Armenian mouflon explained

The Armenian mouflon^[1] (Ovis gmelini gmelini) is an endangered subspecies of mouflon endemic to Iran, Armenia, Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan, Turkey and Iraq.^[2]

Taxonomy

The Armenian mouflon was first described in 1840 by Edward Blyth, who equated it with the "Orientalische Schaaf" (Oriental sheep) described by Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin in 1774.^{[3] [4] [5]}

It is known as the Armenian mouflon in both Armenian: հայկական մուֆլոն, haykakan muflon and Persian: قوچ‌ ارمنی, Qutch-e armani.^[6] Alternative names include Armenian wild sheep,^[7] Armenian red sheep,^[8] Transcaucasian mountain sheep,^{[9] [10]} Transcaucasian sheep.^[11] and Anatolian mouflon.

Distribution and population

In Iran, Armenian mouflons are found in the northwestern part of the country. Individuals were transferred to Kabudan Island in Lake Urmia in 1895 and 1906 by one of the governors of Iranian Azerbaijan.^[12] A study carried out in the 1970s at the island found that their number declined from around 3,500 in 1970 to 1,000 in 1973.^[13] In 2004 1,658 Armenian wild sheep were counted at the Angouran Protected Area in Iran's Zanjan Province.^[14]

In Armenia, O. g. gmelini is found in Syunik Province (and to a lesser extent, in the provinces of Ararat and Vayots Dzor).^[15] According to a 2009 study there were "hardly over 200" mouflons in Armenia.^[16]

In Azerbaijan, an estimated 250 to 300 mouflons are found in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.^[17]

Habitat

The Armenian mouflon lives mostly in open rough terrain at medium or high altitudes, where they inhabit rocky hill country, lowland and highland steppes, rocky semideserts, grass-covered slopes, and alpine meadows. They spend the summer at the highest elevations, right below the permanent snow. In winter, they move lower and may come into the valleys. They live in small or large herds, and in the summer, the older males live singly or in separate groups. They may live up to 18 years.

Protection measures

O. g. gmelini was listed in Category I of the USSR Red Data Book. In Armenia, hunting it has been forbidden since 1936. A captive-breeding program has been initiated at the Zoological Institute of Armenia aiming to expand Khosrov Nature Reserve, reorganize the Orbubad Sanctuary into a state reserve, control livestock, and reduce poaching.^[2] As of 2011, the fine for hunting the Armenian mouflon in Armenia was 3 million drams (roughly $8,000).^[18]

In Iran, hunting of O. g. gmelini is allowed only under permit, outside the protected areas, between September and February. Within the protected areas, grazing of domestic livestock is strictly controlled.^[2]

Further reading

• Ovsepian. L. A.. Случай обнаружения саркоцист у арменийских муфлонов (Ovis Orientalis Gmelini Blyth, 1841=Armeniana Nasonov) содержащихся в условиях неволи [Case of Sarcocysts Revelation in Armenian Moufflons (Ovis Orientalis Gmelini Blyth, 1841=Armeniana Nasonov), Kept under Conditions of Captivity]]. Biological Journal of Armenia. 1987. 40. 9. 780–781. ru.
• Valdez. R.. Cardenas. M.. Sanchez. Juan. Disruptive mating behavior by subadult Armenian wild sheep in Iran. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. February 1991. 29. 1–4. 165–171. 10.1016/0168-1591(91)90244-R. 83562910 .

Notes and References

1. Book: Crabtree. Pam J.. Ryan. Kathleen. Campana. Douglas V.. Early Animal Domestication and Its Cultural Context. 1989. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. 28.
2. Michel . Stefan . Ghoddousi . Arash . Ovis gmelini (Mouflon) . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 . March 2020 .
3. Blyth . Edward . 1840 . An Amended List of the Species of the genus Ovis . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . 8 . 1 . 62–81 . 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1840.tb00692.x. Transcription of Blyth's presentation to a session of the Zoological Society of London chaired by Professor Owen. Alternate copy at BHL (no subscription required); description of "O. Gmelinii" begins on p. 69.
4. Book: Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb . 1774 . Reise durch Russland zur Untersuchung der drey Natur-Reiche . German . St. Petersburg, Russia . Akademie der Wissenschaften . III . 486–487 . 8 January 2015.
5. Danford . Charles G. . Alston . Edward R. . 1880 . On the Mammals of Asia Minor.—Part II. . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . 48 . 1 . 50–64 . 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1880.tb02724.x.
6. Book: Firouz. Eskandar. The Complete Fauna of Iran. 2005. I.B. Tauris. 89.
7. Lydekker . Richard . Richard Lydekker . 1907 . The name of the Armenian wild sheep . The Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology . 20 . 116 . 7 . 121–122 . Google Books. 10.1080/00222930709487314 .
8. Book: Mungall. Elizabeth Cary. Exotic Animal Field Guide: Nonnative Hoofed Mammals in the United States. 2007. Texas A&M University Press. 978-1-58544-555-4. 213.
9. Book: Sokolov . Vladimir . Bannikov . Andrei . Borodin . Alexander . Vladimir Sokolov (scientist) . Красная книга СССР . 1984 . Moscow . 80.
10. Book: Gabrielian . Eleonora . Fayvush . Georgy . Eleonora Gabrielian . Заповедники Кавказа . 1990 . Мысль . Moscow . 5-244-00432-8 . 356.
11. Book: Heptner . V.G. . Nasimovich . A.A. . Bannikov . A.G. . 1988 . Mammals of the Soviet Union . Washington, D.C., US . Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation . I . 881–954 (Section 21: Mountain Sheep, Arkhar) . 9 January 2015. English translation of the Russian-language Mlekopitaiushchie Sovetskogo Soiuza (1961) by the Smithsonian Institution's Translation Publishing Program.
12. Asem. Alireza. Eimanifar. Amin. Djamali. Morteza. De los Rios. Patricio. Wink. Michael. Biodiversity of the Hypersaline Urmia Lake National Park (NW Iran). Diversity. 2014. 6. 1. 10.3390/d6010102. 102–132. free.
13. Valdez. Paul. Alamia. Leticia V.. Population decline of an insular population of Armenian wild sheep in Iran. Journal of Wildlife Management. 1977. 41. 4. 720–725. 10.2307/3799995. 3799995.
14. Karami. M.. Habibzadeh. N.. Population Dynamics of Armenian Wild Sheep (Ovis Orientalis Gmelini) in the Angouran Protected Area of Zanjan Province. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources. 2006. 59. 2. 487–500. 2015-01-05. 2016-03-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205159/http://en.journals.sid.ir/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=68663. dead.
15. Web site: Malkhasyan. A.. Armenian mouflon - Ovis orientalis gmelinii (Blyth, 1841). Red Book of Armenia. Ministry of Nature Protection of Armenia.
16. Book: Khorozyan. Igor G.. Weinberg. Pavel I.. Malkhasyan. Alexander G.. Zazanashvili. Nugzar. Mallon. David. Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus. Conservation Strategy for Armenian Mouflon (Ovis [orientalis] gmelini Blyth) and Bezoar Goat (Capra aegagrus Erxleben) in Armenia. 2009. CEPF, WWF. Contour Ltd.. Tbilisi. 978-9941-0-2203-6. 37–45.
17. Book: Talibov. Tariel H.. Weinberg. Pavel I.. Mammadov. Ismayil B.. Mammadov. Etibar N.. Talibov. Sabuhi T.. Zazanashvili. Nugzar. Mallon. David. Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus. Conservation Strategy of the Asiatic Mouflon (Ovis [orientalis] gmelini Blyth) and the Bezoar Goat (Capra aegagrus Erxleben) in Azerbaijan. 2009. CEPF, WWF. Contour Ltd.. Tbilisi. 978-9941-0-2203-6. 46–52.
18. News: Gevorgyan. Siranuysh. Easy Game: Armenian conservationists alarmed by continued poaching of Red Book species. ArmeniaNow. 14 September 2011. 7 January 2015. 31 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180331104826/https://www.armenianow.com/social/environment/31730/armenia_poaching_environment. dead.