Arabic language influence on the Spanish language explained

Arabic influence on the Spanish language overwhelmingly dates from the Muslim era of the Iberian Peninsula between 711 and 1492. The influence results mainly from the large number of Arabic loanwords and derivations in Spanish, plus a few other less obvious effects.

History

The Spanish language, also called Castilian, is a Romance language that evolved from the dialects of Roman Vulgar Latin spoken in the Iberian peninsula. The first examples of language with some features specific of modern Spanish are ascribed to documents from various monasteries in the area of Burgos and La Rioja^[1] in what is now northern Spain. However Toledo, in central Spain, which became the capital of the early Kingdom of Castile during its southward expansion, is where Spanish began to appear in a written form recognizable today. The preexisting Mozarabic dialect of this region (i.e. the Romance present during Muslim rule) is therefore likely to have also had an influence on modern Spanish.

The lexical influence of Arabic reached its greatest level during the Christian Reconquista, when the emerging Kingdom of Castile conquered large territories from Moorish rulers, particularly in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. These territories, which included the former Taifa of Toledo, had large numbers of Arabic speakers as well as many who spoke local Romance dialects (Mozarabic) heavily influenced by Arabic, both influencing Castilian. It is possible that Arabic words and their derivatives had also already been brought into Castilian by Mozarab Christians who emigrated northwards from Al Andalus in times of sectarian violence, particularly during the times of Almohad and Almoravid rule in the 12th and 13th centuries. As such, Arabic can be considered to have had a formative influence on the Spanish language.

The degree to which the Arabic language percolated through the Iberian Peninsula varied enormously from one period and area to another and is the subject of academic debate. However it is generally agreed that in much of the peninsula Arabic was used among the local elites, both Muslims and Christians, and that the prevalent vernacular in many areas was Mozarabic, a continuum of Arabic-influenced local Romance dialects. Only the southern third of the peninsula became totally Arabized as both Mozarabic and Christianity were extinguished following the Almoravid and Almohad periods.^[2]

Much of the Arabic influence upon Spanish came through the various Arabized Romance dialects spoken in areas under Moorish rule, known today by scholars as Mozarabic. This resulted in Spanish often having both Arabic- and Latin-derived words with the same meaning. For example, aceituna and oliva (olive), alacrán and escorpión (scorpion), jaqueca and migraña (migraine), alcancía and hucha (piggy bank), ajonjolí and sésamo (sesame) etc.

The influence of the Arabized Mozarabic and of Arabic itself is more noticeable in the Spanish dialects from regions with a longer history of Moorish domination than in those where it was shorter-lived. For this reason the dialects of the southern half of the country, known collectively as castellano meridional or Southern Castilian, seem collectively to show a higher degree of preference for Arabisms. Northern Spanish dialects tend to prefer Romance synonyms to terms of Arabic origin, such as the Romance calendario v. Arabic almanaque, hucha v. alcancía, espliego v. alhucema etc. Because Canarian and all Hispanic American dialects are mainly derived from Southern Castilian, Spanish words of Arabic origin are common in most varieties of Modern Spanish.

A number of words were also borrowed from Moroccan Arabic, principally as a result of Spain's protectorate over Spanish Morocco in the 19th and 20th centuries, although these are of minor significance.

The Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands has also adopted a small number of words from Hassaniya Arabic, principally from Canarian sailors who fish in proximity to the Saharan coast as well as by those Canarians who returned from Western Sahara after the Green March of 1975.

Lexical influence

The influence of Arabic on the Spanish language is fundamentally lexical but its other influences are also briefly examined in this article. It is estimated that there are about one thousand Arabic roots^{[3] [4]} and approximately three thousand derived words, making a total of around four thousand words^{[3] [5] [6]} or 8% of the Spanish dictionary.^{[7] [8]} See Influences on the Spanish language for more on how the number of Arabisms in Spanish has been estimated. The exact number of words of Arabic origin and their derivatives in Spanish is not known, and many words not included on this list are regionalisms: words that are used in certain parts of Spain and/or Hispanic America but are generally unknown elsewhere.

The high point of Arabic word use in Spanish was in late medieval times and has declined since then but hundreds are still used in normal conversation. The large majority of these words are nouns, with a number of verbs and adjectives derived direct from these nouns, e.g. alquilar (to rent) and alquilado (rented) from alquiler (rent), most of which are excluded from this list. There is also one preposition: hasta (until), and one adverb: he. There has been little influence on the basic grammatical structure of the language.^[9]

Many Arabic loanwords in Spanish start with a- or al-, where these sounds come from the Arabic article al- (giving just a- when the Arabic word begins with a solar letter). This initial a(l)- is an integral part of the word in Spanish; that is, it is not a morpheme.

!Prefix!Examples in Spanish!Examples in Arabic

A-	Aceite (oil)Aceituna (olive) Azúcar (sugar)	(az-zait) الزيت(az-zay-toon) الزيتون (as-suk-kar) السكر
Al-	Almohada (pillow)Algodón (cotton) Albahaca (Basil)	(al-ma-khad-dah) المخده(al-qut-tun) القطن (al-hab-baq) الحبق

List of words of Arabic origin

This is an open list of Spanish words acquired directly from Classical and Andalusi Arabic, listed in alphabetical order. This list includes the Spanish meaning of the word as well as the Arabic etymology. No fixed standard of Arabic transliteration is used.

Rationale for inclusion

Due to the large influence of Arabic on Spanish vocabulary, this list is relatively restrictive:

• This list has been edited to include only words considered to appertain to the Spanish language and the Hispanic culture and society. Arabic words that may be understood by Spanish speakers but remain foreign to the Hispanic civilisation such as Ayatolá, Yihad and Chiita are excluded from this list.
• Only words that have passed direct from Arabic are included. Arabic words that entered the Spanish language through other, non-Iberian, Indo-European languages (such as Ayatolá, Beduino, Sofá and sorbete) are not included. Included as exceptions to this rule are álcali and álgebra, words of Arabic origin thought to have entered Spanish through "Low Latin"^[10] —as suggested by their initial stress (the Arabic definite article al- is not normally borrowed as a stressed syllable).
• Generally, only Spanish root words are listed, derivations (including nouns, verbs or adjectives) not being included. For example, aceite (from az-zeit, oil) is included but not aceitería, aceitero, aceitón or aceitoso. On the other hand, aceituna (olive) is included since it derives not from az-zeit but from az-zeituna in Arabic, even though the root of the Arabic word is the same. Aceituno (olive tree), on the other hand, would not be included, since it shares the same root as aceituna. For this reason a significant number of verbs and adjectives are excluded from this list. An exception to this rule may be made when the derived word is much more commonly used than the root word, when the meaning of the derivative has no evident connection with the root word or when it is not clear that one is derived from the other (e.g. horro and ahorrar).
• Words derived from Mozarabic are not included (Mozarabic being fundamentally a Romance language) unless the Mozarabic word is itself derived from classical or Andalusi Arabic.
• Words acquired from Berber or Hebrew (or other Afro-Asiatic languages) are not included.

The etymology and meaning of most of these words can be verified on the site of the Real Academia de la Lengua Española, although a small minority are available only in other sources or past editions of this dictionary.

Many of these words will be unfamiliar to many Spanish speakers because their use is restricted to certain regions of Spain or Spanish-speaking countries or they are no longer in regular use. For example the Arabic-derived word for ‘jewel’, alhaja, is very common in Mexico whereas in Spain it is restricted to rural areas of the southern half of the country, the alternative Spanish term joya being much more common. On the other hand the Arabic derived term for fruit juice zumo is the standard term in Spain whereas in Hispanic America the Latin-derived jugo or agua are generally used. The Arabic term alberca in Spain refers to agricultural water deposits whereas in Mexico it is the common term used for swimming pool as opposed to piscina elsewhere or pileta in Argentina.

A (Ababol to Azumbre)

1. ababol: poppy, in Aragon, Navarre, Albacete and Murcia. From Andalusian Arabic Happapáwr, a fusion from the Arabic plural al-ḥabūb (الْحُبُوب) pronounced as /[ʔlħubuːb]/, the generic term for "seeds, beans or grains", and the Latin papāver.
2. abacero: owner of an abacería, small food shop. From Andalusi Arabic *ṣaḥb uz-zād (Arabic: صاحب الزاد) "owner of supplies." pronounced as /[sˤaːħibu ʔlzːaːd]/
3. abadí: descendant/lineage of Mohammed ben Abad, founder of the Taifa Kingdom of Seville in the 11th century AD. From Andalusi Arabic 'abbādī (عبّادي)pronounced as /[ʕbaːdj]/ .
4. abalorio: cheap jewellery or jewellery beads. From Andalusi Arabic and Arabic al-ballūriy[u] (بَلْورَة) pronounced as /[balwra]/ "[made of/ like] glass or clear as crystal". Ultimately from Greek Greek, Modern (1453-);: βήρυλλος, "beryl"pronounced as /[ʔlblwr]/
5. abarraz: stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria), a medicinal plant. From Andalusian Arabic ḥább arrás (Arabic: حب الرأس) "head seeds"pronounced as /[ħb ʔlraːs]/ .
6. abasí: pertaining to the Abbasid dynasty from Arabic عَبَّاسِيّ pronounced as /[ʕbaːsj]/, which overthrew the Umayyads in the 8th century.
7. abelmosco: musk seeds, an aromatic plant. From Andalusi Arabic ḥabb al musk (Arabic: حب المسك) literally "musk seeds." Classical Arabic ḥabbu 'l muskpronounced as /[ħb ʔlmsk]/ .
8. abencerraje: used in expression: "Zegríes y abencerrajes", "partisans of opposite interests". The Abencerrajes (in Arabic aban as-sarráǧ) was an Arabic family of the Kingdom of Granada, rivals of the Zegríes in the 15th centurypronounced as /[bnw sraːdʒ]/ .
9. abenuz: ebony. From Arabic abanūs (أَبَنُوس) of the same meaning but in Arabic referring to the "black wood" of the tropical tree.^[11] pronounced as /[ʔbnws]/
10. abismal: screw in head of a spear. From Arabic al-mismar (الْمِسْمَر) "nail."^[12] pronounced as /[ʔlmsmaːr]/ .
11. abitaque: a cut of wood used in construction of a certain shape and dimension. From Arabic aṭ-ṭabaqah (الطَّبَقَة) "layer" or "intermediate chamber" or "group, standard, type".^[13] pronounced as /[ʔltˤːtˤbaqa]/ .
12. acebibe: raisin. From Arabic az-zabīb (الزَّبِيب) of the same meaning but also "dried grape" or "currant" [= ''[[Ribes]], genus of berry plants, e.g. blackcurrant, redcurrant and white currant].^[14] pronounced as /[ʔlzːabjb]/ .
13. acebuche: wild olive tree, or wood from such a tree. From Andalusi Arabic azzabbúǧ.
14. aceche: copper, iron or zinc sulphate. From Andalusi (Hispanic) Arabic *azzáj, < az-zāj, < . From Classical Arabic az-zāj (الزَّاج), meaning vitriol - sulphuric acid or a sulphate زاج pronounced as /[zːaːdʒ]/ .
15. aceifa: Muslim summer military expedition. From Arabic aṣ-ṣayf (الصَّيْف), "summer"pronounced as /[ʔlsˤːajf]/ .
16. aceite: oil. From Arabic az-zayt (الزَّيْت) "oil"pronounced as /[ʔlzːajt]/ .
17. aceituna: olive. From Arabic az-zaytūn (الزَّيْتُون) pronounced as /[ʔlzjtwn]/ "olive"pronounced as /[ʔlzːajtwn]/ .
18. aceituní: precious cloth from the Orient. From Arabic az-zaytuni, a possible adaptation of the Chinese city Tsö-Thung .
19. acelga: Chard. From Arabic as-salq (السَّلْق) of the same meaningpronounced as /[ʔlsːslq]/ .
20. acémila: beast of burden; tax formerly paid in Spain. From Arabic az-zamilah "beast of burden", most likely stemming the Arabic scientific term for "pack-animal", "aḍ-ḍābatu 'l-ḥaml (الذَّابَةُ الْحَمْل)" pronounced as /[ʔlzːaːmila]/
21. acemite: wheat husk; a type of wheat porridge. From Arabic semolina, as-samid (السَّمِيد)pronounced as /[ʔlsːsmjd]/ .
22. acenefa: see cenefa.
23. aceña: watermill. From Arabic as-saniyah (السانية) "the lifter."
24. acequia: irrigation canal. From Arabic as-saqiyah (Arabic: الساقية) "the irrigator"pronounced as /[ʔlsaːqj]/ .
25. acerola: fruit of the trees Malpighia emarginata or M. glabra, generally found in the Americas, of the Malpighiaceae family. This should be differentiated from the European Service Rowan Tree (Sorbus domestica), family Rosaceae. From Arabic zu 'rūrah (Arabic: زعرورة). Originally from Syriac za‘rārā.
26. acetre: bucket or cauldron used to extract water from a well; small cauldron used to spray holy water in Christian liturgy. From Arabic as-saṭl (Arabic: السطل)pronounced as /[stˤl]/, from the latin word sitŭla.
27. aciar: (or acial): instrument used to keep farm-animals still by squeezing their ear or snout. From Arabic az-ziyār (الزِيَار) with the same meaningpronounced as /[ʔlzːajaːr]/ .
28. acíbar: aloe (both the plant and its bitter juice); bitterness, grief, distaste. From Arabic aṣ-ṣabir (الصَّبِر) pronounced as /[ʔlsˤːsˤbir]/ .
29. acicalar: to clean or polish (Acicalarse in reflexive form); to make oneself look good by combing, shaving etc. From Arabic aṣ-ṣaql (الصَّقْل), an instrument used for polishing thingspronounced as /[ʔlsˤːsˤql ]/ .
30. acicate: spurs or the spikes on spurs; incentive. From Arabic (Muzil) as-siqaT "what takes away weaknesses."
31. acidaque: Muslim dowry. From Arabic aṣ-ṣadāq (الصّداق), dowry in Islamic law.^[15] pronounced as /[ʔlsˤːadaːq]/
32. acimut: azimuth, an astronomical concept - the angle with which the meridian forms a vertical circle which passes through a point in the globe. From Arabic as-sumut (السُّمُوت) plural of samt سَمْت.
33. ación: handle on the stirrup. From Arabic as-suyūr (السُّيُور), plural of sayr (سَيْر) "strap" or "belt"pronounced as /[ʔlsːiːwr]/ .
34. acirate: line of soil used to separate different plots of land; path between two lines of trees. From Arabic aṣ-ṣirāṭ (الصِّرَاط) pronounced as /[ʔlsˤːiraːtˤ]/ pronounced as /[ʔlsˤːiraːtˤ]/ .
35. acitara or citara: thin wall, normally on a bridge. From Arabic as-sitārah (السِّتَارَة), wall to avoid falls - possibly from the Arabic for curtain, drapes or "hangings"pronounced as /[ʔlstaːr]/ .
36. achacar: to blame. From Arabic tashakkà (Arabic: اشتكى): to complain or to blamepronounced as /[ʔʃtka]/ .
37. adafina: pot used by Jews to cook. It is buried in embers on Friday night, where it cooks until Saturday. From Arabic: dafina (Arabic: دفينة) "buried", alternative meaning "hidden treasure"pronounced as /[ʔldfjn]/ .
38. adalid: leader; general of Spanish militia. From Arabic dalil (Arabic: دليل). pronounced as /[ʔldːljl]/ .
39. adaraja: each of the gaps made by the bricks in a horizontally unfinished wall. From daraja (Arabic: درجة)pronounced as /[ʔldrdʒ]/ .
40. adarga: leather shield. From Arabic daraqa(t) (درقة) "shield."pronounced as /[drq]/ .
41. adárgama: flour, rarely used today. From Arabic darmaka دَرْمَك pronounced as /[darmaku]/ .
42. adarme: small portion of something; type of measurement. From Arabic dirham (Arabic: درهم)pronounced as /[drhm]/ .
43. adarvar: to shock. From Arabic dharb (Arabic: ضرب) "blow." Replaced by pasmar and aturdir in current speechpronounced as /[dˤrb]/ .
44. adarve: wall of a fortress; protection, defense. From Arabic dharb (Arabic: ضرب)
45. adefera: a small, square wall or floor tile. From Arabic add-ddafeerapronounced as /[ʔldˤfjr]/ .
46. adehala: that which is granted or taken as obligatory with the price in the leasing or sale of a property. From Mozarabic ad ihala and originally from Arabic ihala "offering credit.".^[16]
47. adelfa: oleander. From Arabic ad-difla (الدِّفْلَى) of the same meaningpronounced as /[ʔldːdflaː]/ .
48. ademán: gesticulation which expresses the will to do something. From Arabic adh-dhamān (الضَّمَان), literally meaning legal guarantees. The change of meaning is due to the exaggerated promises and gesticulations which were offered in such a pleapronounced as /[ʔldˤmaːn]/ .
49. ademe: wooden structures used to strengthen tunnels in mines. From Arabic da'm (دَعم), meaning "buttress, support, fortify, pillar, hold up". pronounced as /[dʕm]/
50. adiafa: present or refreshment given to sailors when back from a voyage. From Arabic Diyafa (adh-dhiyāfah الضِّيَافَة) "present of hospitality", the word for "accommodation, hospitality, housing" or "hospitable reception"pronounced as /[ʔldˤːdˤjaːfa]/
51. adivas: a disease provoking throat inflammation in animals. From Arabic aD-Dibbah "wolverine", which is the old Arabic name for this disease. Most likely the disease lupus, aḍ-ḍa'ab (الذَّأَب)pronounced as /[ʔlðːðʔab]/ .
52. adive: a type of canid similar to a fox. From Arabic aḍ-ḍi'b (الذِّئْب)pronounced as /[ʔlðʔjb]/ .
53. adobe: brick made from clay. From Arabic aṭ-ṭūbah (الطُّوبَة, from Coptic tôbe) of the same meaning, and from ad-dabba.
54. adoquín: paving-stone, cobble; block. From Arabic Dukkan bench of rock or wood pronounced as /[ʔldːukːaːn]/ .
55. ador: in regions where water for irrigation is restricted and shared out by local authorities, irrigation-time for each farm/field. From Arabic dawrpronounced as /[ʔldwr]/ .
56. aduana: customs house; customs. From Arabic diwaan (Arabic: ديوان)pronounced as /[djwaːn]/ .
57. aduar: semi-permanent rural settlement, normally used for Gypsies, Bedouins or Amerindians in South America. From Bedouin Arabic دُوَّار duwwar pronounced as /[dwːaːr]/ .
58. adúcar: type of silk made from the outside of the silk-worm's cocoon. From Andalusi Arabic Haduqapronounced as /[ʔldkaːr]/ .
59. adufe: tambourine used by Spanish Muslims. Originally from Arabic ad-duff (الدُّفّ), the generic word for tambourinepronounced as /[ʔldːdfː]/ .
60. adul: in Morocco, assessor of the Cadí (see under letter C, another Arabic loanword). From Arabic ‘adl (عَدْل), "honorable, trustworthy person" or "fair, impartial"pronounced as /[ʕadl]/ .
61. adula: see dula.
62. adunia: (adverb) lots. From Andalusi Arabic addunya, originally from classical Arabic ad-dunyā (الدُّنْيَا) "the (whole) world", "the material world"pronounced as /[ʔldːdnjaː]/
63. adutaque: same meaning as adárgama. From Arabic ad-duqāq (الدُّقَاق) "fine flour" or "flour meal"pronounced as /[ʔldːdqaːq]/ .
64. afán: effort; desire; zeal. From afanar.
65. afanar: to steal; to work with passion. From Arabic al-fanā‘ (فناء) "extinction, extinction, destruction, vanishing", the notion, emotion of "annihilation through passion", used in poetry or to describe a type of madnesspronounced as /[fnaːʔ]/
66. aguajaque: the whitish resin of fennel. From Arabic aw-washaq "contaminated with water"pronounced as /[ʔlwʃq]/ .
67. agüela: Income from interest on loans assigned in public documents; Renta de los derechos sobre préstamos consignados en documento público. From Arabic Hawalahpronounced as /[ħwaːl]/ .
68. ajabeba: Moorish flute. From Classical Arabic ash-shabbābah (الشَّبَّابَة), the generic word for "flute, clarinet"pronounced as /[ʔlʃːʃbːbaːba]/ .
69. ajaquefa: Roof. Same origin as Azaquefa (see the word).
70. ajaraca: Ornamental loop in Andalusian and Arabic architecture. From Andalusi Arabic Ash-sharakah "loop".
71. ajarafe: terrace. From Classical Arabic saraf "commanding height pronounced as /[ʔlʃrf]/
72. ajebe: Alum; Para rubber tree. From Arabic ash-Shabbpronounced as /[ʔlʃabː]/ .
73. ajedrea: plant in the genus Satureja (family Lamiaceae), about 30 cm in height, with many branches and dark, narrow leaves. It is cultivated as an ornamental in gardens. From Arabic assariyya or assiriyyapronounced as /[ʔlʃːitˤrijːa]/, ultimately from Latin satureia.
74. ajedrez: chess. From Arabic ash shatranj (الشطرنج) which is from Persian Shatranj from the Sanskrit Chaturang (four armed) as was the shape of the original chess board in Indiapronounced as /[ʔlʃtˤrndʒ]/
75. ajenuz: nutmeg flower or Roman Coriander (Nigella sativa). From Andalusi Arabic Shanuz and ultimately Classical Arabic Shuniz pronounced as /[ʔlʃːuːniːz]/ .
76. ajimez: bifora (twin arched window); wooden balcony with lattice windows. From Arabic shamispronounced as /[ʃms]/ .
77. ajomate: pluricellular alga formed by very thin filaments, without knots, bright and of intense green color. It abounds in fresh waters of Spain. From Classical Arabic gumam, pl. of gumma, "luxurious hair".
78. ajonjolí: sesame; herbaceous, annual plant of the family of the Pedaliaceae, a meter high, straight stem, serrate and almost triangular leaves, white or rosy corolla, and fruit with four delicate, yellowish, oily and edible capsules and many seeds. From Classical Arabic gulgulān pronounced as /[dʒuldʒulaːn]/ "sesame." pronounced as /[ʔldʒuldʒulaːn]/ .
79. ajorca: bangle; type of gold hoop, silver or another metal, used by the women to adorn the wrists, arms or the feet. From Classical Arabic shuruk الشَرَكة pronounced as /[ʔlʃarak]/, ultimately from the word shirāk "strap."
80. ajorrar: To drag, to tow. See Jorro.
81. ajuagas: equine animal ulcers. From Classical Arabic shuqaqpronounced as /[ʃuqaːq]/ .
82. ajuar: dowry, a collection of household and personal items (clothes, furniture, jewelry etc...) which women in Spain traditionally prepare from a young age for the day in which they marry and move in with their husband. From Arabic shawār, "household utensils".
83. alacena: cupboard. From Classical Arabic ẖizānah (خزانة)pronounced as /[xzaːn]/ .
84. alacet: foundation of a building. From Classical Arabic asas (أساس).pronounced as /[ʔsaːs]/
85. alacrán: scorpion. From Classical Arabic aqrab (عقرب) of same meaningpronounced as /[ʕqrb]/ .
86. aladar: Tuft of hair which falls on either side of the head. From Arabic idarpronounced as /[ʔldːaːr]/ .
87. aladroque: Anchovy. From Andalusi Arabic Al Hatrukpronounced as /[ʔlraqruːq]/, "big mouthed".
88. alafa: wage; pay. From Classical Arabic alafah pronounced as /[ʔlʕifːa]/ "subsistence allowance." The word was replaced by sueldo in modern Spanish.
89. alafia: grace; pardon; mercy. From Andalusian Arabic al afya ultimately from Classical Arabic afiyah (عافية) "health"pronounced as /[ʔlʕaːfj ]/ .
90. alahílca: tapestry to adorn the walls. Perhaps of alailaca from Andalusian Arabic ilaqa, and this of Classical Arabic ilāqah (علاقة) perhaps meaning "hanger"pronounced as /[ʕlaːq]/ .
91. alajor: Tax which was paid to owners of land where buildings were built. From Arabic Ashur, period of ten days before Easter when debts were paid and alms were given.
92. alajú: Andalusian cake made of almonds, nuts, pine nuts, bread, spices and cooked honey. From al Hashu "filling".
93. alamar: A type of decorative attachment which is buttoned on clothing. From Andalusi Arabic Alam, decoration (in clothes).
94. alambique: alembic, alchemical still consisting of two vessels connected by a tube, used for distilling chemicals. From Arabic al-anbiq "the cup/container holding water", in turn from Greek.
95. alambor: Two meanings in Spanish with two different etymologies. 1) Embankment, from Andalusi Arabic Harabul "rim", from classical Arabic verb Hawwala, "to alter". 2) Type of orange tree. From Catalan l'ambor, singular of els zambors, derived from Andalusi Arabic Azzambu.
96. alamín: Village judge who decided on irrigation distribution or official who measured weights. From Arabic al-aminpronounced as /[ʔlʔaːmjn]/ .
97. alamud: Steel bar used to close windows. From Arabic amudpronounced as /[ʕmwd]/ .
98. alaqueca: A type of blood-coloured quartz. From Arabic 'aqiq. Currently replaced by the word cornalinapronounced as /[ʕqjq]/ .
99. alárabe: Arab. From Andalusi Arabic, maintaining the definite article al arabi.العربي pronounced as /[ʔlʕrbj]/ .
100. alarde/alardear: To boast/to show off. From Arabic "show" (ala?ard العرض)pronounced as /[ʔlʕrdˤ]/ .
101. alarife: 1) Architect 2) Builder (in mining) 3) Astute or quick witted person (in Argentina and Uruguay). From Arabic al 'arif: The expertpronounced as /[ʔlʕrːrjf]/ .
102. alarije (uva): A type of grape. From Arabic al'aris.
103. alaroz: Crossbar which divides a window or a door. From Arabic al'arud: Obstacle placed to block entry.
104. alaroza: Fiancée or newly wed wife. From Arabic Andalusi Arabic al-arusa (العروسة), pronounced as /[ʔlʕarwsa]/ .
105. alatar: Drug, spice or perfume dealer. From Arabic al attar(العطّار), pronounced as /[ʔlʕtˤːaːr]/ . .
106. alatrón: Nitrate foam. From Arabic an-nattrun.
107. alazán/alazano: Reddish cinnamon coloured, used commonly to describe sorrel-coloured horses. From Arabic al-as·hab. From Andalusian Arabic الاسهاب, from Arabic اَصْهَب (aṣ·hab, pronounced as /[ʔasˤhab]/ "reddish, reddish-brown").
108. alazor: safflower. From Arabic al-usfur.
109. albacara: Wall around a fortress, within which cattle were normally kept. From Arabic bab al-baqqara "The cattle gate/door". baqara (بقرة) means "cow" in Arabic.
110. albacea: Executor (of a will). From Andalusi Arabic Sahb al Wassiya (صاحب الوصية); "The owner of the will".
111. albacora: Albacore. From Arabic al-bakura "premature" or al-bakrah "young camel."
112. albadena: Type of tunic or silk dress. From Arabic badan: Type of shirt which covers the torso.
113. albahaca: Basil. From Arabic al-habaqahpronounced as /[ʔlħbq]/ .
114. albahío: Pale yellowish colour, used commonly for cattle. From Arabic bahi: "Shining"pronounced as /[ʔlbhjː]/ (الباهية) .
115. albalá: Official document. From Arabic al-bara'ah.
116. albaida: Anthyllis cystoides (Flowering plant). From Arabic al-baida: "The white one" (البيضاء) pronounced as /[ʔlbjdˤaːʔ]/ ..
117. albanega: 1) Net used for hair. 2) Rabbit trap. From Arabic al-baniqa.
118. albañal: Sewer. From Andalusi Arabic al-ballá: "swallower".
119. albañil: Construction worker. From Andalusi Arabic al-banni. Originally from classical Arabic bannapronounced as /[ʔlbnːaːʔ]/ .
120. albaquía: The remainder. From Arabic al-baqi (الباقي) of the same meaningpronounced as /[ʔlbqj]/ .
121. albarán: Invoice. From Arabic al-bara'ahpronounced as /[ʔlbraːʔ]/ .
122. albarazo: Vitiligo. From Andalusi Arabic Al-Barashpronounced as /[ʔlbrsˤ]/ .
123. albarda: Pack-saddle. From Arabic al-barda'ahpronounced as /[ʔlbrdʕ]/ .
124. albardán: Clown or fool. From Andalusi Arabic albardán: "insolent". Originally from Classical Arabic bardan: "Idiot (cold headed)"pronounced as /[ʔlbrdaːn]/ .
125. albardín: Plant endemic to the Spanish steppes, similar in nature and use to Esparto. From Arabic "al-bardi": "papyrus"pronounced as /[ʔlbrdj]/ .
126. albaricoque: Apricot. From Arabic al-barqouq (البرقوق) "plum" or "early-ripe."
127. albarrada: 1) Clay vase, see alcarraza. 2) Stone wall. From Arabic al-barradah: "the cooler".
128. albarrán: 1) Farm boy 2) Shepherd 3) Person with no fixed residence. From Andalusi Arabic al-barrani: "Outsider".
129. albatoza: Small, covered boat. From Arabic al-gattosha: grebe. Due to the Arabic custom of giving names of birds to vessels.
130. albayalde: Cerrusite. From Arabic al-bayadpronounced as /[ʔlbjaːdˤ]/ .
131. albéitar: Vet. From Arabic al-baytarpronounced as /[ʔlbjtˤaːr]/ .
132. albenda: Decorated white linen. From Arabic al-band.
133. alberca: Water deposit for irrigation. In Mexico and Honduras it is also the term of choice for swimming pool. From Arabic al-birka (البِركة) "pond"pronounced as /[ʔlbrk]/ .
134. albérchigo: Apricot tree. From Andalusi Arabic al-bershiq.
135. albihar: Mayweed. From Arabic al-bahar.
136. albitana: 1) Fence to protect plants in gardening. 2) Prolongation of the keel or stern post of a ship. From Arabic al-bitana.
137. alboaire: The craft of decorating churches and domes with "azulejos". From Andalusi Arabic al-buhaira: lagoon.
138. albogue

Single-reed clarinet used in Spain. From Arabic al-bûq (البوق): The horn or the trumpetpronounced as /[ʔlbwq]/ .

1. alboheza: Malva, from Andalusi Arabic al-hubayzapronounced as /[ʔlxbjz]/ .
2. albohol: Morning glory, from Andalusi Arabic al-hubuul: "rope".
3. albollón: Drainage or sewage. From Mozarabic Ballaón and ultimately from Classical Arabic balla'ah.
4. albóndiga: Meatball; ball. From Arabic al-bunduqa (البندقة) "the ball," from Greek (κάρυον) ποντικόν (káryon) pontikón, "Pontic [nut]"pronounced as /[ʔlbndq]/ .
5. albórbola: Joy, celebratory noise. From Arabic walwalah.
6. alborga: Matweed sandal. From Arabic albúlḡapronounced as /[ʔlbrɣ]/ .
7. albornía: A type of large vase. From Arabic barniyapronounced as /[brnj]/ .
8. albornoz: Bath-robe. From al-burnos (البرنس); "(bath)robe"pronounced as /[ʔlbrnws]/ .
9. alboronía: A type of Andalusian vegetable stew. From Arabic al buranniya "Buran's (stew)." Buran was the wife of Caliph Ma'moun.
10. alboroque: 1) A present or gratuity given in exchange for a service. 2) The kind treatment and lavish attention offered and received in anticipation of a commercial transaction. From Andalusi Arabic al-borok, possibly ultimately from Classical Arabic arbun.
11. alboroto: Riot, joy. Comes from arabism alborozo (joy), from andalusí Arabic al-burúz derived from Classical Arabic al-burūz, "military parade previous to a campaign"; or related to Latin volutāre.
12. alborozo: Extreme chaos or happiness. From Andalusi Arabic al-buruz: "Military parade prior to an expedition".
13. albotín: Turpentine Tree. From Arabic butm of the same meaningpronounced as /[ʔlbutˤm]/ .
14. albricias: 1) Term used to congratulate someone. 2) Present or gift provided to a bringer of good news. From Arabic bushrapronounced as /[ʔlbʃaːr]/ .
15. albudeca: A bad watermelon. From Andalusi Arabic al batihapronounced as /[ʔlbtˤjx]/ .
16. albufera: Lagoon. From Arabic al buhaira(البُحيرَة)pronounced as /[ʔlbuħjra]/ ..
17. albur: This term has a wide range of meanings: 1) Flathead mullet (Spain and Cuba), 2) A card combination in a card game known as Banca, 3) A chance occurrence on which an enterprise hedges its bets, 4) An expression which has a double or hidden meaning (Mexico and Dominican Republic) 4) An amorous affair (Nicaragua), 5) A lie, slander or rumour (Puerto Rico and Honduras). From Arabic al-booripronounced as /[ʔlbwrj]/ .
18. alcabala

1) A tax on commercial transactions. 2) Police checkpoint outside cities and on main roads (Colombia and Venezuela). From Andalusi Arabic al qabalapronounced as /[ʔlqbaːl]/ .

1. alcabor: Hollow interior of a chimney or oven. From Arabic al qabwpronounced as /[ʔlqbw]/ .
2. alcabtea: A type of linen. From Arabic al qubtiya, meaning "Egyptian" or "Coptic"pronounced as /[ʔlqbtˤj]/ .
3. alcacel or alcacer: 1) Green barley 2) A barley field. From Arabic al qasilpronounced as /[ʔlqsˤjl]/ .
4. alcachofa: Artichoke. From Arabic al-ẖarshoof of the same meaning.
5. alcaduz: Water pipe. From Arabic Qâdûs (قادوس) meaning "water-wheel scoop"pronounced as /[ʔlqaːdws]/ .
6. alcafar: Limbs of a cuadruped (normally a horse). From Arabic al kafalpronounced as /[ʔlkfl]/ .
7. alcahaz: Birdcage. From Arabic qafaṣ (قفص) pronounced as /[ʔlqafasˤ]/ of the same meaning.
8. alcahuete: Accomplice, pimp, a person who helps another in a love affair, specially an illicit one; gossipy person. Alcahuete comes from Hispanic Arabic alqawwad (the messenger), and this from Classical Arabic qawwad (القوَّاد) pronounced as /[ʔlqwːaːd]/ . This "messenger" carried messages to a married woman's lover. By extension it became commonly known as any person who sets up a love affair, generally illicit.
9. alcaicería: an establishment where silk farmers presented their produce, under the rights reserved to the Muslim rulers in Granada and other towns of the Nasrid Kingdom. From Andalusi Arabic Al-Qaysariya, originally from the Latin Caesareapronounced as /[qjsaːrj]/ .
10. alcaide: a term historically referred to various positions of government authority. In modern Spanish commonly refers to a prison warden. From Arabic al qa'id(القائد) pronounced as /[ʔlqaːʔjid]/, "military commander".
11. alcalde: Mayor. From Arabic al-qadi (the judge). Qadi comes from the verb qada (to judge)pronounced as /[ʔlqaːdˤj]/ .
12. álcali: Alkali. From Arabic qalawi (قلوي) of the same meaning thru Medieval Latin.
13. alcaller: Clay artisan or his helper. From Andalusi Arabic al qallalpronounced as /[ʔlqlaːl]/ .
14. alcamiz: An obsolete term referring to a list of soldiers. Its etymology is an erroneous transmission of at-taymiz, "Military inspection" in Andalusi Arabic and "Distinction" in Classical Arabic.
15. alcamonías: Seeds used in spice mixes such as anisseed or cumin. It is also a now obsolete expression referring to the act of hiding things. From Arabic kammuniya(الكَمّون) pronounced as /[ʔlkamːwn]/, a cumin-based concoction.
16. alcana: Henna or Henna tree. From Arabic, hinnapronounced as /[ʔlħinːaːʔ ]/ .
17. alcaná: Commercial street or neighbourhood. From Arabic القناة qanaah: "Drains or water pipes"pronounced as /[ʔlqnaː]/ .
18. alcancía: Clay money box, penny or piggy bank. From Andalusi Arabic alkanzíyya, derived from classical Arabic kanz: "treasure"pronounced as /[ʔlknzjːa]/ .
19. alcándara: Hook used to hang clothes or fowl. From Arabic Kandarah.
20. alcandía: Sorghum. From Andalusi Arabic qatniyya.
21. alcandora: A type of shirt. From Arabic qandura.
22. alcanería: A rural term for a type of artichoke. From Andalusi Arabic al-qannariya, an Arabic rendering of the Latin cannaria.
23. alcanfor: Camphor. From Andalusi Arabic Al-Kafur.
24. alcántara/alcantarilla: Drain. From Arabic al-qantarah meaning "bridge"pronounced as /[ʔlqntˤr]/ .
25. alcaparra: Caper. From Andalusian Arabic al-kaparra. Via Latin and Greek.
26. alcaraván: Stone-Curlew. From Andalusian Arabic al-karawan.
27. alcaravea: Caraway. From Andalusi Arabic al-Karawiya.
28. alcarceña: Name given to the Ervil and the Carob. From Andalusi Arabic al-kershana, meaning "the big bellied", due to the plants causing a swelled stomach when consumed in large quantities.
29. alcarraza: A type of clay container similar to a Spanish Botijo. From Andalusi Arabic al-karraza. Ultimately from Persian Koraz.
30. alcarria: Of uncertain Arabic etymology. Refers to a flat highland with little vegetation.
31. alcatenes: A type of medicine which is mixed with copper sulfate to treat ulcers. From Arabic al-qutn.
32. alcatara (or alquitara): Alembic. From Arabic root for the verb "to distill" qattarapronounced as /[ʔlqtˤːaːr]/ .
33. alcatifa: An obsolete term for a thin carpet or underlay for carpet. From Arabic al-qatifapronounced as /[ʔlqtˤjf]/ .
34. alcatraz: Cormorant. From Arabic القطرس al-qaṭrās, meaning "sea eagle".
35. alcaucil: Artichoke. From Spanish Andalusi Arabic alqabsíl[a], that comes from Mozarab diminutive kapićéḻa, and this from Spanish Latin capĭtia, "head". Standard Latin, caput-itis.
36. alcaudon: Shrike. From Andalusi Arabic al-kaptan.
37. alcavela/alcavera: Mob, herd, family, tribe. From Arabic al-qabila.
38. alcayata: Metallic hanger or hook. From Andalusi Arabic al-kayata, originally from Latin Caia
39. alcazaba: Palace. From Arabic al-qasbah, (قصبة), "the quarter"pronounced as /[ʔlqsˤb]/ .
40. alcázar: Citadel; palace. From Arabic al-qasr (القصر) "the citadel," from Latin castrum, "castle," same etymology with Spanish term castropronounced as /[ʔlqsˤr]/ .
41. alcazuz (or orozuz): Liquorice. From Arabic ‘urúq sús or ‘írq sús, and from classic Arabic irqu [s]sús.^[17]
42. alcoba: Alcove. From Arabic al-qubba (القُبَّة) pronounced as /[ʔlqubːa]/ "the vault" or "the arch".
43. alcohela: Endive. From the Andalusi Arabic alkuḥáyla, and this one from the Arabic kuḥaylā'.^[18]
44. alcohol: From Arabic al-kuhul (الكحول), fine powder of antimony sulfide used as eye makeup. Derivate word: alcoholar.
45. alcolla: Large glass bulb or a Decanter. From Hispanic Arabic alqúlla, and this one from the Arabic qullah.^[19]
46. alcor: Hill. From Hispanic Arabic alqúll, and this one from the Latin collis.^[20]
47. alcora
48. alcorcí
49. alcorque
50. alcorza
51. alcotán
52. alcotana
53. alcrebite
54. alcuacil
55. alcubilla
56. alcuña
57. alcuza
58. alcuzcuz
59. alchub
60. aldaba
61. aldea/aldeano: Village / Villager.
62. aldiza
63. alefriz
64. aleja
65. alejija
66. alema
67. alerce
68. aletría
69. aleve/alevoso/alevosía: from Hispanic Arabic al'áyb and the latter from Classical Arabic áyb, "defect, blemish, or smudge of infamy"pronounced as /[ʕajb]/
70. aleya
71. alfaba
72. alfábega
73. alfadía
74. alfaguara: Geyser. From Arabic fawwâra (فوارة): "spout, fountain, water jet"pronounced as /[ʔlfawːwaːra]/ .
75. alfahar/alfaharería
76. alfaida
77. alfajeme
78. alfajor: Sweet almond shortbread. From Spanish Arabic fašúr, and this from Persian afšor (juice).
79. alfalfa: alfalfa hay. From Hispanic Arabic alfáṣfaṣ[a], from Classical Arabic fiṣfiṣah, and this from Pelvi aspast.^[21]
80. alfaneque: 1) A type of bird, from Arabic al-fanak pronounced as /[fanak]/ 2) A tent, from Berber afarag.
81. alfanje: A type of sword. From Arabic al-janyar "dagger".
82. alfaque
83. alfaqueque
84. alfaquí
85. alfaquín
86. alfaraz
87. alfarda: Two meanings; from Arabic al-farda and from Arabic al-fardda.
88. alfarero: potter.
89. alfardón
90. alfareme
91. alfarje
92. alfarrazar
93. alfaya
94. alfayate
95. alfazaque
96. alféizar: Window ledge. From Arabic al-hayzar, "The one which takes possession".
97. alfeñique

1) Weakling. 2) A type of sweet consumed in Spain and Mexico. From Andalusi Arabic Al-Fanid. Ultimately from Persian and Sanskrit.

1. alferecía
2. alferez
3. alferraz
4. alferza: Piece, known as Vizir in other languages, corresponding to the modern chess "queen" (though far weaker), from which modern chess developed in medieval Spain. From Andalusi Arabic Al Farza, ultimately from Persian Farzan, "the guardian".
5. alficoz
6. alfil: Bishop, in chess. From Arabic al-fiyl (الفيل) pronounced as /[ʔlfiːl]/ "The elephant."
7. alfilel/alfiler
8. alfinge
9. alfitete
10. alfiz
11. alfolí
12. alfombra: Carpet. Two meanings; from Arabic al-jumra and from Arabic al-humra.
13. alfóncigo: Pistachio. From Arabic al-fustuq pronounced as /[ʔlfustuq]/ .
14. alfóndiga
15. alforfón
16. alforja: Saddlebag. From Arabic al-khurj (الخرج) "saddle-bag", portmanteaupronounced as /[ʔlxurdʒ]/ .
17. alforre
18. alforrocho
19. alforza
20. alfóstiga
21. alfoz

Neighborhood, district. From Arabic hauz (حوز) meaning "Precinct" or "City limits"pronounced as /[ħawz]/ .

1. algaba
2. algadara
3. algaida
4. algalaba
5. algalia
6. algalife
7. algar
8. algara
9. algarada
10. algarabía: Incomprehensible talk; gabble; gibberish. From Arabic al-'arabiya: "Arabic"pronounced as /[ʔlʕrbj]/ .
11. algarivo
12. algarazo: Short rainstorm. From Arabic al 'ard: "cloud".
13. algarrada
14. algarrobo: Carob. From Arabic al-kharouba "the carob"pronounced as /[ʔlxrːrwb]/ .
15. algavaro
16. algazafán
17. algazara
18. algazul
19. álgebra: Algebra. From Latin algebræ from Arabic al-jabr, meaning "completion, rejoining", from the name of al-Khwarizmi's book Hisab al-jabr w’al-muqabala "The Calculus of Completion and Equality."
20. algodón: Cotton. From Arabic "al-qúţun (قطن)", meaning "The cotton", "Egyptian", "Coptic".
21. algorfa
22. algoritmo: algorithm, comes from the Latin word algobarismus, influenced by the Greek word arithmos "number". The persian name of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي, famous mathematician, through its Latinized prounuciation Algorithmi.
23. algorza:
24. alguacil: Sheriff. From Arabic "al-wazîr (الوزير)", meaning "Minister".
25. alguaquida: fuel for a fire. From Arabic waqîda (وقيدة) meaning "Fuel"pronounced as /[ʔlwqjd]/
26. alguaza: Window or door hinge.From Arabic wasl "juncture".
27. alhadida: From Arabic "al-hadida" (الحديدة)pronounced as /[ʔlħadiːda]/, meaning Copper sulfate. ^[22]
28. alhaite: Jewel. From Arabic al hayt "string". الخيط pronounced as /[ʔlxajtˤ]/
29. alhaja: Jewel. From Arabic al-hajah "the valuable thing." الحاجة pronounced as /[ʔlħaːdʒa]/
30. alhamar: Red mattress or bed cover. From Arabic hanbal, "fur bedcover". Also from Arabic Alhamar pronounced as /[ʔlʔaħmar]/ / Al-Ahmar "red".
31. alhamel: Beast of burden or human porter, in Andalusian Spanish. From Arabic hammal. الحامل، حمّالpronounced as /[ʔlħaːml]/
32. alhamí: Stone bench normally covered with azulejos. Refers to the Grenadine town of Alhama.
33. alhandal: Colocynth. From Arabic Alhandhal. الحنظل pronounced as /[ʔlħanðˤal]/
34. alhanía: 1) Bedroom 2) Cupboard 3) A type of small mattress. From Andalusi Arabic al haniyya, "alcove".
35. alhaquín: Weaver. From Arabic plural Al Hayikeen, "weavers". الحيّاكينpronounced as /[ʔlħjaːkjn]/
36. alharaca: Violent reaction to a small issue. From Arabic haraka. حركة pronounced as /[ʔlħaraka]/
37. alhavara: Flour. From Arabic huwara.
38. alhelí: Aegean Wallflower. From Arabic hiri.
39. alheña: Spanish word for Henna and the plant from which it is derived.
40. alholva: Fenugreek. From Arabic hulbah. pronounced as /[ʔlħilba]/
41. alhorí: Same meaning and etymology as more commonly used term alfolí.
42. alhorre: 1) Feaces of a newborn child. From Arabic hur, "feaces". 2) Common skin rash in babies, nappy rash. Commonly used in expression "Yo te curaré el alhorre!" when threatening to beat a child. From Arabic shakatu el hurr, "skin infection".
43. alhorría: (or ahorría): Expression used for when a slave is freed. From Arabic al-hurriya, "freedom".
44. alhucema: Lavender. From Arabic huzamapronounced as /[ʔlxuzaːmaː]/ .
45. alhuceña: Woodruff. From Arabic uhshina.
46. aliara: Drinking horn. From Andalusian Arabic al fiyara.
47. alicante: Vernacular name of two different types of poisonous snakes present in Spain and Northern Mexico respectively. From Arabic al aqrab, "scorpion".
48. alicatar: To till. From Arabic qat, "to cut".
49. alicate: Pliers. From Arabic laqaat, "tongs".
50. alidada: Alidade. From Andalusian Arabic al'idada pronounced as /[ʔlʕidˤaːda]/ .
51. alifa: Sugar cane, two years old, in Andalusian and Mexican Spanish. From Arabic halifa pronounced as /[xaliːfa]/ "successor".
52. alifafe: 1) Light indisposition. 2) Type of tumor which develops on the legs of horses from excessive work. From Arabic ifash "sowing bag".
53. alifara
54. alijar
55. alimara
56. alioj
57. alirón
58. alizace
59. alizar
60. aljaba
61. aljabibe
62. aljama
63. aljamía/aljamiado: Medieval Romance Spanish or Mozarabic written in Arabic script.
64. aljaraz
65. aljarfa
66. aljébana
67. aljerife from arabic شريف pronounced as /[ʃariːf]/
68. aljez
69. aljibe
70. aljófar/aljofarar
71. aljofifa
72. aljor (or aljez)
73. aljuba
74. aljuma
75. añagaza
76. almacabra
77. almacén: Deposit, dry goods store. From Arabic al-majzan of makhzan (المخزن) pronounced as /[ʔlmaxzan]/ "the storage" or "the depot."
78. almacería
79. almáciga
80. almadén
81. almádena: sledgehammer. From Andalusian Arabic al-māṭana (الْمَاطَنَة) "sledgehammer."
82. almadía
83. almadraba

Tuna fishing in Andalusia and particularly in Cadiz province. From Andalusi Arabic Al-madrabapronounced as /[ʔlmadˤraba]/, "place where to hit", in reference to the fishing technique.

1. almadraque
2. almagazén
3. almagra
4. almahala
5. almaizar
6. almaja
7. almajaneque
8. almajar
9. almajara
10. almalafa
11. almanaque: almanac (see etymology section in the article for further discussion). From Andalusian Arabic almanáẖ "calendar", from Arabic munāẖ "caravan stop", or from Greek almenichiakon "calendar."
12. almancebe: type of river fishing net, from Spanish Arabic al-manṣába, bank.
13. almarada
14. almarbate
15. almarcha
16. almarjo
17. almarrá
18. almarraja or almarraza
19. almártaga: two meanings, from al-marta'a and al martak.
20. almástica
21. almatroque
22. almazara: Olive press. From Arabic "al-ma'sarah" (المعصرة)pronounced as /[ʔlmaʕsˤara]/, "juicer".
23. almazarrón
24. almea: two meanings, from almay'a عالمية pronounced as /[ʕaːlmj]/ and alima. الميعة pronounced as /[ʔlmjʕ]/
25. almejía
26. almenara: two meanings, from al-manara pronounced as /[ʔlmanaːra]/ and al-minhara.
27. almez
28. almíbar: sugar syrup, juice concentrate.
29. almicantarat
30. almijar
31. almijara
32. almijarra
33. almimbar
34. alminar
35. almiraj/almiraje/almiral
36. almirez
37. almirón: Dandelion. From Andalusian Arabic al mirun.
38. almizate
39. almizcle/almizque
40. almocadén
41. almocafre
42. almocárabe
43. almocela
44. almocrebe
45. almocrí
46. almodón
47. almófar
48. almofariz
49. almofía
50. almofrej/almofrez
51. almogama
52. almogávar
53. almohada: Pillow, from Arabic al-makhada (المخده) pronounced as /[ʔlmixadːa]/ with the same meaning.
54. almoharrefa
55. almohaza
56. almojábana
57. almojama: see mojama
58. almojarife
59. almojaya
60. almona
61. almoneda: Sale or auction. From Arabic munadahpronounced as /[ʔlmunaːdaː]/ .
62. almoraduj/almoradux
63. almorávide
64. almorí
65. almoronía: see alboronía.
66. almotacén
67. almotalafe
68. almotazaf/almotazán
69. almozala/almozalla
70. almud
71. almuédano
72. almuerzo: Lunch. Arabic al- + Latin morsus (bite).
73. almunia: an agricultural settlement, from Arabic: المُنية pronounced as /[ʔlmunja]/ meaning desire. (see Article in Spanish).
74. alpargata
75. alpechín
76. alpiste
77. alquería: Farmhouse. From Arabic al-qaria pronounced as /[ʔlqarja]/ "the village."
78. aloque
79. aloquín
80. alpargata
81. alquequenje
82. alquería
83. alquermes
84. alquerque: Two meanings, from al-qirq and al-qariq. القرق pronounced as /[ʔlqrq]/
85. alquez
86. alquezar
87. alquibla
88. alquicel
89. alquiler: Rent. From Arabic Al kira' (الكراء)pronounced as /[ʔlkiraːʔ]/
90. alquimia: alchemy, from Arabic al-kīmiyā' (Arabic: الكيمياء or Arabic: الخيمياء) via Medieval Latin alchemia, from the Late Greek term khēmeía (χημεία), also spelled khumeia (χυμεία) and khēmía (χημία), meaning 'the process of transmutation by which to fuse or reunite with the divine or original form'.
91. alquinal
92. alquitira
93. alquitrán: tar, from Arabic اَلْقِطْرَان al-qitran. pronounced as /[ʔlqatˤraːn]/
94. alrota
95. altabaca
96. altamía
97. altramuz: Lupin bean. From Arabic at-turmus pronounced as /[turmus]/ .
98. alubia: Pea, bean. From Arabic lubiyapronounced as /[luːbjaːʔ]/ .
99. aludel
100. aluquete/luquete
101. alloza
102. amán
103. ámbar: amber, from Arabic ʿanbar Arabic: عنبر|rtl=yes, meaning "anything that floats in the sea", via Middle Latin ambar.
104. ámel
105. amín
106. amirí
107. anacalo
108. anacora
109. anafaga
110. anafalla/anafaya
111. anafe
112. anaquel
113. andorra
114. andrajo
115. anea
116. anejir
117. anúteba
118. añacal
119. añacea/añacear
120. añafea
121. añafil
122. añagaza
123. añascar
124. añazme
125. añil: Ultimately from Sanskrit nilah, "dark blue".
126. arabí
127. arancel
128. arbellón/arbollón
129. archí
130. argadillo
131. argamandel
132. argamula
133. argán
134. argel
135. argolla
136. arguello/arguellarse
137. arije
138. arimez
139. arjorán
140. arnadí
141. arrabá
142. arrabal
143. arracada
144. arráez
145. arrayán
146. arrecife
147. arrejaque/arrejacar
148. arrelde
149. arrequife
150. arrequive
151. arriate
152. arricés
153. arroba
154. arrobda
155. arrocabe
156. arrope
157. arroz: Rice pronounced as /[ʔaruzː]/ .
158. áscar/áscari
159. asequi
160. asesino: Assassin. From Arabic hashshashin "someone who is addicted to hashish (marijuana)." Originally used to refer to the followers of the Persian Hassan-i-Sabah (حسن صباح), the Hashshashin.
161. atabaca
162. atabal
163. atabe
164. atacar: To tie, to button up. From Andalusi Arabic tákka, originally from classical Arabic tikkahpronounced as /[tikːa]/, ribbon used to fasten clothes.
165. atacir
166. atafarra/ataharre
167. atafea
168. atahona
169. atahorma
170. ataifor
171. ataire
172. atalaya
173. atalvina
174. atambor
175. atanor
176. atanquía
177. ataracea
178. atarazana
179. atarfe
180. atarjea
181. atarraga
182. atarraya
183. ataúd: Coffin.
184. ataujía
185. ataurique
186. atifle
187. atijara
188. atíncar
189. atoba
190. atocha
191. atracar: To assault, to burgle, to dock a boat, to get stuck, to gorge oneself with food, to cheat, to get stuck. From Arabic Taraqa, "To rise".
192. atríaca/atriaca: Obsolete word.
193. atún: Tuna fish. From the Arabic word al-tuna (التونه).
194. atutía
195. auge: surge, rise, boom.
196. aulaga
197. avería
198. azabache
199. azabara
200. azacán
201. azacaya
202. azache
203. azafate/azafata
204. azafrán: Saffron. From Arabic اَلزَّعْفَرَان az-za`farān pronounced as /[zaʕfaraːn]/, from Persian زعفران zaferān or زرپران zarparān gold strung.
205. azahar: White flower, especially from the orange tree. From Spanish Arabic azzahár, and this from Classic Arabic zahr pronounced as /[sumːmaːq]/, flowers.
206. azalá
207. azamboa
208. azándar
209. azaque: Alms-giving or religious tax in Islam. From Arabic zakāt (Arabic: زكاة pronounced as /[zkaː]/, "that which purifies"[1]). See article zakat.
210. azaquefa: Covered portico or patio. From Andalusi Arabic assaqifa, "portico", originally from Arabic as-saqf (السَّقْف), pronounced as /[ʔlsːaqf]/ meaning "roof" or "upper covering of a building".
211. azar: Luck; chance. From Arabic az-zahr "the dice" or North African Arabic az-zhar pronounced as /[sumːmaːq]/ "luck".
212. azarbe
213. azarcón
214. azarja
215. azarnefe
216. azarote
217. azófar
218. azofra/azofrar
219. azogue: Two meanings, from az-za'uqpronounced as /[ziʔjbaq]/ and from as-suq.
220. azolvar
221. azorafa
222. azote: Smacking, beating, scourge. From Arabic sawṭ pronounced as /[sˤawt]/ .
223. azotea: Flat roof or terrace. From Andalusi Arabic assutáyha, diminutive of sath, "terrace" in Classical Arabic.السطيحة pronounced as /[ʔlstˤjħ]/
224. azoya
225. azúcar: Sugar. From Arabic (سكر) sukkar of the same meaning pronounced as /[sukːar]/, from Persian shekar.
226. azucarí
227. azucena
228. azuche
229. azud
230. azufaifa/azufaifo
231. azul: Blue. From Arabic lāzaward, ultimately from Sanskrit.
232. azulaque (or zulaque)
233. azulejo

Handpainted glazed floor and wall tiles, from Arabic az-zellīj (Arabic: الزليج), a style of mosaic tilework made from individually hand-chiseled tile pieces set into a plaster base, from zalaja meaning "to slide". See also alboaire and alhamí.

1. azúmbar
2. azumbre: Measurement for liquids equivalent to around two litres. From Del Andalusi Arabic aTTúmn, and this from Classical Arabic: Tum[u]n, "an eighth"pronounced as /[θumn]/ .

B

1. babucha: Slippers. From French babouche, derived from Persian "papoosh" (پاپوش) literally meaning "foot covering" via Arabic baboush (بابوش). The transition from Persian "p" to Arabic "b" occurs due to lack of the letter p in the Arabic alphabet. "Pa-" in Persian means foot and "poosh" means covering. Persian "pa" or foot shares the same root with other Indo-European languages, i.e. Latin pede[m], French "pied", Spanish "pie" and "pata", etcpronounced as /[baːbwʃ ]/ .
2. badal: Cut of meat from the back and ribs of cattle, close to the neck. From Andalusi Arabic bad'a "Calf muscle" derived from classical Arabic bad'ahpronounced as /[baːdila]/ "piece".
3. badán: Trunk of an animal. From Arabic badan, (بدن) pronounced as /[badan]/ .
4. badana: 1) Sheepskin, 2) Hat lining, 3) Lazy person. From Arabic bitana, "lining", (بِطانة) pronounced as /[bitˤaːn]/ .
5. badea: 1) Watermelon or melon of bad quality. 2) Insipid cucumber, 3) Weak person, 4) Unimportant thing. From Arabic battiha "bad melon".
6. badén: Dip in land, road, sidewalk or ford. From Arabic bāṭin (بطين) "sunken" (land)pronounced as /[batˤjn ]/ .
7. bagarino: Free or hired sailor, as opposed to a press-ganged or enslaven one. Same origin as baharípronounced as /[bħrj ]/ .
8. bagre: a freshwater fish that has no scales and has a chin. From Arabic baghir or baghar.
9. baharí: Bird of prey. From Arabic bahri: "from the sea".
10. baja: Pasha, Turkish officer or governor of high rank. From Arabic basha (باشا) pronounced as /[baːʃaː]/ . Ultimately from Turkish pasha of the same meaning.
11. baladí: 1) Unimportant thing or matter. 2) Something of the land our country. From Arabic baladiy "From the country"pronounced as /[bldj ]/ .
12. balaj/balaje: Purple ruby. From Arabic Balahshi: From Balahshan (region in central Asia where these stones are found).
13. balate
14. balda (and baldío)
15. baldar
16. balde: 1) Free. 2) Without cause. 3) In vain. From Arabic batil "false" or "useless"pronounced as /[baːtˤl ]/ .
17. bancal
18. baño
19. baraka: Heavenly providence or unusual luck. From Moroccan Arabic. Recently introduced word. (بركة) pronounced as /[baraka]/ .
20. barbacana
21. barcino
22. bardaje
23. bardoma/bardomera
24. barragán
25. barrio/barriada: Area, district or neighbourhood in a town. From Arabic barri "outside"pronounced as /[barjː]/ .
26. bata: either from Arabic batt or French ouate.
27. batán
28. batea
29. baurac
30. bayal
31. belez
32. bellota: Acorn, the fruit or seed of the oak tree. From Arabic ball-luta (بلوط) of the same meaningpronounced as /[blwtˤ]/ .
33. ben
34. benimerín
35. benjui
36. berberí
37. berberís
38. bereber
39. berenjena/berenjenal: eggplant, aubergine, from Arabic بَاذِنْجَان (bāḏenjān), from Persian بادنجان (bâdenjân) of the same meaning.
40. bezaar/bezoar
41. biznaga
42. bocací
43. bodoque/bodocal
44. bófeta
45. bórax: Borax, from Arabic word bawraq (بورق), from Persian bure of the same meaning.
46. borní
47. boronía
48. botor
49. bujía
50. bulbul
51. burche
52. buz
53. buzaque

C

1. cabila: Tribe of Berbers or Bedouins. From Arabic qabila (قبيلة) pronounced as /[qbjl]/ "tribe."
2. cachera
3. cadí: From Arabic qādiy / qādī (قَاضِي), a "judge", type of public officer appointed to hear and try causes in a court of justice; same etymology with alcaldepronounced as /[qaːdˤiː]/ .
4. cadira
5. café: Coffee. From Italian caffe, from Turkish kahve via Arabic qahwa (قهوة) of the same meaning, from the Kaffa region of Ethiopia.
6. cáfila
7. cafiz (or cahiz)
8. cafre
9. caftán
10. cáid (same origin as alcaide)
11. caimacán
12. calabaza: Pumpkin or squash. From Arabic qerabat (قربات), plural of qerbah (قربة), meaning wineskinpronounced as /[qirbaːt]/ .
13. calafate/calafatear
14. calahorra
15. calí: same root as álcali.
16. cálibo/calibre
17. cambuj
18. camocán
19. canana: Cartridge belt.
20. cáncana/cancanilla
21. cáncano
22. cande: in azúcar cande.
23. canfor
24. caraba
25. cárabe
26. cárabo: Owl; dog. Taken from Arabic qaraab and kalb "dog" (kalaab "dogs"), respectivelypronounced as /[klb]/ .
27. caracoa
28. caramida
29. caramuzal
30. caravasar
31. carcax
32. carmen/carme: From Spanish Arabic kárm, and this from Classical Arabic karm, vinepronounced as /[karm]/ .
33. carmesí: Crimson, bluish deep red. From Arabic quirmizi.
34. carrafa
35. cártama/cártamo
36. catán
37. catifa
38. cazurro
39. cebiche
40. cebtí
41. ceca
42. cedoaria
43. cegatero
44. cegrí
45. ceje
46. celemí/celemín/celeminero
47. cenacho
48. cendolilla
49. cenefa
50. ceneque
51. cení
52. cenia
53. cenit: zenith, from Arabic samt سَمْت, same etymology with acimut.
54. cequí
55. cerbatana
56. cero: Zero. From Arabic sifr of the same meaning.
57. cetís
58. ceutí
59. chafariz
60. chafarote
61. chaleco
62. charrán
63. chifla
64. chilabai: From Moroccan Arabic.
65. chirivía
66. chivo
67. choz
68. chupa
69. chuzo
70. cianí
71. cibica
72. cica
73. cicalar
74. cicatear
75. cicatero: different root to cicatear.
76. ciclán
77. ciclar
78. ciclatón
79. cid
80. cifaque
81. cifra/cifrar
82. címbara
83. cimboga
84. cimitarra
85. circón
86. citara
87. civeta/civeto
88. coba/cobista
89. cofa
90. coima
91. coime
92. colcótar
93. cora
94. corán: from qur'aan (قرآن), the Muslim Holy Book.
95. corbacho
96. corma
97. cotonía
98. cubeba
99. cúrcuma
100. curdo
101. cuscuta

D, E

1. dado: Dice, cube or stamp. From Classical Arabic a'dad "numbers"pronounced as /[ʔʕdaːd]/ .
2. daga - dagger
3. dahír
4. daifa
5. dante
6. darga (adarga): Shield.
7. dársena: Dock / basin.
8. daza
9. descafilar
10. destartalado
11. dey
12. dirham
13. diván: Divan / couch. From Arabic from Persian دیوان dēvān (="place of assembly", "roster"), from Old Persian دیپی dipi (="writing, document") + واهانم vahanam (="house"). This is a recent loanword and directly entered Spanish via Persian, as [v] sound in دیوان dēvān is a modern Persian pronunciation. pronounced as /[djwaːn]/
14. droga: Drug.
15. druso
16. dula/dular
17. edrisí
18. ejarbe
19. elche
20. elemí
21. elixir: from al-ʾiksīr (الإكسير) through Medieval Latin, which in turn is the Arabization of Greek xērion (ξήριον) "powder for drying wounds" (from ξηρός xēros "dry")pronounced as /[ʔlʔiksjr]/ .
22. embelecar/embeleco
23. emir (or amir)
24. encaramar
25. enchufar/enchufe: 1) To plug in/plug; 2) To connect, 3) To offer an unmerited job or a post through personal connections. From Andalusi Arabic Juf derived from Classical Arabic jawf "stomach; internal cavity"pronounced as /[dʒawf]/ .
26. engarzar: To set/thread.
27. enjalma
28. enjarje
29. enjeco
30. escabeche: Pickle or marinade. From Arabic as-sukbaj. Originally from Persian Sekbapronounced as /[alsːskːkbaːdʒ@]/ .
31. escafilar (see descafilar)
32. escaque/escaquear
33. espinaca: Spinach.
34. exarico

F, G

1. faca
2. falagar
3. falca
4. falleba
5. faltriquer: Pocket.
6. falúa/faluca
7. fanega/hanega
8. fanfarrón
9. faranga (or haragán): Lazy, idler, loaferpronounced as /[@ʔifrndʒ]/ .
10. farda
11. fardacho
12. farfán
13. fárfara
14. farnaca
15. farota
16. farruco: Insolent or "cocky". From Andalusian Arabic Farrouj, "Cock"pronounced as /[farːuːdʒ]/ .
17. felús
18. fetua
19. fez
20. fideo
21. filelí
22. foceifiza
23. fondolí
24. fondac/fonda
25. fulano: "any one" without naming, X of people. From Arabic Fulanpronounced as /[fulaːn]/ .
26. fustal
27. fustete
28. gabán
29. gabela
30. gacel/gacela
31. gafetí
32. galacho
33. galanga
34. galbana
35. gálibo
36. galima
37. gandula/gandula
38. gañan
39. garbi: Sirocco wind.
40. garama
41. garbino
42. gardacho
43. garfa
44. gárgol
45. garra
46. garrafa
47. garrama
48. garroba
49. gazpacho
50. gilí
51. gomer
52. granadí
53. grisgrís
54. guadamací
55. guájara
56. guájete
57. guala
58. guarismo: figure, character. From the name of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي, famous mathematician, through its Latinized prounuciation Algorithmi, same etymology with algoritmopronounced as /[ʔlxwaːrzmj]/ .
59. guifa
60. guilla
61. gumía
62. gurapas

H, I

1. habiz: Donation of real estate under certain conditions to muslim religious institutions. From Classical Arabic: ḥabīs: amortized.
2. habús: Same meaning as habiz has in Morocco. From Arabic ḥubūs, "property belonging to the deceased used for charity".
3. hachís: Hashish. From Classical Arabic Hashish pronounced as /[ħʃjʃ]/, "grass". This is a recent loanword influenced by written form, wherein hachís is pronounced [{{IPA|xaˈt͡ʃis}}], since is always silent in the beginning of Spanish, and [x] (voicless velar fricative) which is closer to [h] did not exist yet in Old Spanish; the [{{IPA|ʃ}}] sound in Arabic like in the word hashish existed in Old Spanish, that evolved to [x] in Modern Spanish ([h] in other dialects of Modern Spanish) and [{{IPA|ʃ}}] in loanwords in Spanish is pronounced either [{{IPA|t͡ʃ}}] or [s].
4. hacino: Miser or from Andalusian Arabic ḥazīnpronounced as /[ħzjn]/ .
5. hadruba: Hump (on someone's back): From Andalusian Arabic ḥadúbba.
6. hafiz: Guard or minder. From Andalusian Arabic ḥāfiẓpronounced as /[ħfjðˤ]/ .
7. hálara: Same meaning and etymology as fárfara. 1) Interior lining of egg. 2) Coldsfoot. From Andalusian Arabic falḡalála.
8. hallulla: 1)A type of bread or bun consumed in Spain and parts of Hispanic America. 2) Nausea (Eastern Andalusia only)^[23] From Andalusian Arabic ḥallún.
9. hamudí: Descendants of Ali Ben Hamud, founders of the Málaga and Algeciras Taifas during the 11th century.
10. haragán: 1) Someone who refuses to work. 2) In Cuba and Venezuela, a type of mop. From Andalusian Arabic: khra kan: "Was shit".
11. harambel: See "arambel".
12. harbar
13. harén
14. harma
15. harón
16. Hasaní
17. hasta: "Until". From Arabic hatta (same meaning). Influenced by Latin phrase 'ad ista'^[24] pronounced as /[ħtːta]/
18. hataca
19. hazaña
20. he: Adverb used in following manner: "he aquí/ahí/allí": Here it is/there it is. From Arabic haa.^[25]
21. hégira
22. hobacho/hobacha
23. holgazán: Lazy person. From Arabic Kaslan. Influenced by Holgarpronounced as /[kslaːn]/ .
24. holgar
25. hoque/oque
26. horro/horra
27. imam, imán
28. imela
29. islam

J, K

1. jabalí : Wild Boar. From Arabic jebeli: From the mountains. Perhaps originally from Khanzeer Jebelí: Mountain Pigpronounced as /[dʒblj]/ .
2. jabalón
3. jábega
4. jabeca
5. jabeque
6. jabí : A type of apple and type of grape. From Andalusi Arabic sha‘bí, a type of apple.
7. jácara
8. jácena
9. jacerino
10. jadraque
11. jaez
12. jaguarzo
13. jaharí
14. jaharral
15. jaharrar
16. jaima
17. jaique
18. jalear
19. jalma (or enjalma)
20. jaloque
21. jamacuco
22. jametería
23. jámila
24. japuta
25. jaque
26. jaqueca: Migraine. From Arabic Shaqiqa, with same meaningpronounced as /[ʃqjq]/ .
27. jáquima
28. jara
29. jarabe: Syrup. From Arabic Sharab. Usually in the context of cough syrup or linctus.
30. jaraíz
31. jarcha
32. jareta
33. jaricar
34. jarifo/jarifa
35. jarquía
36. jarra: Pitcher or other pot with handle(s). From ǧarrah, same as English jar.
37. jatib
38. jazarino/jazarina
39. jazmín: jasmine. From Arabic yasmin (يسمين) then from the Persian word (same word).
40. jebe
41. jeliz
42. jemesía
43. jeque: From Arabic shaikh or sheikh, older
44. jerife: From Arabic sharif, noble, respected.
45. jeta: Snout, face, cheek (in both literal and figurative sense). From Arabic khatm: "snout"pronounced as /[xatˤm]/ .
46. jifa
47. jinete
48. jirafa: giraffe. From ziraffa of the same meaning (زرافة) pronounced as /[zraːf]/ ..
49. jirel
50. jofaina: a wide and shallow basin for domestic use. From ǧufaynah.
51. jofor
52. jorfe
53. joroba
54. jorro
55. juba/aljuba/jubón
56. julepe
57. jurdía
58. jurel
59. kermes

L, M

1. laca: resinous substance tapped from the lacquer tree. From Arabic lak, taken from Persian lak, ultimately from Sanskrit laksha literally meaning "one hundred thousand" referring to the large number of insects that gather and sap out all the resin from the trees.
2. lacre
3. lapislázuli: lapis lazuli, a deep blue mineral. From Arabic lazaward (Arabic: لازورد) from Persian lagvard or lazward, ultimately from Sanskrit rajavarta literally meaning "ringlet of the king."
4. latón: brass. From Arabic latun from Turkish altın "gold."
5. laúd: lute. From Arabic al 'ud (Arabic: العود) "the lute."
6. lebeche: Southeasterly wind on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. From Andalusi Arabic Labash.
7. lebení: a Moorish beverage prepared from soured milk. From Arabic labani (Arabic: لباني) "dairy"pronounced as /[lbnjː]/ .
8. leila: from Arabic layla (Arabic: ليلة) "night"pronounced as /[ljl]/ .
9. lelilí: Shouts and noise made by moors when going into combat or when celebrating parties. From Arabic lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāh (Arabic: لا إله إلا الله): There is no god but Allah; Ya leilí (Arabic: ياليلي) : Night of mine; ya ʿayouni (Arabic: يا عيوني) : My eyes.
10. lima: lime. From Arabic limah of the same meaning pronounced as /[liːm]/ .
11. limón: lemon. From laymoon (Arabic: ليمون), derived from the Chinese word limung.
12. loco: crazy. From Arabic lawqa "fool."
13. macabro
14. macsura
15. madraza
16. magacén
17. magarza/magarzuela
18. maglaca
19. maharon/maharona
20. maharrana/marrana/marrano
21. mahozmedín
22. maimón
23. majareta
24. majzén
25. mamarracho
26. mameluco
27. mamola
28. mandeísmo
29. mandil
30. maquila
31. marabú
32. maravedí
33. marcasita
34. marchamo
35. márfega
36. marfil
37. marfuz/a
38. margomar
39. marjal
40. marlota
41. marojo
42. maroma
43. marrano pig; cf. Arabic muharram "forbidden"pronounced as /[muħrːrm]/ .
44. marras
45. márraga
46. masamuda: (adj) Individual from the Berber Masmuda tribe, from which originate the Almohades, a movement which ruled Spain and North Africa in the 12th century. From Arabic: Masamuda.
47. matafalúa
48. matalahúga/matalahúva: Aniseed, from Andalusi Arabic habbat halwa, "sweet seed"pronounced as /[ʔlħab ʔlħlw]/ .
49. mártaga
50. máscara
51. matarife
52. mate
53. matraca
54. matula
55. mauraca
56. mazamorra: Word to designate a number of bread or cereal based dishes typical of Southern Spain and parts of Hispanic America. From Andalusi Arabic Pishmatpronounced as /[mtˤmwr]/ .
57. mazapán
58. mazarí
59. mazarrón
60. mazmodina
61. mazmorra: Dungeon. From Arabic matmura "silo".
62. mazorca: corn cob; roll of wool or cotton. From Andalusi Arabic: Masurqa, derived from classical Arabic Masura (Arabic: ماسورة) : a tube used as a bobbin (sewing)pronounced as /[maːswr]/ .
63. meca: Place which is attractive because of a particular activity. From Arabic Makkah (Arabic: مكة).
64. mechinal
65. mejala
66. mejunje
67. mendrugo: Piece of dry or unwanted bread, often reserved to give to beggars. From Andalusi Arabic Matruq "Marked/Touched"pronounced as /[mtˤrwq]/ .
68. mengano/mengana: Expression of similar meaning as fulano or zutano, used always after the former but after the latter, meaning "whoever". From Arabic man kan meaning "whoever".
69. mequetrefe: Nosy or useless person. From Andalusi Arabi qatras meaning person of boastful demeanor.
70. mercal
71. metical
72. mezquino
73. mía: A military term, formerly designating a regular native unit composed of 100 men in the Spanish protectorate of northern Morocco; by analogy, any colonial army. From Arabic Miʿah: one hundred (Arabic: مئة)pronounced as /[mʔj]/ .
74. mihrabpronounced as /[miħraːb]/ :
75. miramamolín
76. moaxaja
77. mogataz
78. mogate
79. moharra: tip of the sword. From muharraf, meaning "beached"pronounced as /[muħrːrf]/ .
80. moharracho
81. mohatra
82. mohedal
83. mohino
84. mojarra: Refers to fish in the Gerreidae order. From Arabic muharraf.
85. mojama (originally almojama): Delicacy of phoenician origin from the region of Cadiz. It consists of filleted salt-cured tuna. From the Arabic al mushama: "momified or waxed"pronounced as /[ʔlmuʃmːmʕ]/ .
86. mojí
87. momia
88. mona
89. monfí
90. morabito
91. moraga
92. morapio
93. mozárabe
94. mudéjar
95. muftí
96. mujalata
97. mulato: Perhaps from Muwallad, as with the Muladi. Walad (Arabic: ولد) means, "descendant, offspring, scion; child; son; boy; young animal, young one". According to DRAE, from latin mulus mulo (mule), in the sense of hybrid.^[26] pronounced as /[walad]/
98. mulquía: Owned/Property. From "Mulkiyya" pronounced as /[mulkj]/
99. muslim / muslime: (Adjective) Muslim.^[27] A rare alternative to musulmán. From Arabic Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) pronounced as /[muslim]/ .

N, O, P, Q

1. nabí: Prophet among arabs. From Arabic nabiy pronounced as /[nabijː]/ .
2. nácar: Innermost of the three layers of a seashell. From Catalan nacre, derived from Arabic naqrapronounced as /[ʔlnːaqr]/, small drum.
3. nácara: Type of small metallic drum used historically by the Spanish cavalry. Same etymology as nacar.
4. nacarar: The process of browning rice in oil in a pan prior to boiling it. Same etymology as nacar.
5. nadir: Nadir, the point on the celestial sphere opposite the zenith directly below the observer. From nadheer.
6. nádir: In Morocco, administrator of a religious foundation.
7. nagüela: Small hut for human habitation. From Andalusi Arabic nawalla: hut.
8. naife: High quality diamond. From Andalusi Arabic nayif. Originally from classical Arabic na'if: excellent.
9. naipe: Playing card. From Catalan naíp. Originally from Arabic ma'ib.
10. naranja: Orange. from Arabic nāranjapronounced as /[naːrindʒ]/, fr Persian nārang, fr Sanskrit nāranga, fr a Dravidian language akin to Tamil naŗu "fragrant".
11. narguile
12. natrón
13. nazarí: Related to the Nasrid kingdom or dynasty of Granada.
14. neblí: Subspecies of the peregrine falcon, valued in the art of falconry. Possibly from Andalusi Arabic burni.
15. nenúfar: Water-lily. From Arabic naylufar from Persian nilofer, niloofar, niloufar.
16. nesga:
17. noria: Watermill, Ferris wheel. From Arabic na'urahpronounced as /[naːʕuːra]/ .
18. nuca: Nape of the neck. From Arabic nuḵāʿ Arabic: منخع, Arabic: نخاعpronounced as /[nxaːʕ]/ .
19. ojalá: "I hope"; "I wish that...". From law šhaʾ allāh "If God wills."^[28]
20. ¡ole! (or olé): The most famous expression of approval, support or encouragement, said to have come from wa-llah Arabic: و الله, "by Allah!". However, its proposed Arabic origin is disputed and it is described as "falsos arabismos" (false Arabisms) by the Spanish Arabist Federico Corriente in his Diccionario de Arabismos y Voces Afines en Iberorromance.^{[29] [30]}
21. omeya: adj. Related to the Umayyad.
22. orozuz
23. ox: Expression to scare away wild and domesticated birds. From Andalusi Arabic Oosh.
24. papagayo
25. quermes
26. quilate/quirate: Carat or Karat. From Andalusi Arabic Qiratpronounced as /[qjraːtˤ]/ .
27. quilma
28. quintal: weight unit of about 46 kg. In its current use under the metric system, it represents 100 kg. From Arabic Qintar Arabic: قنطار pronounced as /[qintˤaːr]/ "referring to a large number similar objects or an object which is large in its sizepronounced as /[qintˤaːr]/ .

R, S, T

1. rabadán: A rural position. One who oversees the training of shepherds on a farm. From Andalusian Arabic rab aḍ-ḍān (رب الضأن) "lord/master of the lambs."
2. rabal
3. rabazuz
4. rabel
5. rábida
6. rafal
7. rafe
8. ragua
9. rahez
10. ramadán
11. rambla: A ravine; a tree-lined avenue. From Arabic ramlah (رملة) "sand." pronounced as /[rml]/
12. rauda
13. rauta
14. real: Military encampment; plot where a fair is organized; (in Murcia region) small plot or garden. From Arabic rahl: campingpronounced as /[raħl]/ .
15. rebato
16. rebite
17. recamar
18. recua
19. redoma
20. rehala
21. rehalí
22. rehén: Hostage or captive. From Arabic Arabic: رَهِين, captive, ransom. pronounced as /[rhjn]/
23. rejalgar: realgar. From Andalusi Arabic reheg al-gharpronounced as /[rahdʒ ʔlɣaːr]/ : "powder of the cave"
24. requive
25. resma
26. retama
27. rincón: Corner. From Andalusi Arabic rukan, derived from classical Arabic Rukn, or perhaps related to French recoinpronounced as /[rukn]/ .
28. robda
29. robo (or arroba)
30. roda
31. romí/rumí
32. ronzal
33. roque: rook (chess piece), from Arabic روخ rukhpronounced as /[ruxː]/, from Persian رخ rukh.
34. sajelar
35. salema
36. sandía: Watermelon. From Arabic Sindiya "from Sindh (province of Pakistan)".
37. sarasa: Homosexual or effeminate man. From "Zaraza".
38. sarraceno
39. sebestén
40. secácul
41. serafín
42. siroco
43. sofí
44. sófora
45. soldán
46. soltaní
47. sufí
48. sura
49. tabal (or atabal)
50. tabaque
51. tabefe
52. tabica
53. tabique
54. taca
55. tafurea
56. tagarino/tagarina
57. tagarnina
58. taha
59. tahalí
60. tahona
61. tahúr
62. taifa

Refers to an independent Muslim-ruled principality, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in the Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia) after the final collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. Used in numerous expressions. Can also mean 1) a faction 2) a group of people of ill judgement. 3) un reino de Taifas (a kingdom of Taifas) can also refer to a chaotic or disorderly state of affairs. From classical Arabic Ta'ifah: faction pronounced as /[tˤaːʔjf]/ .

1. tajea
2. talco
3. talega
4. talvina
5. támara
6. tamarindo
7. tambor
8. tara
9. taracea
10. taraje: Salt Cedar. From Arabic Tarfah.
11. tarasí
12. tarbea
13. tarea: Task. From Arabic ṭaríḥaand root Arabic: طرح pronounced as /[tˤarħ]/, "to throw".
14. tareco
15. tarida
16. tarifa
17. tarima
18. tarquín
19. tarraya
20. taza: cup. From Tasa. pronounced as /[tˤaːs]/ .
21. tértil
22. tíbar
23. tochibí
24. tomín
25. toronja
26. toronjil
27. trafalmejas
28. truchimán/na
29. trujamán/na
30. tuera
31. tumbaga
32. Tunecí
33. turbit
34. turquí (in Azul Turquí)
35. tutía (or atutía)

V, X, Y, Z

1. vacarí: from Arabic baqari (Arabic: بقري) "bovine" pronounced as /[bqrj]/ .
2. valencí: Uva Valencia. A type of grape from Murcia region in South East Spain.
3. velmez: from Arabic malbaspronounced as /[malbas]/ .
4. verdín: Spontaneous growth of grass or sprouting. From Arabic bardi (Same etymology as albardín). Influenced by Spanish word "Verde"pronounced as /[brdj]/ .
5. visir: vizier. From Arabic wazir (Arabic: وزير) "minister," recent loanword. Same etymology with alguacilpronounced as /[wzjr]/ .
6. yébel: from Arabic jabal (جبل) "mountain"; same etymology as jabalípronounced as /[dʒbl]/ .
7. zabalmedina: in the Middle Ages, judge with civil and criminal jurisdiction in a city. From Arabic ṣāḥib al-madīna (صاحب المدينه) "Chief of the City"pronounced as /[sˤaːħb ʔlmdjn]/ .
8. zabarcera: women who sells fruits and other food. Same origin as abacero
9. zabazala: imam who leads Islamic prayer. From Arabic ṣāḥib aṣ-ṣalāh (صاحب الصلاه) "leader of prayer"pronounced as /[sˤaːħb ʔlsˤlaː]/ .
10. zabazoque: same meaning as almotacén. From Arabic ṣāḥib as-sūq (صاحب السوق) "leader of the market"pronounced as /[sˤaːħb ʔlswq]/ .
11. zábila: aloe vera (used mainly in Hispanic America) From Andalusi Arabic sabíra, originally from classical Arabic Sibar,pronounced as /ʔlsˤːabr/ same etymology with acíbar.
12. zabra

type of vessel used in the Bay of Biscay in the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Age. From Arabic zauraqpronounced as /[zawraq]/ .

1. zacatín: in some villages, a square where clothes are sold. From saqqatin, plural of saqqat: seller of clothes.
2. zafar: a number of meanings in Spain and Hispanic American countries: To free, to untie, to ignore, to unknit among others. From Arabic azaHa: to take away.
3. zafarí: Granada zafarí: a type of pomegranate. Higo zafarí: a type of fig. From Arabic Safr.
4. zafariche: Structure used for placing clay urns. Same etymology as jaraíz (see above).
5. zafio: Uncouth. From Andalusi Arabic Fellah safi: "Mere peasant".
6. zafrán: See Azafran.
7. zaga: Backside of something. Cargo on the back of a truck. From Arabic Saqah: Rear, rearguardpronounced as /[sqːaː]/ .
8. zagal: A boy. From Andalusian Arabic zaḡāl (زغال), traditional Arabic zuḡlūl (زغلول) pronounced as /[zaɣluːl]/ with the same meaning.
9. zagaya (or azagaya)
10. zagua
11. zaguán: Vestibule, foyer, entry-way. From Andalusian Arabic ʾisṭiwān (إِسْطِوَان), traditional Arabic ʾusṭuwāna (أسطوانة) pronounced as /[ʔustˤuːaːn]/ "pillar."
12. zagüía: A zawiya. From Arabic zāwiyah (زاوية) pronounced as /[zaːwiː]/ "corner."
13. zaharrón
14. zahén
15. zahón
16. zahora: (Mainly used in Spanish region of La Mancha): Large meal accompanied by dancing or partying. From Arabic Islamic term suhoor pronounced as /[suħwr]/ .
17. zahorí
18. zaida
19. zaino
20. zala
21. zalamelé
22. zalea/zalear
23. zalema/zalama
24. zalmedina: Same meaning and origin as zabalmedina.
25. zalona
26. zamacuco
27. zambra: Traditional festivity of the Moriscos in Spain which is maintained by the Gypsy community of Sacromonte, Granada. From Andalusi Arabic Zamra, originally from classical Arabic Zamr زَمْر pronounced as /[zamr]/ .
28. zanahoria: carrot, presumably from Andalusi Arabic safunariyya (سَفُنَّارْيَة) pronounced as /[safunːnaːrja]/, via Classical Arabic: isfanariyya (إِسْفَنَارِيَّة), ultimately from Ancient Greek σταφυλίνη.
29. zaque: Leather recipient for wine or extracting water from a well. Drunken person. From Andalusi Arabic zaqq. Originally from classical Arabic ziqqpronounced as /[ziqː]/ .
30. zaquizamí
31. zaragüelles
32. zaranda/zarandillo/zarandaja
33. zarandear: To shake vigorously / push around / toss about. From Zaranda.
34. zaratán: Breast cancer. From the Arabic saratanpronounced as /[saratˤaːn]/ : crab.
35. zarazán:
36. zarco
37. zarracatín
38. zarzahán: Astrakhan, a type of fleece used in making outerwear. From Arabic zardakhān (زردخان).
39. zatara
40. zéjel: a form of Arabic poetry. From arabic zajal (زجل)pronounced as /[zadʒal]/

.

1. zoco: market in an Arab country. From Arabic sūq (سوق) pronounced as /[suːq]/ "market." Not to be confused with other meanings of zoco.
2. zofra
3. zorzal: An intelligent person. From Andalusi Arabic zurzāl (زورزال), originally from classical Arabic zurzūr (زرزور) pronounced as /[zarzuːr]/ "thrush".
4. zubia: Place where a large amount of water flows. From Arabic Zubyapronounced as /[suːbjaː]/ .
5. zulaque
6. zulla
7. zumaque: sumac. From Arabic summāq (سماق) pronounced as /[sumːmaːq]/ of the same meaning.
8. zumo: fruit juice. From Arabic zum.
9. zuna: Sunnah, from Arabic Sunnah pronounced as /[sunːa]/
10. zurriaga or zurriago: Refers to a type of whip and to a lark. From Andalusi Arabic surriyaqa

Words with a coincidental similarity to Arabic and false arabisms

• el: The Spanish definite articles el / la / lo / los / las, like most definite articles in the Romance languages, derive from the Latin demonstratives ille / illa / illud. The similarity to the Arabic article al is a mere coincidence. The exact Spanish article al is a contraction of a el, translated as "to the."
• usted: The formal second-person pronoun usted is derived from a shortening of the old form of address Vuestra merced, as seen in dialectal Spanish vosted, Catalan vostè, etc. Usted is the remaining form from a number of variants used in Renaissance Spanish, such as Usté, Uced, Vuesa Merced, Vuesarced, Vusted, Su Merced, Vuesasted or Voaced.^[31] The possibility of a link with the Arabic word ustādh ('mister'/'professor'/'doctor') seems very remote.
• paella: It is commonly believed in certain Arabic countries that the rice dish paella comes from the Arabic baqiya (meaning leftovers). The Spanish pronunciation of paella is similar to the Arabic "baqiya", particularly where the latter is pronounced with a silent qaaf as in a number of eastern Arabic dialects. Nevertheless, the word paella is a Catalan word of Latin origin and refers to the pan in which it is cooked, with Spanish, Italian, French and Portuguese cognates Padilla, Padella, Poêle and Panela.

Other influences

Hypothesis of the Verb–subject–object (VSO) sentence structure

As in most Romance languages, word order in Spanish is primarily governed by topicalization and focalization. This means that in practice the main syntactic constituents of a Spanish sentence can be in any order. In addition, certain types of sentence tend to favour specific orders.^[32] However, as with all Romance languages, modern Spanish is classified in linguistic typology as an SVO language, because this order of constituents is considered the most unmarked one.

In 1981, Spanish philologist Rafael Lapesa hypothesized that VSO sentence orders being more frequent in Spanish and Portuguese than other Romance languages was likely due to a Semitic (presumably Arabic) input in the language. Lapesa at the time considered that the topic had not been sufficiently investigated and required a more rigorous comparative study of Spanish with other Romance and Semitic languages.^[33]

A 2008 study concludes that, although the earliest documentation written in Spanish (13th century) can be analysed as having a VSO order, this does not affect documents written after that time.^[34] It has also been hypothesized that VSO was still the unmarked order for literary works as late as the 17th century.

A 2012 comparative study of Spanish, Italian and French showed French to be the most strictly Subject–verb–object (SVO) language of the three followed by Italian. In terms of constituent order, Spanish is the least restricted among the three languages, French is the most restricted, and Italian is intermediate. In the case of French, this is the result of a historical process, as old French was less restricted in word order. As for the VSO order, it is absent from both French and Italian, but not from Spanish.^[35]

The suffix í

Arabic has a very common type of adjective, known as the nisba or relationship adjective, which is formed by adding the suffix -ī (masc.) or ية -iyya (fem.) to a noun. This has given Spanish the suffix -í (both masc. and fem.), creating adjectives from nouns which indicate relationship or belonging, mostly for items related to medieval history, or demonyms in Arab.^[36] Examples are marbellí, ceutí, maghrebí, zaragocí, andalusí or alfonsí.

!Suffix!Examples!Examples in Arabic

-i

pakistaní iraní (Iranian) marroquí (Moroccan)

باكستاني إيراني مغربي

Expressions

A number of expressions such as "¡Ole!" (sometimes spelled "olé"), possibly from wa'llah, or ojalá, from law sha'a Allah, have been borrowed directly from Arabic. Furthermore, many expressions in Spanish might have been calqued from their Arabic equivalent. Examples would be si Dios quiere, que Dios guarde or bendito sea Dios.

Idafa

The Idafa was a feature of the Mozarabic dialects which had a major formative influence on modern Spanish. Although this morphological structure is no longer in use, it is still widely present in toponyms throughout Spain including names of recent origin such as the suburban colonies of Ciudalcampo and Guadalmar in Madrid and Malaga respectively.

Toponyms (place names) in Spain of Arabic origin

There are thousands of place names derived from Arabic in the Iberian peninsula including provinces and regions, cities, towns, villages and even neighborhoods and streets. They also include geographical features such as mountains, mountain ranges, valleys and rivers. Toponyms derived from Arabic are common in Spain except for those regions which never came under Muslim rule or where it was particularly short-lived. These regions include Galicia and the Northern coast (Asturias, Cantabria and the Basque country) as well as much of Catalonia, Navarre and northern Aragon. Regions where place names of Arabic origin are particularly common are Balearics, Eastern Coast (Valencia and Murcia) and Andalusia. Those toponyms which maintained their pre-Islamic name during the Muslim period were generally Arabized, and the mark of either the old Arabic pronunciation or the popular pronunciation from which it derived is sometimes noticeable in their modern names: e.g. Latin Hispalis = Arabic Ishbiliya = modern Sevilla.

Major towns, cities and regions

• Albarracín City of Aragón. Derived from Al Banū Razin, name of the Berber family of the town.
• Alcalá de Henares City in the Community of Madrid. Derived from al-qal'a (Arabic: القلعة), meaning citadel or fortress. Henares may also come from the Arabic name for river: nahar.^[37]
• Alcántara (several places) from Arabic al qantara (القنطرة), meaning "the bridge".
• Alcarria Large plateau region east of Madrid covering much of Guadalajara as well as part of eastern Madrid and northern Cuenca. From Arabic al-qaryat.
• Axarquía Eastern region of Málaga province, From Arabic Ash-sharquía(Arabic: الشرقية): The eastern/oriental (region).
• Andalucía Most populated and 2nd largest autonomous community in Spain. Derived from Arabic: الأندلس, Al Andalus, the Arabic name for Muslim Iberia, traditionally thought to come in turn from the name of the Vandals.
• Albacete city and province of Castilla-La Mancha. Derived from Arabic Al-Basit (Arabic: البسيط) (the plain).
• Algarve Region of southern Portugal. From Arabic Al-Gharb (Arabic: الغرب), the west.
• Algeciras City and port in Cadiz province. Derived from Al Jazeera Al Khadra (Arabic: الجزيرة الخضراء) meaning the green island.
• Almería City and province of Andalucía. From Al-Meraya, the watchtower.
• Alpujarras (originally Alpuxarras) Region extending South of Granada into Almería. From Arabic al-basharāt: The grasslands.^[38]
• Calatayud City of Aragón. Derived from Qal'at Ayyūb (Arabic Arabic: قلعة أيوب) meaning "(Ayyūb's) Job's Fortress".
• Gibraltar British overseas territory and name given to surrounding area in Southern Spain (Campo de Gibraltar). From Arabic (Arabic: جبل طارق pronounced Jebel Tariq), "Mountain of Tariq", or Gibr al-Tariq meaning "Rock of Tariq".
• Granada City in Andalusia. Originally Garnata in Andalusi Arabic. From Gar-a-nat, Hill of pilgrims.
• Guadalajara City and province of Castilla la Mancha. From Wādī al-Ḥijārah (Arabic Arabic: وادي الحجارة), River or canyon of Stones.
• Jaén City and province of Andalusia From Arabic Jayyan, crossroads of caravans.
• Medina-Sidonia

Town and municipality in Cadiz province, from Madina, city.

• Tarifa town in Cadiz province, Andalusia. Originally Jazeera Tarif (Arabic: جزيرة طريف): the island of Tarif. Derived from the first name of the Berber conqueror Tarif ibn Malik.
• La Sagra, an arid region between Toledo and Madrid. Name derived from Arabic ṣaḥrāʾ (Arabic: صحراء) "desert".
• Úbeda, a town in Jaén province, Andalusia. From the Arabic Ubadat el Arab.
• Sanlúcar de Barrameda, a city in the northwest of Cádiz province, Andalusia. "Sanlúcar" may have derived from the Arabic shaluqa (Arabic: شلوقة), the Arabic name for the Levant wind called sirocco or jaloque; "Barrameda" was derived from bar-am-ma'ida, an Arabic phrase for "water well of the plateau".

Geographical features

• River Almanzora. Derived from Arabic: Al-Mansura.
• River Guadiana. Meaning "River Anae" (from the original Latin name Fluminus Anae, "River of Ducks").
• River Guadalquivir. Derived from Arabic: Al-Wādĩ Al-Kabir Arabic: الوادي الكبير, "the big river".^[39]
• Javalambre. Mountain in southern Aragon, Jabal 'Amr, meaning "Mountain of 'Amr".
• Mulhacén. Highest mountain in peninsular Spain. Named after 15th century Sultan of Granada Ali Muley Hacén Abu al-Hasan.
• Pico Almanzor. Mountain in the Gredos Mountains of Central Spain. Named after "Almanzor" Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, de facto ruler of Al Andalus in late 10th - early 11th centuries.
• Cape Trafalgar. From Andalusi Arabic Taraf-al-gharb ('Western Cape' or 'Cape of the West').

Given names and surnames

Given names

Almudena (from the Virgin of Almudena, patroness of Madrid, Spain) and Fátima (derived from Our Lady of Fátima) are common Spanish names rooted in the country's Roman Catholic tradition, but share Arabic etymologies originating in place names of religious significance. Guadalupe, a name present throughout the Spanish-speaking world, particularly in Mexico, also shares this feature.

A few given names of Arab origin have become present in the Spanish-speaking world. In Spain, this coincided with a more flexible attitude to non-Catholic names, which were highly discouraged during the first decades of the Francoist dictatorship.^[40] Arabic names that have been present in Spain for many decades include Omar and Soraya. Zaida is also present in Spain, perhaps after Zaida of Seville, the mistress or wife of King Alfonso VI of Castile in the 11th century. A number of streets throughout Spain bear the name of this Muslim princess. Zahira and Zaira are also popular girls' names of Muslim origin. It is in the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla in the African continent where Arabic given names are common.

Surnames

Surnames of indirect Arabic origin, such as Medina, Almunia, Guadarrama or Alcaide, are common and often refer to toponyms or professions, but they are not of Arabic origin, properly speaking. Few Arabic surnames explicitly denote Arabic origin since in the 15th and the 16th centuries, religious minorities were required to change their surnames upon baptism to escape persecution. The Muslim minority was specifically compelled to convert and adopt Christian surnames by a series of royal decrees in the 16th century, when Morisco leader Muhammad Ibn Ummaya, for example, was born to the Christian name Fernando de Córdoba y Valor.

Exceptions to the general rule are rare, but one is the surname "Benjumea" or "Benjumeda", which denotes ancestry from the Ummayad nobility. Currently, fewer than 6,000 Spaniards have this surname. Another, even less common, surname denoting Muslim lineage is "Muley", which is still present in the Spanish South East, and was maintained for its noble lineage.^[41]

See also

• Influences on the Spanish language
• Influence of Arabic on other languages
• List of Arabic loanwords in English
• List of French words of Arabic origin
• Spanish terms derived from Arabic (wiktionary)

Selected reference works and other academic literature

These works have not necessarily been consulted in the preparation of this article.

• Abu-Haidar, J. A. 1985. Review of Felipe Maíllo Salgado, Los arabismos del castellano en la baja edad media (consideraciones históricas y filológicas). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 48(2): 353-354. University of London.
• Cabo Pan, José Luis. El legado del arabe. Mosaico 8:7-10. Revista para la Promoción y Apoyo a la Enseñanza del Español. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia del Reino de España, Consejería de Educación y Ciencia en Bélgica, Países Bajos y Luxemburgo. [Article with convenient, short word lists, grouped by theme. In PDF. Refer to [https://web.archive.org/web/20061230132126/http://www.sgci.mec.es/be/publicaciones/mosaico/articulos.htm ''Mosaico'''s portal page.] ]
• Corominas, Joan. 1980-1991. Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico. Madrid: Gredos. The first edition, with the title Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana (1954–1957) includes an appendix that groups words according to language of origin.
• Corriente, Federico. 2003. Diccionario de arabismos y voces afines en iberorromance. (2nd expanded ed.; 1st ed. 1999) Madrid: Gredos. 607 p.
• Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy). Diccionario de la lengua española (DRAE), online.
• Maíllo Salgado, Felipe. 1991/1998. Los arabismos del castellano en la Baja Edad Media : consideraciones históricas y filológicas. Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca. 554 p. [2nd ed., corrected and enlarged; 1st ed. 1983]
• Ibid. 1996. Vocabulario de historia árabe e islámica. Madrid: Akal. 330 p.
• Marcos Marín, Francisco 1998 Romance andalusí y mozárabe: dos términos no sinónimos. Estudios de Lingüística y Filología Españolas. Homenaje a Germán Colón. Madrid: Gredos, 335-341.
• Ibid. 1998 Toledo: su nombre árabe y sus consecuencias lingüísticas hispánicas. Revista del Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos en Madrid, XXX, 1998, 93-108.
• Sola-Solé, Josep María. 1983. Sobre árabes, judíos y marranos y su impacto en la lengua y literatura españolas. Barcelona: Puvill. 279 p.
• Spaulding, Robert K. 1942/1971. How Spanish Grew. Berkeley: University of California Press. Chapter 5: "Arabic Spain", pp. 53–62.
• Toro Lillo, Elena. La invasión árabe. Los árabes y el elemento árabe en español. In the Cervantes Virtual Library. Includes a brief list of historical sound changes. Useful bibliography.

Selected resource pages of universities and research institutes

• Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo. Search results consisting of Institute publications whose entries contain the word "arabismos"
• Universidad de Granada. Holdings under the subject "arabismos"

External links

• La invasión árabe. Los árabes y el elemento árabe en español, by Elena Toro Lillo; Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes
• Arabic Influences in Various Languages
• Size and nature of the Spanish vocabulary

Notes and References

1. http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/11/07/castillayleon/1289123856.html newspaper El Mundo, 7-nov-2010: La RAE avala que Burgos acoge las primeras palabras escritas en castellano
2. Web site: Mozarabs: Resistance and Accommodation.. 2021-03-07. en-US.
3. Book: Dworkin, Steven N.. A History of the Spanish Lexicon: A Linguistic Perspective. 2012. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 978-0199541140. 83.
4. Book: Martínez Egido, José Joaquín. Constitución del léxico español. 2007. 15. Liceus, Servicios de Gestió . 9788498226539.
5. Book: Versteegh, Kees. The Arabic language. 2003. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh. 0748614362. 228. Repr..
6. Book: Lapesa, Raphael. Historia de la lengua española. 1960. Madrid. 97. 9780520054691.
7. Quintana. Lucía. Mora, Juan Pablo. Enseñanza del acervo léxico árabe de la lengua española. ASELE. Actas XIII. 2002. 705.

   "El léxico español de procedencia árabe es muy abundante: se ha señalado que constituye, aproximadamente, un 8% del vocabulario total"

8. Book: Macpherson, I. R.. Spanish phonology.. 1980. Manchester University Press. Manchester. 0719007887. 93.
9. http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/biblioteca_fraseologica/n1_cantera/lexico_02.htm La extraordinaria riqueza de nuestros arabismos
10. Corominas, Joan (1973). Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana (Madrid: Gredos)
11. Web site: Abenuz | Tesoro de los diccionarios históricos de la lengua española .
12. Web site: abismal. Los diccionarios y las enciclopedias sobre el Académico. es. 4 September 2019.
13. Web site: Abitaque | Tesoro de los diccionarios históricos de la lengua española .
14. Web site: Acebibe | Tesoro de los diccionarios históricos de la lengua española .
15. Web site: Acidaque | Tesoro de los diccionarios históricos de la lengua española .
16. Web site: Adehala | Tesoro de los diccionarios históricos de la lengua española .
17. Web site: ASALE . RAE- . RAE . orozuz Diccionario de la lengua española . 2022-06-23 . «Diccionario de la lengua española» - Edición del Tricentenario . es.
18. Web site: ASALE . RAE- . RAE . alcohela Diccionario de la lengua española . 2022-06-27 . «Diccionario de la lengua española» - Edición del Tricentenario . es.
19. Web site: ASALE . RAE- . RAE . alcolla Diccionario de la lengua española . 2022-06-27 . «Diccionario de la lengua española» - Edición del Tricentenario . es.
20. Web site: ASALE . RAE- . RAE . alcor Diccionario de la lengua española . 2022-06-27 . «Diccionario de la lengua española» - Edición del Tricentenario . es.
21. http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=alfalfa DRAE: 'alfalfa'
22. Web site: RAE . RAE . alhadida Tesoro de los diccionarios históricos de la lengua española . 2022-06-23 . «Tesoro de los diccionarios históricos de la lengua española» . es.
23. Web site: El español hablado en Andalucía. grupo.us.es. 4 September 2019.
24. http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=hasta DRAE: 'hasta'
25. http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=he DRAE: 'he'
26. http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=mulo DRAE: 'mulo'
27. http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=muslime DRAE: 'muslime'
28. http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=ojalá DRAE entry
29. Two Alleged Arabic Etymologies. Alan S. . Kaye . Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 2005. 64. 2 . 109–111 . 10.1086/431686. 161666814.
30. Book: Corriente, Federico. Diccionario de Arabismos y Voces Afines en Iberorromance (Dictionary of Arabisms and Related Words in Ibero-Romance) . 485–596 . Gredo. 1999.
31. http://dadun.unav.edu/bitstream/10171/4188/1/ART%C3%8DCULO%207_VUESTRA%20MERCED%20Y%20SUS%20ALOMORFOS%20EN%20EL%20TEATRO%20DE%20CALDER%C3%93N,%20VICTORIA%20B.%20TORRES.pdf Victoria B. TORRES: 'VUESTRA MERCED Y SUS ALOMORFOS EN EL TEATRO DE CALDERÓN'
32. https://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/i.e.mackenzie/wordord.htm#:~:text=SVO%20and%20VSO%20orders,-In%20non%2Dtechnical&text=In%20modern%20Spanish%2C%20the%20unmarked,possible%20even%20in%20modern%20Spanish. The Linguistics of Spanish: Basic word order in Spanish
33. Historia de la lengua española, Madrid, Gredos (8.ª reimp. de la 9.ª de corr. y aum. 1981; 1.ª ed. 1942), Lapesa, R. (1995), § 36.6. El orden de palabras normal en la frase árabe y hebrea situa en primer lugar el verbo, en segundo el sujeto y a continuación los complementos. Como en español y portugués el verbo precede al sujeto con mas frecuencia que en otras lenguas romances, se ha apuntado la probabilidad de influjo semítico. La hipótesis necesitaría comprobarse con un estudio riguroso del orden de palabras español en sus distintas épocas y niveles, parangonado con el de las demás lenguas románicas, el árabe y el hebreo. Tal estudio no existe aún; las comparaciones parciales que hasta ahora se han hecho no son suficientes
34. Sobre el orden de constituyentes en la lengua medieval: la posición del sujeto y el orden básico en el castellano alfonsí, Cahiers d'Études Hispaniques Médiévales , p 208, (2008).
35. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303989485_Word_order_in_French_Spanish_and_Italian_A_grammaticalization_account Karen Lahousse & Béatrice Lamiroy: Word order in French, Spanish and Italian: A grammaticalization account
36. Web site: Rejdugova . Maria . La influencia de la lengua árabe en la lengua española . https://web.archive.org/web/20180319003916/https://www.mecd.gob.es/eslovaquia/dms/consejerias-exteriores/eslovaquia/programas-convocatorias-eslovaquia/garcilaso/Garcilaso-2015-2016/Finalistas/M-ria-Rejdugov-_Influenciadelalengua-rabeenlalenguaespa-ola/M%C3%A1ria%20Rejdugov%C3%A1_Influenciadelalengua%C3%A1rabeenlalenguaespa%C3%B1ola.pdf . 2018-03-19 . 2022-06-27 .
37. http://www.linred.es/monograficos_pdf/LR_monografico13-articulo1.pdf Jairo Javier García Sánchez: La etimología y la motivación de las palabras, y su proyección cultural
38. entry for Arabic: بشرات in almaany.com
39. Web site: 2015-09-25 . De dónde vienen los nombres de los ríos de España . 2022-05-22 . Verne . es.
40. Web site: España: "Cómo Franco influyó, entre otras cosas, en el nombre de mi madre". Mundo. Beatriz Díez BBC. BBC News Mundo. 20 November 2015. es. 4 September 2019.
41. https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/17610/1/Sharq%20Al-Andalus_13_09.pdf M.ª Jesús Rubiera Mata: "La familia morisca de los Muley-Fez, príncipes meriníes"