| Arin | |
| States: | Russia |
| Region: | Yenisei River |
| Extinct: | 1790 |
| Ref: | [1] |
| Familycolor: | Dené-Yeniseian |
| Fam2: | Yeniseian |
| Fam3: | Arinic |
| Iso3: | xrn |
| Glotto: | arin1243 |
| Glottorefname: | Arin |
| Linglist: | xrn |
| Nativename: | Ar Ara |
| Map: | File:Yeniseian_languages_map.svg |
| Mapcaption: | Map of pre-contact Yeniseian languages. Arin is in . |
Arin is an extinct Yeniseian language formerly spoken in Russia along the Yenisei River, predominantly on its left shore, between Yeniseysk and Krasnoyarsk, north of the Minusinsk region. However, it has been suggested that the Arin people had historically occupied a larger geographical range. It became extinct in the 18th century.[2]
It is believed that the term Ar or Ara was used by speakers of Arin to refer to themselves.
Hydronyms associated with Arin have the suffixes,,,, and (meaning "river") and / (meaning "water"). These hydronyms, along with Khanty folklore telling of an eastern people known as the "Ar people", indicate that Arin may have once been spread out as far west as the Ob.
It is classified as belonging to the Arinic branch, being its only attested language. The closest known relative of Arin, Pumpokol, has been suggested to be similar to the language of the ruling elite of the Xiongnu,[3] as well as that of the Jie ruling class of the Later Zhao dynasty.[4]
One notable aspect of the Arin phonology is the correspondence of words starting with the word-initial and words in other Yeniseian languages that start with a bare vowel. For example, the Arin word (meaning 'water') corresponds to the Ket word and the Kott word .[5]
The vowel system in Arin is as follows:[6]
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |
| Close-mid | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||
| Open-mid | pronounced as /ink/ | (pronounced as /ink/)1 | pronounced as /ink/ | |
| Open | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /ink/ |
| Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Laryngeal/Pharyngeal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | plain | pal. | plain | pal. | ||||||
| Plosive | p pronounced as /link/ | pʼh pronounced as /link/ | t pronounced as /link/ | tʼ pronounced as /link/ | k pronounced as /link/ | kʼ pronounced as /link/ | q pronounced as /link/ | qʼ pronounced as /link/ | (ʔ pronounced as /link/)1 | ||
| b pronounced as /link/ | d pronounced as /link/ | dʼ pronounced as /link/ | g pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | (f pronounced as /link/) | s pronounced as /link/ š pronounced as /link/ | sʼ pronounced as /link/ | x pronounced as /link/ | (h pronounced as /link/) | |||||
| voiced | (v pronounced as /link/) | z pronounced as /link/ ž pronounced as /link/ | |||||||||
| Affricate | c pronounced as /link/ | č pronounced as /link/ (dž pronounced as /link/) | |||||||||
| Nasal | m pronounced as /link/ | mʼ pronounced as /link/ | n pronounced as /link/ | nʼ pronounced as /link/ | ŋ pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| Lateral | l pronounced as /link/ | lʼ pronounced as /link/ | |||||||||
| Approximant | j pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||||
| Trill | r pronounced as /link/ | (rʼ pronounced as /link/) | |||||||||
There are 11 palatal-nonpalatal consonant oppositions.
Etymological analysis suggests that speakers of the Arin language, as with other members of the Yeniseian people, were bilingual in Siberian Turkic languages; for example, the Arin word (meaning "ore") has been suggested to stem from the Old Turkic compound word (meaning "iron blood").[7]
| 1 | pronounced as /qusej/ | Кг̧узей | |
| 2 | pronounced as /kina/ | Ки́на | |
| 3 | pronounced as /tʼoŋa/ | Тьюнга | |
| 4 | pronounced as /šája/ ~ pronounced as /šaga/ ~ pronounced as /šeja/ | Ша́га | |
| 5 | pronounced as /qala/ ~ pronounced as /qaga/ ~ pronounced as /kala/ | Ка́ла | |
| 6 | pronounced as /ögga/ ~ pronounced as /ɨga/ ~ pronounced as /ɛge/ | Эгга | |
| 7 | pronounced as /ɨnʼa/ ~ pronounced as /ona/ ~ pronounced as /una/ | Ыньа | |
| 8 | pronounced as /kinamančau/ | Кинаманчау́ | |
| 9 | pronounced as /qusamančau/ | Кг̧усаманчау | |
| 10 | pronounced as /qoa/ | Кг̧оа | |
| 11 | pronounced as /qóa-qúsa/ | ||
| 12 | pronounced as /qóa-kina/ | ||
| 13 | pronounced as /qóa-tʼoŋa/ | ||
| 14 | pronounced as /qoa-šaja/ | ||
| 15 | pronounced as /qoa-qala/ | ||
| 16 | pronounced as /qoa-ögga/ | ||
| 17 | pronounced as /qoa-ɨnʼa/ | ||
| 18 | pronounced as /qoa-kinamančaú/ | ||
| 19 | pronounced as /qoa-qusamančau/ | ||
| 20 | pronounced as /kintʼuŋ/ | ||
| 30 | pronounced as /tʼoŋtʼuːŋ/ | ||
| 40 | pronounced as /šájtʼuːŋ/ | ||
| 50 | pronounced as /qaltʼuːŋ/ | ||
| 60 | pronounced as /ögtʼuːŋ/ ~ | ||
| 70 | pronounced as /ɨ́ntʼuŋ/ | ||
| 80 | pronounced as /kina-mančaú tʼuːŋ/ | ||
| 90 | pronounced as /qusamančautʼuːŋ/ | ||
| 100 | pronounced as /jus/ | Іусь | |
| 200 | pronounced as /kin-jus/ | ||
| 300 | pronounced as /tʼoŋ-jus/ | ||
| 1000 | pronounced as /qo-jus/ |