Armenian–Jewish relations explained

Armenian–Jewish relations are complex, often due to political and historical reasons.

Comparisons

The Armenians and the Jews have been often compared in both academic and non-academic literature since at least the early 20th century, often in the context of the Armenian genocide and the Holocaust,^{[1] [2]} which along with the Cambodian genocide and the Rwandan genocide are considered among the most notorious genocides of the 20th century.^[3] Historians, journalists, political experts have pointed out a number of similarities between the two ethnic groups: the wide dispersion around the world, the relatively small size, the former lack of statehood, the fact that both countries are largely surrounded by Muslim and mainly hostile countries, their influential lobby in the United States, their success in business and as model minorities, and even their success in chess.^{[4] [5] [6] [7] [8]}

Charles William Wilson wrote in the 11th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica (1911):^[9]

During her visit to Armenia in 2012, the Israeli Minister of Agriculture Orit Noked stated, "We are like each other with our history, character, with our small number of population and having communities abroad−."^[10]

History

See also: Armenians in Israel and History of the Jews in Armenia.

The first contacts between the Armenians and the Jews date back to the antiquity. Tigranes the Great, under whom Armenia reached its greatest extent, settled thousands of Jews into Armenia in 1st century BC.^[11] Today, there is only a small, mostly Russified Jewish community of 800 in Armenia still remaining.^[12]

Armenians have had a presence in Israel for centuries. The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem was founded in 638. It is located in the Armenian Quarter, the smallest of the four quarters of the Old City of Jerusalem. According to a 2006 study, 790 Armenians live in the Old City alone.^[13]

One of the earliest mentions of the Armenians and the Jews is in the 1723 book Travels Through Europe, Asia, and Into Parts of Africa by French traveler Aubry de La Motraye, where the author writes that the Armenians and Jews are "reckon'd more honest" compared to the Greeks in the Ottoman Empire.^[14]

Israel supported Azerbaijan in the first Nagorno-Karabakh War against Armenia in the early 1990s.^{[15] [16] [17]} According to the Journal of Turkish Weekly, "Turkey's and Israel's good relations with Georgia and Azerbaijan cause conspiracy theories in Yerevan, and the radical Armenians argue that the Jews play the main role in this 'anti-Armenian great strategy'."^[18] Israel has also provided considerable support in weapons and ammunitions to Azerbaijan during the second Nagrono-Karabakh War, reportedly this is done in exchange for Azerbaijani energy and access to Iran.^[19] Israel's arms sales to Azerbaijan has been criticised both in Armenia and Israel^{[20] [21]} and has strained the relations between the 2 countires.^[22]

In 2004, a private TV company named ALM owned by Tigran Karapetyan has "used the platform to air views that portrayed Jews as an unsavory race bent on dominating Armenia and the wider world." In 2005, Armen Avetisyan, the leader of a small radical nationalist party, Armenian Aryan Union, was arrested on charges of inciting ethnic hatred. The Holocaust memorial in a Yerevan park was vandalized in 2004.^[23]

Nourhan Manougian, the Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem, stated that Armenians are treated as "third-class citizens".^[24] An increasing number of hateful incidents towards the Armenian patriarchate, its priests and Armenian businesses occurred in 2023,^[25] while a general rise in the number of attacks on Christians in Jerusalem by Jews was observed.^[26] The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the Greek Orthodox Church condemned an attack at a holy site in the Armenian-Greek church of St. Mary, deploring inadequate action from law-enforcement and lack of condemnation that has led to further increase of attacks.^{[27] [28]}

Antisemitism in Armenia

According to the ADL's 2014 survey, around 58 percent of Armenians expressed antisemitic tendencies and prejudices, while 90 percent of Armenians, when asked about The Holocaust, stated that "The Holocaust did not actually happen".^[29]

The president of the Jewish Community in Armenia, Rima Varzhapetyan-Feller, has stated on January 23, 2015, that "The Jewish community feels itself protected in Armenia, and the authorities respect their rights, culture, and traditions. There is no anti-Semitism in Armenia, and we enjoy good relations with the Armenians. Of course, the community has certain problems that originate from the general situation of the country."^[30]

According to the 2022 Country Report on Human Rights Practices published by US Department of State "Observers estimated the country’s Jewish population at between 500 and 1,000 persons. Members of the Jewish community reported a notable improvement during the year and decrease of antisemitism compared with the previous year, when, following the intensive fighting with Azerbaijan in the fall of 2020, antisemitic sentiments in society increased, reportedly due to Azerbaijani use of Israeli-produced weapons. A representative of the Jewish community reported that the hundreds of Jews who had arrived from Russia since February reported only positive experiences in the country."^[31]

Jewish/Israeli position on the Armenian genocide

Ambassador Morgenthau's Story (1918), one of the major primary sources discussing the Armenian genocide, was written by Henry Morgenthau, Sr., an American Jew. Similarly, The Forty Days of Musa Dagh (1933), one of the best-known novels about the genocide, was written by Franz Werfel, an Austrian Jew.^[32] Raphael Lemkin, a Polish Jewish lawyer, coined the concept of genocide as a crime against humanity, basing it on the Armenian experience.^{[33] [34] [35]}

There has been a controversy around the recognition of the Armenian genocide by Israel. It is suggested by Yair Auron that Israel doesn't want to hurt its relations with Turkey and wants to retain the "uniqueness" of the Holocaust.^[36]

In 2001, Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres described the Armenian genocide as "meaningless". In response, historian and genocide expert Israel Charny accused Peres of going "beyond a moral boundary that no Jew should allow himself to trespass." In his letter to Peres, Charny stated:

In 2008, Yosef Shagal, former Israeli parliamentarian from right wing Yisrael Beiteinu in an interview to Azerbaijan media stated: "I find it is deeply offensive, and even blasphemous to compare the Holocaust of European Jewry during the Second World War with the mass extermination of the Armenian people during the First World War. Jews were killed because they were Jews, but Armenians provoked Turkey and should blame themselves."^[37]

The Knesset failed to vote for the Armenian genocide bill in 2011.^[38] Knesset Speaker Reuven Rivlin, among its supporters, stated "It is my duty as a Jew and Israeli to recognize the tragedies of other peoples."^[39]

After some previous opposition, Jewish lobby groups in the United States have joined in the call for recognition of the Armenian genocide by the U.S. government. Grassroots activism by Jewish Americans was influential regarding this issue.^[40] In 2014, the prominent American Jewish Committee paid tribute to the memories of the victims of the genocide of Armenians. The AJC called on the government of Turkey to not only provide full access to the historical record of that dark period but also to address the realities the records reveal.^[41] In 2015, the Jewish Council for Public Affairs adopted a resolution on Armenian genocide that calls on the U.S. Congress and U.S. president to recognize the Armenian genocide.^[42]

Notable people of mixed Armenian-Jewish descent

• Levon Aronian (Jewish father, Armenian mother), Armenian chess grandmaster^[43]
• Yelena Bonner (Armenian father, Jewish mother), Soviet and Russian human rights activist^{[44] [45]}
• Sergei Dovlatov (half-Jewish father, Armenian mother), Soviet journalist and writer^[46]
• Garry Kasparov (Jewish father, Armenian mother), Soviet and Russian chess grandmaster, considered by many the greatest chess player^{[47] [48] [49]}
• Yevgeny Petrosyan (Armenian father, Jewish mother), Russian comedian^[50]
• Aram Saroyan (Armenian father, Jewish mother), American poet (son of William Saroyan and Carol Grace)
• Richard Shepard (Jewish father, Armenian mother), American film and television director^[51]
• Jackie Speier (Jewish father, Armenian mother), US Congresswoman from California^[52]
• Michael Vartan (Armenian, Bulgarian, and Hungarian father, Jewish mother), French-American film and television actor^{[53] [54]}
• Zurab Zhvania (Georgian father, mixed Jewish-Armenian mother), Georgian politician^{[55] [56]}
• Michael Artin (half-Armenian father and half-Jewish mother), American mathematician
• Joe Strummer (Armenian great-grandfather and German-Jewish great-grandmother), British musician^[57]
• Armen Weitzman (Armenian and European Jewish descent), American actor^[58]
• Maxine Cassin, American poet^[59]
• Peter Gabel (half-Armenian mother, Jewish father; son of Arlene Francis and Martin Gabel),^{[60] [61]} law academic, editor of Tikkun magazine
• Artem Oganov, Russian theoretical crystallographer^[62]

Notable Armenian-Jewish marriages

• Dolores Zohrab (Armenian) and Henry L. Liebmann (Jewish)
• William Saroyan (Armenian) and Carol Grace (Jewish)^[63]
• Tigran Petrosian (Armenian) and Rona Yakovlevna Avinezer (Jewish)^{[64] [65]}
• Mikhail Botvinnik (Jewish) and Gayane Davidovna Ananova (Armenian)^[64]
• Levon Ter-Petrosyan (Armenian) and Lyudmila Ter-Petrosyan (Jewish)^[66]
• Ruben Vardanyan (Armenian) and Veronika Zonabend (Jewish)^[67]
• Emil Artin (Armenian father) and Natalie "Natascha" Naumovna Jasny (Jewish father)
• Garik Martirosyan (Armenian) and Zhanna Levina (Jewish)^[68]
• Leonid Khachiyan (Armenian) and Olga Pischikova Reynberg (Jewish)^[69]
• Abram Alikhanov and Slava Solomonovna Roshal (Jewish)

See also

• Armenia–Israel relations
• Armenian–Kurdish relations

Works

Books

• Turabian, Aram. La France: les Arméniens et les juifs [English: The Armenians and the Jews]. 1938
• Book: Mazian, Florence. Why Genocide?: The Armenian and Jewish Experiences in Perspective. 1990. Iowa State University Press. Ames. 978-0-8138-0143-8.
• Book: Varzhapetyan, Vardvan. Армяне и евреи: цифры, даты, имена [Armenians and Jews: numbers, dates, names]]. 1995. NOY. Yerevan. 9785727000137. ru.
• Book: Melson, Robert. Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust. 1996. University of Chicago Press. Chicago. 978-0-226-51991-3. Robert Melson (political scientist).
• Book: Hovannisian, Richard G.. Enlightenment and Diaspora: The Armenian and Jewish Cases. 1999. Scholars Press. Atlanta. 978-0-7885-0604-8. Richard G. Hovannisian. Myers, David N.. David N. Myers.
• Book: Auron, Yair. The Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide. 2000. Transaction Publishers. New Brunswick, New Jersey. 978-1-4128-4468-0. Yair Auron.
• Book: Kieser, Hans-Lukas. Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah . The Armenian Genocide and the Shoah. 2002. Chronos Verlag. Zürich. 978-3-0340-0561-6. Hans-Lukas Kieser. Schaller, Dominik J..
• Book: Laçiner, Sedat. The Armenian Issue and the Jews. 2003. Ankara University Publishing House. Ankara. 978-975-92445-3-8. Kaya, İbrahim.
• Book: Mandel, Maud S.. In the Aftermath of Genocide: Armenians and Jews in Twentieth-Century France. 2003. Duke University Press. Durham, North Carolina. 978-0-8223-3121-6.
• Book: Güçlü, Yücel. The Holocaust and the Armenian Case in Comparative Perspective. 2012. University Press of America. Lanham, Md.. 978-0-7618-5782-2.

Articles

• Sofer, Leo: Armenier und Juden. Zeitschrift für Demographie und Statistik der Juden, Jg 3 (1907) Nr 5, S. 65–69.
• Weissenberg, Samuel. "Armenier und Juden". Sonderabdruck aus dem Archiv für Anthropologie Braunschweig 13, no. 4 (1914), 383–387.
• Nadel-Golobič, Eleonora. "Armenians and Jews in Medieval Lvov. Their Role in Oriental Trade 1400–1600", Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique, Vol. 20, No. 3/4 (Jul. - Dec., 1979), pp. 345–388, École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris
• Charny, Israel W. "The Turks, Armenians and Jews". The Book of the International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide: Book One. The Conference Program and Crisis. 1983.
• Dekmejian, R. Hrair. "Determinants of genocide: Armenians and Jews as case studies". The Armenian Genocide in Perspective (1986): 92–94.
• Dadrian, Vahakn N. "The Convergent Aspects of the Armenian and Jewish Cases of Genocide. A Reinterpretation of the Concept of Holocaust". Holocaust and Genocide Studies 3.2 (1988): 151-169
• Heinsohn, G. "Armenier und Juden als Testfall für die Streichung von drei Jahrhunderten durch Heribert Illig" Ethik und Sozialwissenschaften: Streitforum für Erwägungskultur (EuS) 8.4 (1997): 490.
• Cohen, Raya. "Le génocide arménien dans la mémoire collective juive". Les cahiers du judaïsme 3 (1998): 113–122.
• Dadrian, Vahakn N. "The Historical and Legal Interconnections between the Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust: From Impunity to Retributive Justice". The Yale Journal of International Law 23 (1998): 503
• Web site: Schmidinger. Thomas. "Der Armenier ist wie der Jude, außerhalb seiner Heimat ein Parasit" Zum Genozid an der armenischen Bevölkerung des Osmanischen Reiches. University of Vienna. 2005. de.
• Marutyan. Harutyun. Հայոց ցեղասպանության և հրեաների Հոլոքոստի հիշողության կառուցվածքային առանձնահատկությունները [The structural features of the memory of the Jewish Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide]]. Patma-Banasirakan Handes. 2011. 2. 24–46. Armenian National Academy of Sciences. Yerevan. 0135-0536. hy.
• Web site: Taub . Ryan . Diasporic Identity in Armenian American and Jewish American Literatures . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031157/http://www.honors.ufl.edu/apps/Thesis.aspx/Details/618 . 2015-09-24 .

Other

• Web site: Ben-Rafael. Eliezer. A Special Double Session: Homeland and hostland: Armenians and Jews compared. Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study in the Social Sciences. 12 August 2013. Uppsala, Sweden. 2009.
• Web site: Ben-Rafael. Eliezer. Hostland and Homeland: Armenians and Jews Compared. International Institute of Sociology. 14 August 2013. Yerevan. 11–14 June 2009.

Notes and References

1. Sanjian, Ara. "Richard Hovannisian and David Myers, Enlightenment and Diaspora: The Armenian and Jewish Cases (book review in English)", Haigazian Armenological Review, vol. 21 (2001), pp. 405–410. See here "This is not the first attempt, of course, to compare certain aspects of Armenian and Jewish history. Previous comparative endeavors, however, had mostly dealt with the Armenian Genocide of 1915 in relation to the Jewish Holocaust of the Second World War."
2. Web site: Armenia. Jewish Virtual Library. 12 August 2013. The fate and modes of existence of the Armenians have been compared in some essential features to those of the Jews..
3. Book: Jones, Adam. Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. 2013. Routledge. 978-1-134-25981-6. 268.
4. News: Burns. John F.. William Saroyan's long journey from Fresno to his ancestral land. 16 August 2013. The New York Times. 14 June 1982. John F. Burns. In common with Jews and other scattered peoples, the Armenians have fostered a pride that goes beyond their mountainous corner of the transCaucasus, not much bigger than Vermont, which is all that remains of an empire that ranked with Byzantium and Persia in the ancient world..
5. News: Keller. Bill. Armenia and Its Neighbors Only Diverge. 16 August 2013. The New York Times. 11 September 1988. Bill Keller. Like the Israelis, the Armenians are united by a vivid sense of victimization, stemming from the 1915 Turkish massacre of 1.5 million Armenians. Armenians are brought up on this story of genocide, and have a feeling of being surrounded by actual or potential enemies - the Islamic Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkey..
6. News: Specter. Michael. Armenians Suffer Painfully in War, But With Pride and Determination. 16 August 2013. The New York Times. 15 July 1994. Michael Specter. Like Israel, another small country surrounded by enemies with a hauntingly similar character and history, Armenia puts its single-minded goal -- the rugged mountain enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh, in Azerbaijan -- ahead of everything..
7. News: Edmonds. David. The lion and the tiger. 25 August 2013. Prospect. 18 November 2009. David Edmonds (philosopher). The parallels between Jews and Armenians are striking. Both have well-knit diasporas—there are more than three times as many ethnic Armenians living outside the country as inside and remittances are key to sustaining the economy. Both have strong lobby groups in Washington. Both take inordinate pride in the achievements of their ethnic group—singer Cher and tennis player Andre Agassi are two Americans that Armenians claim as their own. Both have histories marked by identity-shaping tragedies. And both Israel and Armenia are small nations and chess giants..
8. Book: Bryce. James. James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce. Transcaucasia and Ararat: Being Notes of a Vacation Tour in the Autumn of 1876. 1877. Macmillan and Co.. London. 311. The Armenians are an extraordinary people, with a tenacity of natural life scarcely inferior to that of the Jews, and perhaps, even more remarkable, since it has not been forced upon them by such unremitting persecution..
9. Armenia. x.
10. News: Israeli Minister of Agriculture Speaks About Similarities Between Histories of Armenians and Jews. 30 August 2013. Armenian Mirror-Spectator. 20 April 2012.
11. Book: Neusner, Jacob. A History of the Jews in Babylonia, Volumes 1-5. 1965. Brill Archive. 27. Tigranes took a large number of Jews captive, and deported them to Armavir and Vardges on the Ksakh river, which became a great commercial center..
12. Web site: Armenia . . 16 August 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110706153235/http://www.ncsj.org/Armenia.shtml . July 6, 2011 .
13. Book: Jerusalem The Old City The Urban Fabric and Geopolitical Implications. International Peace and Cooperation Center. 30 August 2013. 43. 2009. 978-965-7283-16-5. https://web.archive.org/web/20130928095409/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/opt_prot_ipcc_Old_City_urban_fabric_geopo_implications_2009.pdf. 28 September 2013. dead.
14. Book: A. de La Motraye's Travels through Europe, Asia, and into parts of Africa. 1723. Printed for the author. London. 189. Aubry de La Motraye.
15. R. Hrair Dekmejian & Hovann H. Simonian. Troubled Waters: The Geopolitics of the Caspian Region, 2003, p. 125 "In addition to commercial links, Israel has given strong backing to Azerbaijan in its conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh, which reportedly has included military assistance."
16. Sedat Laçiner, Mehmet Özcan, İhsan Bal. USAK Yearbook of International Politics and Law 2010, Vol. 3, p. 322 "Israel was one of the strategic partners and supporters of Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh War with Armenia."
17. Bahruz Balayev, The Right to Self-Determination in the South Caucasus: Nagorno Karabakh in Context, Lexington Books, 2013, p. 73 "Israel has supported Azerbaijan in its conflict with Armenia for the enclave of Nagorno Karabakh."
18. News: Laciner. Sedat. Armenia's Jewish Scepticism and Its Impact on Armenia-Israel Relations. 30 August 2013. Journal of Turkish Weekly. 2002. 9 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160309202401/http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/230/. dead.
19. News: 92 Flights From Israeli Base Reveal Arms Exports to Azerbaijan . en . Haaretz . 2023-03-23.
20. Web site: Rubin . Michael . 2023-03-08 . Azerbaijan Embrace Undercuts Israel's Strategic Interests and Moral Standing . 2023-03-23 . 19FortyFive . en-US.
21. Web site: 2020-10-18 . Israeli academics ask Israel: Stop arms sales to Azerbaijan . 2023-03-23 . Israel National News . en.
22. News: 2020-10-01 . Armenia recalls ambassador to Israel over arms sales to Azerbaijan . en . Reuters . 2023-03-23.
23. News: Danielyan. Emil. Armenia: Country's Jews Alarmed Over Nascent Anti-Semitism. 30 August 2013. 26 January 2005. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
24. News: 'We are third-class citizens,' says Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem. 31 August 2013. Haaretz. 29 June 2012.
25. Web site: Armenians in Jerusalem live in the crosshairs of hate . 2023-03-23 . The Jerusalem Post - Christian World . en-US.
26. News: 2023-02-04 . In Jerusalem, attacks on Christians are on the rise . en . Le Monde.fr . 2023-03-23.
27. Web site: AFP and ToI Staff . Greek Church condemns 'terror attack' after clerics targeted at Jerusalem holy site . 2023-03-23 . www.timesofisrael.com . en-US.
28. Web site: Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem condemns attack on St. Mary's Church of Gethsemane . 2023-03-23 . Public Radio of Armenia . en-US.
29. Web site: Anti Defamation League. global100.adl.org. Jan 4, 2021.
30. Web site: Contributor. Guest. 2015-01-23. World Jewry Cannot Become a Tool in the Hands of Anti-Armenian Propagators. 2020-11-24. The Armenian Weekly. en-US.
31. Web site: BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR . ARMENIA 2022 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT . 2023-03-23.
32. News: Bushinsky. Jay. The Armenian genocide: Face history's heartbreaking truth. 3 September 2013. The New York Times. 20 August 2004.
33. [Yair Auron]
34. [William Schabas]
35. http://sydney.edu.au/arts/history/staff/profiles/moses.shtml A. Dirk Moses
36. News: Der Mugrdechian . Barlow . Dr. Yair Auron Analyzes Jewish Response to the Armenian Genocide Through New Research . 30 August 2013 . Hye Sharzhoom . December 2000 . California State University, Fresno Center for Armenian Studies . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130718113927/http://armenianstudies.csufresno.edu/hye_sharzhoom/vol22/december72/jews.htm . 18 July 2013 .
37. News: ru:Депутат парламента Израиля: "Считаю глубоко оскорбительными и даже богохульственными попытки сравнивать Катастрофу европейского еврейства в годы Второй мировой войны с массовым истреблением армянского народа в годы Первой мировой войны". http://news.day.az/armenia/112536.html. 30 August 2013. Day.Az. 28 March 2008. ru.
38. News: Israeli minister calls to recognize Armenian genocide. 30 August 2013. Reuters. 12 June 2012.
39. News: Lis. Jonathan. Knesset Speaker working to boost recognition of Armenian genocide. 30 August 2013. Haaretz. 31 May 2011.
40. News: Banerjee. Neela. Armenian Issue Presents a Dilemma for U.S. Jews. 4 September 2013. The New York Times. 19 October 2007.
41. AJC Pays Tribute to Memories of Victims of the Meds Yeghern. AJC. 23 April 2014. 6 December 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151002024748/http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=7oJILSPwFfJSG&b=8479733&ct=13864603. 2 October 2015. dead.
42. Web site: Resolution on Armenian Genocide. 16 October 2015. Jewish Council for Public Affairs. 6 December 2015. 16 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181116110936/http://engage.jewishpublicaffairs.org/p/salsa/web/blog/public/?blog_entry_KEY=7642. dead.
43. News: Edmonds. David. The lion and the tiger. 9 October 2013. Prospect. 18 November 2009. David Edmonds (philosopher).
44. News: Shukman . Harry . Elena Bonner: Soviet dissident and human rights activist who campaigned alongside her husband, Andrei Sakharov . . 21 June 2011.
45. News: Stanley . Alessandra . Schwirtz . Michael . Elena Bonner, Widow of Sakharov, Dies at 88 . The New York Times . June 19, 2011.
46. Book: Glad, John. Literature in Exile. 1990. Duke University Press. Durham. 978-0-8223-0987-1. 96. John Glad.
47. News: Shefler. Gil. UN Watch to bestow Kasparov with human rights accolade. 9 October 2013. 8 April 2013. Gil Shefler. Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
48. Web site: Garry Kasparov. Encyclopædia Britannica. 9 October 2013.
49. News: Bauer. Laurel. The Moves Of A Mental Matador. 9 October 2013. Chicago Tribune. 12 September 1993.
50. Web site: А всему виной телефон .... Central Jewish Resource. 9 October 2013. Евгений Петросян, у которого мама еврейка. А вы знаете, что считается не по папе - армянин, а по маме - еврей.. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120755/http://www.sem40.ru/famous2/m1516.shtml. 4 March 2016. dead.
51. News: Arkun. Aram. The Two Hollywood Worlds of Richard Shepard. 9 October 2013. Armenian Mirror-Spectator. 15 June 2012.
52. Web site: Jackie Speier. J Street. 9 October 2013. 22 February 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140222175149/https://donate.jstreetpac.org/candidate/jackie-speier. dead.
53. News: Vartanian . Hrag . Michael Vartan: A Face That's Hard To Forget . 9 October 2013 . 1 April 2004 . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044323/http://www.agbu.org/publications/article.asp?A_ID=146 . September 28, 2007 .
54. News: Bloom. Nate. Celebrity Jews . . 3 June 2005 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060313024546/http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/26070/edition_id/504/format/html/displaystory.html . March 13, 2006 .
55. News: Georgian Prime Minister Proud His Mother Is Armenian. 10 June 2004. PanARMENIAN.Net.
56. News: Jewish Community Mourns Sudden Loss of Georgian Prime Minister . 9 October 2013 . 3 February 2005 . Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20050324005639/http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=258172 . March 24, 2005 .
57. Book: Salewicz, Chris . Redemption Song: The Ballad of Joe Strummer . 2006 . Macmillan . New York . 978-0-571-21178-4 . 76794852 . 35, 205.
58. Web site: Hard Knocks, episode #308 of improv4humans with Matt Besser on Earwolf.
59. Web site: Maxine Cassin . pw.org . . https://web.archive.org/web/20210920094935/https://www.pw.org/directory/writers/maxine_cassin . 20 September 2021 . Identifies as: Armenian American, Jewish.
60. News: Wakin . Daniel J. . Arlene Francis, Actress and TV Panelist, 93 . . June 1, 2001 . Ms. Francis was born Arlene Francis Kazanjian on Oct. 20, 1907, in Boston, the daughter of an Armenian immigrant..
61. Book: Sterling . Christopher H. . Biographical Dictionary of Radio . 13 May 2013 . Routledge . 978-1-136-99376-3 . 150–151 . September 18, 2021 . en.
62. Web site: Артем Оганов . Made by Russians . https://web.archive.org/web/20230712181656/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFEmUJgWHMU&ab_channel=MadebyRussians . 12 July 2023 . ru . September 14, 2015 . Я наполовину армянин, наполовину еврей. . 12 July 2023 . bot: unknown .
63. News: Homberger . Eric . Carol Matthau . . 11 August 2003.
64. Book: Sosonko . Gennadi . Gennadi Sosonko . The World Champions I Knew . 2013 . New In Chess . 9789056914844 . 235.
65. News: Приемный сын девятого шахматного короля тиграна петросяна: "папа совсем не хотел становиться чемпионом мира. Это его мама заставила" . . 13 August 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191201114956/https://fakty.ua/21208-priemnyj-syn-devyatogo-shahmatnogo-korolya-tigrana-petrosyana-papa-sovsem-ne-hotel-stanovitsya-chempionom-mira-eto-ego-mama-zastavila . 1 December 2019 . ru.
66. News: Ishkhanyan . Vahan . Target of Convenience: Anti-Semitism on increase as provocation against Ter-Petrosyan . . 4 July 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170117133906/https://www.armenianow.com/features/8822/target_of_convenience_antisemitis . 17 January 2017 . Ter-Petrosyan's wife, Ludmilla, being a Jew.
67. Book: Schimpfössl . Elisabeth . Rich Russians: From Oligarchs to Bourgeoisie . 2018 . . 9780190677763 . 201.
68. Web site: Жанна Левина-Мартиросян: "Люблю прозу с изюминкой" . Jewish.ru . https://web.archive.org/web/20200218142232/https://jewish.ru/ru/interviews/articles/188112/ . 18 February 2020 . ru . 14 December 2018 . По национальности я еврейка, мои родители – и мама, и папа – евреи, но я, наверное, не очень правильная еврейка..
69. Khachiyan's daughter, Anna, a blogger: Web site: Anna Khachiyan . . 18 February 2020 . August 23, 2016 . Being an Armenian and Jew I have to agree.. ; Web site: Anna Khachiyan . Twitter . 18 February 2020 . December 4, 2019 . me (dismissive, binaristic, hypercritical Russian Armenian/Jew).