Arawan languages explained

Arawán
Also Known As:	Arauán
Familycolor:	American
Fam1:	Harákmbut–Katukinan ? Macro-Arawakan ?
Map:	Arawan languages.png
Iso5:	auf
Glotto:	araw1282
Glottorefname:	Arawan

Arawan (also Arahuan, Arauan, Arawán, Arawa, Arauán) is a family of languages spoken in western Brazil (Amazonas, Acre) and Peru (Ucayali).

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Chapakura-Wañam, Jivaro, Kwaza, Maku, Mura-Matanawi, Taruma, Yanomami, Arawak, Nadahup, Puinave-Kak, and Tupi language families due to contact.

Family division

Arauan consists of half a dozen languages:

• • Arawá Kulina
• Deni
• Jamamadi
• Paumari
• Suruwahá

Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):^[1]

(= extinct)

• Arawa
  • Suruwaha
  • Madi-Deni-Paumari
    • Paumari
    • Deni, Kulina
    • Madi-Arawa
      • Arawa
      • Madi
        • Banawa
        • Jamamadi
        • Jarawara

Dienst (2010)

Internal classification by Dienst (2010):^[2]

• Arawan
  • Arawa
  • Paumari
  • Suruwahá
  • Madi-Madihá
    • Madi
      • Eastern Jamamadi
      • Banawá
      • Jarawara
    • Madihá
      • Kulina
      • Western Jamamadi
      • Deni

Mason (1950)

Arauá internal classification by Mason (1950):^[3]

• Arauá
  • Arauá
  • Culino
    • Culina
    • Curia
    • Curiana
    • Culiña
  • Pama
    • Pama
    • Pamana
  • Yamamadí
    • Yamamadí: Capaná, Capinamari, Colo
    • Purupurú: Paumarí (Pammarí)
    • Yuberi
  • Madihá
  • Sewacu
  • Sipó

Other varieties

• Himarimã - presumed language spoken by the Himarimã people along the Piranha River between the Juruá River and Purus River.^{[4] [5]} Per Suruwahá and Banawá testimonies, it is believed to be Arawan.^[6]

Unattested varieties listed by Loukotka (1968):^[7]

• Purupurú - extinct language spoken in the same region on the lower course of the Purus River. (Unattested)
• Uainamari / Wainamarí - extinct language spoken on the Inauini River, a tributary of the upper Purus River. (Unattested)
• Uatanari / Watanarí - once spoken on the Ituxi River and Sepatini River in the same region; now perhaps extinct. (Unattested)
• Sewacu - once spoken on the Pauini River, now on the left bank of the Purus River on the opposite side of the mouth of the Sepatini River. (Unattested)
• Pamana - once spoken on the Ituxi River and Mucuim River near Lake Agaam, the same region; now probably extinct. (Unattested)
• Amamati - extinct language once spoken on the Mucuim River north of the Pamana tribe. (Unattested)
• Yuberí / Xubiri - once spoken on the middle course of the Purus River on the opposite side of the mouth of the Mamoriá River and around Lake Abunini, now on the lower course of the Tapauá River, the same region. (Unattested)
• Sipó / Cipo - extinct language once spoken north of the Yuberi tribe on the Tapaua River. (Unattested)
• Curina / Kurina / Kólö - language spoken in two regions; first, on the right bank of the Juruá River, along the Marari River and on the upper course of the Tapauá River; second, on the Eiru River and Gregório River and on the left bank of the Muru River, territory of Acre, Brazil.
• Madiha - spoken on the Eiru River near Bom Jardim, Amazonas.
• Catiana - extinct language once spoken on the Iaco River, Acre. (Unattested)

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.^[7]

gloss	Arauá	Yamamadi	Paumari	Curina	Madiha
one	warihí	itarini	huarani	ahã	ahã
two	fanihi	mushamu	faumini		pamawi
three	arisafaha	uharini	harabakudzeki		nawi
head		ä-tati	dadií	tazi-ama	i-tati
eye		ä-narobõ	murubui	eribu	waribu
hand	u-safá	ä-dzäfä	dzẽi	iyepe	zepe
water	pahá	pãhã	pãhá	patsu	patsu
fire	sihú	yefu	sidzyú	dipu	zipu
sun	mahí	mahi	kasiri	maxi	maxi
maize		kemi	yoruá	tapá	tapa
tapir	awí	aui	dama	auhi	awi
house	zamí	huda	gurã	uza	uáza

Proto-language

Below are selected Proto-Arawá (Proto-Arawan) reconstructions of flora and fauna names by Dixon (2004):^[8]

Flora

Proto-Arawá	English gloss	Portuguese gloss
biha	yam sp.	carai
boba	palm sp.	paxiúba
bodi	fruit sp.	bacuri
'boko	tree sp.	imbaúba
doni		cumaru
hawa	patauá palm	patauá
imi	ingá (tree and edible fruit)	ingá
jani	palm sp.	paxiubinha
jawana	palm sp.	murumuru
jawida
kahami	palm sp.	urucuri
majo	tree sp.	pajurá
nabohi	palm sp.	paxiúba-barriguda
ora		jenipapo
para'i
sanaro		maracujá
tamajara	matamatá tree, envira tree	matamatá, envira
tamino	jackfruit tree
waishowa	several trees of genus Lucuma	abiurana
wasina, *wasini	kapok ceibe tree	samaúma, Ceiba pentandra
wekhe'i		Hevea brasiliensis
xidepe	tree sp.; red paint made from fruit	urucu, Bixa orellana

Fauna

Mammals

Proto-Arawá	English gloss	Portuguese gloss
gapha
hijama
hojawa
ja'o	sloth sp.
jajiko
jotomi		quati
jowi(hi)
kawina
kiriwe
kishi-		tatu
kiso
kosikosi	kinkajou, night monkey	jupará
mase	bat
modo	anteater	tamanduá
mowi
pishi	squirrel monkey marmoset (small monkey)	macaco-de-cheiro, Saimiri sciureus
shawa(ri)	weasel sp.	irara
shinama		cutia
tamakori	monkey sp.	macaco parauaçu, Pithecia monachus

Birds

Proto-Arawá	English gloss	Portuguese gloss
ama'ahawa	socó heron	socó
amasawari	socozinho heron	socozinho
dapo	guan (bird sp.)
DiroDiro
hiriti	motmot bird
jakhi	toucan (Ramphastos)
kamowa	dove sp.	juriti, rolinha
kawashiro
komi	trogon (bird sp.)
khere	kingfisher	ariramba
okoko	pigeon, dove sp.	juriti
shabiria		Harpia harpyja
tano	pied-crested oropendola (type of oriole)	japu
tawikhoro(ro)		bico-de-brasa
tobejaro, *tobejero)		bacurau
wara-	chachalaca (bird)	aracuã

Fish

Proto-Arawá	English gloss	Portuguese gloss
aba majaro	arowana (fish sp.)	aruanã
'awida	piau sp. (fish)	piau
bahama	surubim (large fish)	surubim
basani	pacu (fish sp.)	pacu
bidama	catfish sp.	mandi
dawi	big leaf calathea (fish sp.)
kosop(h)a	tucunaré (fish sp.)	tucunaré
khorobo	fish sp.	jeju?
moro	fish sp. (cangati sp.; large catfish)	cangati jai preto, Paulicea luetkeni
otawi	cará (fish sp.)	cará
siraba	fish sp.	cangati, cará, acará
shako		traíra

Other animals

Proto-Arawá	English gloss	Portuguese gloss
kowasa	tortoise
shire	turtle	tartaruga
bitha	large mosquito	carapanã
'Diriri
jimo, *jomo	ant sp.	tocandira
karajati	biting fly	mutuca
waharo	large mosquito	carapanã

Bibliography

• Buller, Barbara; Buller, Ernest; & Everett, Daniel L. (1993). Stress placement, syllable structure, and minimality in Banawá. International Journal of American Linguistics, 59 (1), 280-293.
• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. .
• Dixon, R. M. W. (2001). Internal reconstruction of tense-modal suffixes in Jarawara. Diachronica, 18, 3-30.
• Dixon, R. M. W. (2004a). The Jarawara language of southern Amazonia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
• Dixon, R. M. W. (2004b). Proto-Arawá phonology. Anthropological Linguistics, 46, 1–83.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. .
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.

Lexicons

• Chapman, Sh.; Salzer, M. (1998). Dicionário bilíngue nas línguas paumarí e portuguesa. Porto Velho: Sociedade Internacional de Lingüística.
• Koop, G.; Koop, L. (1985). Dicionário Dení Português (com introdução gramatical). Porto Velho: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
• Ssila, A. O.; Monserrat, R. M. F. (1984). Dicionário kulina-português e português-kulina (dialeto do Igarapé do Anjo). Acre: Conselho Indigenista Missionário.
• Suzuki, M. (2002). Dicionário suruwahá-português and vocabulário português- suruwahá. Hawaii: University of the Nations.
• Vogel, A. R. (2005). Dicionário Jarawara - Português. Cuiabá: SIL.

External links

• Sub-tronco Arawán

Notes and References

1. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
2. Dienst, Stefan (2010). The internal classification of the Arawan languages. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 8(1), 61-67.
3. Book: Mason, John Alden . John Alden Mason . 1950 . The languages of South America . Julian . Steward . Handbook of South American Indians . 6 . 157–317 . Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143 . Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office.
4. Web site: Himarimã . 2022-05-23 . Ethnologue . en.
5. Web site: Isolated Indians. . dead . 2012-02-12 . Povos Indígenas no Brasil. . 2012-02-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120212134547/http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/c/no-brasil-atual/quem-sao/Indios-isolados .
6. Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
7. Book: Loukotka, Čestmír . Čestmír Loukotka . Classification of South American Indian languages . registration . UCLA Latin American Center . 1968 . Los Angeles.
8. Dixon, R. M. W. 2004. Proto-Arawá Phonology. Anthropological Linguistics 46: 1-83.