In the United Kingdom, an arms-length management organisation (ALMO) is a not-for-profit company that provides housing services on behalf of a local authority. Usually an ALMO is set up by the authority to manage and improve all or part of its housing stock. Ownership of the housing stock itself normally stays with the local authority. The work of an ALMO may touch and overlap with that of a tenant management organisation (TMO).[1]
By 2010, ALMOs managed more than half of all council housing - more than 1 million homes across 65 local authority areas.[2] This number has since reduced as local authorities have taken services back in-house or stock has been transferred. In 2016 there were 37 ALMOs, managing nearly a third of local authority housing, approximately half a million council and ALMO homes.[3] As of January 2024, further closures have reduced the number of ALMOs in England to 19, with 226,454 homes in management. The forthcoming closure of Newcastle-on-Tyne's ALMO will reduce these figures to 18 ALMOs and 198,813 homes.[4]
ALMOs are owned by local authorities and operate under the terms of a management agreement between the authority and the organisation. An ALMO is managed by an (often unpaid) board of directors which includes tenants, local authority nominees, and independent members. At least a third of an ALMO board is normally made up of tenants.
Establishment of an ALMO separates the day to day housing management role of the landlord from the wider strategic housing role of the local authority. However, the local authority normally retains ownership of the housing and tenants remain secure tenants of the local authority. Ministers do not give consent to the establishment of a new ALMO without clear evidence that the council has consulted its tenants and leaseholders and can demonstrate a balance of support from them for the ALMO proposal. Unlike a stock transfer to a housing association, councils can transfer management of their housing to an ALMO without holding a ballot, although many councils undertake a ballot in any case.
ALMOs are inspected and rated by the Housing Inspectorate (which was part of the Audit Commission). The Communities and Local Government (CLG) offered additional resources towards the cost of achieving the Decent Homes Standard to councils via ALMOs that were assessed as 2* (good) or 3* (excellent) on inspection. All ALMOs are registered with the National Federation of ALMOs (NFA) which lists them on its website together with copies of inspection reports and the number of stars achieved upon inspection.
An ALMO cannot benefit from the same tax exemptions as a local authority. As a result, after discussions with KPMG, HM Revenue & Customs have published guidance which states that provided certain conditions are met they will view activities between the ALMO and the local authority as a non-trading activity and so any profit arising will not be taxable.[5]
Since ALMOs are non-profit organisations which can receive extra funding dependent on performance, some say they are susceptible to cost cutting, including worse pay and conditions for staff compared to the private sector, leading in turn to high staff turnover. However, the only inevitable additional cost of an ALMO is for its governance arrangements, which are typically less than 1% of management costs.
Others, such as the campaigning group Defend Council Housing (DCH), have characterised ALMOs as a stepping stone to stock transfer (the transfer of council housing away from local authorities), in areas where this would have previously been politically unacceptable.[6]
The National Federation of ALMOs stated that as at March 2008, 77% of tenants reported satisfaction with ALMO housing management. They also stated that 90% of ALMOs which have been inspected achieved a 2 or 3 star rating, therefore being eligible for extra funding. They also report significant efficiency savings and an enhanced timetable for reaching the Decent Homes Standard for much of the country's housing stock.[7]
In 2009 the government diverted money from ALMOs to building new homes. Councils that had promoted ALMOs in order to access the extra funding, and the tenants who had got involved, felt betrayed at the decision.[8]
A number of ALMOs are considering whether to proceed with the construction of new housing which would be owned and managed by the ALMO. The ability of ALMOs to undertake new build projects is considered by the Government to be a way for ALMOs to develop and be financially viable post 2010, i.e. after the Decent Homes target date.
As of May 2024, following ALMOs are registered with the NFA:[9]
| ALMO name | NFA region | Housing stock | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Barnet Homes | London & Southern | 13,991 | |
| Berneslai Homes | Northern | 18,406 | |
| Blackpool Coastal Housing | Northern | 5,191 | |
| Cheltenham Borough Homes | South West | 5,137 | |
| London & Southern | 7,068 | ||
| Cornwall Housing | South West | 11,248 | |
| Derby Homes | Midlands | 12,668 | |
| Eastbourne Homes | London & Southern | 4,006 | |
| Homes in Sedgemoor | South West | 4,136 | |
| Northamptonshire Partnership Homes | Midlands | 12,492 | |
| Shropshire Towns and Rural Housing | Midlands | 4,206 | |
| Solihull Community Housing | Midlands | 11,566 | |
| South Essex Homes | London & Southern | 6,670 | |
| South Tyneside Homes | Northern | 17,375 | |
| St Leger homes of Doncaster | Northern | 20,365 | |
| Stockport Homes | Northern | 12,590 | |
| Sutton Housing Partnership | London & Southern | 7,411 | |
| Midlands | 24,287 | ||
| Northern | 27,641 |