Warmbier's death . CBS News . June 23, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181021202747/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/south-korea-president-moon-jae-in-north-korea-otto-warmbier/ . October 21, 2018.
  68. Web site: Kirby . Michael . Michael Kirby (judge) . How we should remember Otto Warmbier . NK News . June 22, 2017 . March 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090311/https://www.nknews.org/2017/06/how-we-should-remember-otto-warmbier/ . March 27, 2019 . live . mdy-all.
  69. News: Trombly . Monroe . While family mourned, left and right seized on Otto Warmbier . Cincinnati.com . June 26, 2017.
  70. News: Ross . Eleanor . North Korea: Obama Policy to Blame for 'Mystery' Death of Otto Warmbier . Newsweek . June 23, 2017 . March 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180622104428/http://www.newsweek.com/north-korea-says-otto-warmbier-death-mystery-them-parents-declined-autopsy-628660 . June 22, 2018 . live . mdy-all.
  71. News: de Moraes . Lisa . Obama Issues Statement On Otto Warmbier After Being Blasted By Donald Trump & Man's Parents . Deadline . June 20, 2017 . March 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181211101804/https://deadline.com/2017/06/obama-otto-warmbier-death-statement-1202116812/ . December 11, 2018 . live . mdy-all.
  72. News: Shih . Gerry . Gung-ho culture at tour agency Warmbier used on North Korea trip . . June 21, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180913174923/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-young-pioneer-tours-warmbier-north-korea-20170621-story.html . September 13, 2018.
  73. News: Shearlaw . Maeve . Tour firm used by Otto Warmbier stops taking US citizens to North Korea . The Guardian . June 20, 2017 . March 9, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180815024252/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/20/tour-firm-otto-warmbier-stops-taking-us-citizens-north-korea-young-pioneer-tours . August 15, 2018 . live . mdy-all.
  74. News: Ziv . Stav . Is it safe to travel to North Korea? The tour company that took Otto Warmbier no longer allows Americans . Newsweek . June 21, 2017 . March 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181209172853/https://www.newsweek.com/safe-travel-north-korea-tour-company-took-otto-warmbier-wont-allow-americans-628069 . December 9, 2018 . live . mdy-all.
  75. News: Svrluga . Susan . Otto Warmbier's father denounces North Korea as his son is treated for a 'severe neurological injury' . Washington Post . https://web.archive.org/web/20190321141018/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2017/06/15/after-his-release-from-north-korean-detention-otto-warmbiers-hometown-waits-anxiously-for-news/ . March 21, 2019 . June 16, 2017. [Warmbier] has received plenty of criticism from people who felt he should have had the common sense to stay away from a hostile country entirely..
  76. News: Stolberg . Sheryl Gay . In Return From North Korea, Otto Warmbier Is 'Brutalized and Terrorized' in North Korea . . https://archive.today/20170616015107/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/15/us/otto-warmbier-north-korea-ohio-student-home.html?_r=0 . June 16, 2017 . June 15, 2017 . June 21, 2017 . live . mdy-all.
  77. Jenkins . Nash . Otto Warmbier Has Been a Prisoner of North Korea Since the Start of 2016. Has America Forgotten Him? . Time . April 29, 2017 . Robert Kelly, a political scientist at Busan National University, says...'I genuinely think he did it' ... But, he says, 'I'm kind of surprised this poor kid has been held for so long.' . July 6, 2017 . https://www.webcitation.org/6sKtUuiMc?url=http://www.time.com/4757085/otto-warmbier-north-korea/ . July 30, 2017 . live . mdy-all. *News: Keneally . Meghan . Odds of N. Korea Releasing US Student May Lie in Past Cases . ABC News . March 18, 2016 . 'He did a college prank, a mistake, but 15 years to be sentenced. That's crazy,' [Bill] Richardson said. |access-date=March 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106025254/https://abcnews.go.com/International/americans-detained-north-korea/story?id=37722212 |archive-date=November 6, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all. *Web site: Fish . Isaac Stone . Why You Should Still Visit North Korea . . June 19, 2017 . Warmbier almost certainly did try to steal a North Korean poster, although the 15-year-sentencing greatly exaggerates the severity of his crime.. *Web site: Lang . Jacqui . The mysterious death of Otto Warmbier . . https://web.archive.org/web/20190425011114/https://www.who.com.au/otto-warmbier-new-theories-on-how-he-died . April 25, 2019. August 3, 2018 . Dr Ben Habib, a lecturer in international relations at Melbourne's La Trobe University, says... 'Stealing that poster was such a stupid thing to do. He got himself way out of his depth... He should have known better. Anyone who goes to North Korea is briefed extensively about what to do and what not to do—the government there runs by different rules. It's drummed into you, if you cross the line, expect ramifications.'.
  78. News: Rosenberg . Alyssa . What we can learn from the harshest responses to Otto Warmbier's captivity . Washington Post . June 21, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181218191338/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2017/06/21/what-we-can-learn-from-the-harshest-responses-to-otto-warmbiers-captivity/. December 18, 2018.
  79. News: Shugerman . Emily. Professor fired after saying Otto Warmbier was a 'clueless white male' who 'got what he deserved'. The Independent . June 26, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180217063012/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/otto-warmbier-death-professor-facebook-post-north-korea-delaware-university-fired-a7809146.html. February 17, 2018.
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  83. News: President Donald Trump blasts 'Rocket Man' Kim Jong Un in UN General Assembly 2017 address. YouTube. ABC News. September 19, 2017. September 19, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170919085844/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieA3BIOyTqs. September 19, 2017. live. mdy-all.
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  85. News: Craw. Victoria. Otto Warmbier's parents break silence on son's death. News.com.au. September 27, 2017. September 26, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170926182304/http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/news-life/otto-warmbiers-parents-break-silence-on-sons-death-call-north-korea-terrorist-state/news-story/629b542a290c18e24c86aaaea2a2fab7. September 26, 2017. live. mdy-all.
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  87. News: Otto Warmbier Suffered Extensive Brain Damage, Coroner Confirms. Gina. Kolata. The New York Times. September 28, 2017. September 29, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170929141806/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/28/health/otto-warmbier-north-korea-autopsy.html?mcubz=3. September 29, 2017. live. mdy-all.
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  91. News: Otto Warmbier: Trump defends Kim over US student's death . . 2 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190302170946/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-47404629 . March 2, 2019 . live . mdy-all.
  92. News: Aratani . Lauren . Otto Warmbier parents blame Kim for son's death and reject Trump's 'excuses' . . March 1, 2019 . March 2, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190302012927/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/mar/01/otto-warmbier-north-korea-kim-trump-parents-response . March 2, 2019 . live . mdy-all.
  93. News: Nakamura . David . Trump's defense of Kim Jong Un leads to discord with parents of Otto Warmbier . . March 1, 2019 . en . March 3, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190303101619/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/otto-warmbiers-family-responds-to-trumps-defense-of-kim-jong-un-saying-kims-evil-regime-is-responsible-for-their-sons-death/2019/03/01/294898c4-3c32-11e9-a2cd-307b06d0257b_story.html . March 3, 2019 . live . mdy-all.
  94. News: Fifield . Anna . Anna Fifield . North Korea issued $2 million bill for comatose Otto Warmbier's care . . April 25, 2019.
  95. News: Finnegan . Conor . Trump denies paying North Korea $2 million for Otto Warmbier's medical care . ABC News . April 26, 2019.
  96. Web site: U.S. House passes legislation in Otto Warmbier's name. Here's what it does. Fox19 Now. 2022-12-09.
  97. Web site: US earmarks $40M for radio broadcasts into North Korea in honor of Otto Warmbier. 2022-12-26. NK News. Ethan . Jewell.
  98. News: Amid Trump's diplomatic thaw, Otto Warmbier's parents sue North Korea for having 'brutally tortured and murdered' their son . Nakamura . David . April 26, 2018 . The Washington Post . May 9, 2018 . en-US . 0190-8286 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180510115540/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/amid-trumps-diplomatic-thaw-otto-warmbiers-parents-sue-north-korea-for-having-brutally-tortured-and-murdered-their-son/2018/04/26/625e4fb8-495e-11e8-8b5a-3b1697adcc2a_story.html . May 10, 2018 . live . mdy-all.
  99. News: Parents Sue North Korea Over College Student's Death After Time in Prison . Landler . Mark . April 26, 2018 . The New York Times . May 9, 2018 . en-US . 0362-4331 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180510082507/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/26/us/politics/otto-warmbier-lawsuit-north-korea.html . May 10, 2018 . live . mdy-all.
  100. News: North Korean hospital boss rejects Otto Warmbier torture charges . . October 28, 2018.
  101. News: Ham . Ji-Ha . Court Papers Hint at Warmbier's Treatment in North Korea . . October 27, 2018.
  102. News: Svrluga . Susan . Coroner: No certain cause for oxygen loss that led to Otto Warmbier's death . . September 28, 2017.
  103. News: Ryan . Tim . Court Hears Tale of American Tortured in North Korea . Courthouse News Service . December 19, 2018.
  104. News: Londberg . Max . Otto Warmbier's family seeks $1.1 billion from North Korea after son's imprisonment, death . Cincinnati.com . December 19, 2018 . https://archive.today/20190509014748/https://eu.cincinnati.com/story/news/2018/12/19/otto-warmbiers-parents-seek-1-billion-damages-north-korea/2369788002/ . May 9, 2019.
  105. Web site: U.S. court orders North Korea to pay $501 million in U.S. student's death. Wroughton. Lesley. December 24, 2018. Reuters. https://web.archive.org/web/20181224232952/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-usa-warmbier-idUSKCN1ON132. December 24, 2018. live. December 24, 2018. mdy-all.
  106. News: Shim . Elizabeth . North Korea returns $500M Otto Warmbier lawsuit, report says . . March 13, 2019 . en.
  107. News: Otto Warmbier's Parents: North Korea Responsible for Son's Death . . March 1, 2019.
  108. News: US Judge Orders North Korea to Pay $500M in Student's Death . . December 24, 2018 . en.
  109. News: Wu . Nicholas . Otto Warmbier's family make claim for North Korean ship 'Wise Honest' seized by US . . July 6, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190708071306/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2019/07/06/otto-warmbiers-family-files-claim-north-korean-ship-wise-honest/1664942001/ . July 8, 2019.
  110. News: Iati . Marisa . Otto Warmbier's family is suing for North Korean coal ship seized by U.S. officials . . July 6, 2019 . https://archive.today/20190707081732/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/07/06/otto-warmbiers-family-is-suing-north-korean-coal-ship-seized-by-us-officials/?noredirect=on . July 7, 2019 . July 7, 2019 . live.
  111. News: Parents of Otto Warmbier file claim for seized North Korean cargo ship . . 5 July 2019.
  112. News: Salmon . Andrew . Warmbier family start global crusade against Kim . Asia Times . November 22, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200219090724/https://asiatimes.com/2019/11/warmbier-family-start-global-crusade-against-kim/ . February 19, 2020.
  113. News: Seized North Korean cargo ship sold to compensate parents of Otto Warmbier, others . Navy Times . October 9, 2019 . https://archive.today/20200427032217/https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2019/10/09/seized-north-korean-cargo-ship-sold-to-compensate-parents-of-otto-warmbier-others/ . April 27, 2020.
  114. News: Suliman . Adela . Lee . Michelle Ye Hee . Family of Otto Warmbier, American who died after detention in North Korea, awarded $240,000 in seized assets . Washington Post . 19 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20230830102108/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/01/19/otto-warmbier-north-korea-damages. 30 August 2023.
  115. News: Otto Warmbier's Parents Give Scholarship to N.Korean Defector. Chosun Ilbo. Lee. Min-seok. 26 August 2022. August 27, 2022. August 26, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054048/https://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2022/08/26/2022082601369.html. dead.
  116. News: 김동철 박사 "물고문으로 실신한 웜비어 목격… 삭간몰서 생화학무기도 개발"[논설위원 파워 인터뷰] ]. Korean. https://web.archive.org/web/20190629071610/https://www.donga.com/news/amp/all/20190605/95851737/1 . June 5, 2019 . Donga . June 29, 2019.
  117. Asian Boss, Ex-North Korean Spy Reveals The Truth Behind Otto Warmbier's Death , YouTube, 27 March 2023.

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