The Arabic chat alphabet, Arabizi, Arabeezi, Arabish, Franco-Arabic or simply Franco (from) refer to the romanized alphabets for informal Arabic dialects in which Arabic script is transcribed or encoded into a combination of Latin script and Arabic numerals.[1] [2] These informal chat alphabets were originally used primarily by youth in the Arab world in very informal settings—especially for communicating over the Internet or for sending messages via cellular phones—though use is not necessarily restricted by age anymore and these chat alphabets have been used in other media such as advertising.
These chat alphabets differ from more formal and academic Arabic transliteration systems, in that they use numerals and multigraphs instead of diacritics for letters such as ṭāʾ (Arabic: ط) or ḍād (Arabic: ض) that do not exist in the basic Latin script (ASCII), and in that what is being transcribed is an informal dialect and not Standard Arabic. These Arabic chat alphabets also differ from each other, as each is influenced by the particular phonology of the Arabic dialect being transcribed and the orthography of the dominant European language in the area—typically the language of the former colonists, and typically either French or English.
Because of their widespread use, including in public advertisements by large multinational companies, large players in the online industry like Google and Microsoft have introduced tools that convert text written in Arabish to Arabic (Google Translate and Microsoft Translator). Add-ons for Mozilla Firefox and Chrome also exist (Panlatin[3] and ARABEASY Keyboard [4]). The Arabic chat alphabet is never used in formal settings and is rarely, if ever, used for long communications.
During the last decades of the 20th century, Western text-based communication technologies, such as mobile phone text messaging, the World Wide Web, email, bulletin board systems, IRC, and instant messaging became increasingly prevalent in the Arab world. Most of these technologies originally permitted the use of the Latin script only, and some still lack support for displaying Arabic script. As a result, Arabic-speaking users frequently transliterate Arabic text into Latin script when using these technologies to communicate.To handle those Arabic letters that do not have an approximate phonetic equivalent in the Latin script, numerals and other characters were appropriated known as "code switching".[5] [6] For example, the numeral "3" is used to represent the Arabic letter (Arabic: [[ع]]) ()—note the choice of a visually similar character, with the numeral resembling a mirrored version of the Arabic letter. Many users of mobile phones and computers use Arabish even though their system is capable of displaying Arabic script. This may be due to a lack of an appropriate keyboard layout for Arabic, or because users are already more familiar with the QWERTY or AZERTY keyboard layout.
Online communication systems, such as IRC, bulletin board systems, and blogs, are often run on systems or over protocols that do not support code pages or alternate character sets. Thus, the Arabic chat alphabet has become commonplace. It can be seen even in domain names, like Qal3ah.
According to one 2020 paper based on a survey done in and around Nazareth, there is now "a high degree of normativization or standardisation in Arabizi orthography."[7]
Because of the informal nature of this system, there is no single "correct" or "official" usage. There may be some overlap in the way various letters are transliterated.
Most of the characters in the system make use of the Latin character (as used in English and French) that best approximates phonetically the Arabic letter that one would otherwise use (for example, Arabic: [[ب]] corresponds to b). Regional variations in the pronunciation of an Arabic letter can also produce some variation in its transliteration (e.g. Arabic: [[ﺝ]] might be transliterated as j by a speaker of the Levantine dialect, or as g by a speaker of the Egyptian dialect).
Those letters that do not have a close phonetic approximation in the Latin script are often expressed using numerals or other characters, so that the numeral graphically approximates the Arabic letter that one would otherwise use (e.g. Arabic: [[ع]] is represented using the numeral 3 because the latter looks like a vertical reflection of the former).
Since many letters are distinguished from others solely by a dot above or below the main portion of the character, the transliterations of these letters frequently use the same letter or number with an apostrophe added before or after (e.g. 3 is used to represent Arabic: [[غ]]).
| Letters | Arabic chat alphabet[8] [9] [10] [11] | IPA | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| a e è | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| b p | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| t | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| s th t | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| j g dj | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| 7 h | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| kh 7' 5 | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| d | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| z th dh d | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| r | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| z | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| s | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| sh ch $ x | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| s 9 | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| d dh 9' D | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| t 6 T | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| z th dh 6' | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| 3 | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| gh 3' 8 | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| f v | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| q 8 9 2 g | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| k g ch | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| l | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| m | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| n | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| h a e ah eh é | pronounced as /link/, pronounced as //a e// | ||
| a e eh at et é | pronounced as //a e at et// | ||
| w o ou oo u | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| y i ee ei ai a é | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/, pronounced as //a// |
| Additional letters | Arabic chat alphabet | IPA | |
|---|---|---|---|
| p | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| j ch tch g | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| ch tch | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| v | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| g | pronounced as /link/ |
é, è, ch, and dj are most likely to be used in regions where French is the primary non-Arabic language. dj is especially used in Algerian Arabic.
Mainly in the Nile Valley, the final form is always Arabic: [[ى]] (without dots), representing both final pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as //a//. It is the more traditional way of spelling the letter for both cases.
In Iraq, and sometimes in the Persian Gulf, this may be used to transcribe pronounced as /link/. However, it is most often transcribed as if it were Arabic: تش. In Egypt, it is instead used for transcribing pronounced as /link/ (which can be a reduction of pronounced as /link/). In Israel, it is used to transcribe pronounced as /link/, as in "ﺭﻣﺎت ﭼﺎﻥ" (Ramat Gan) or "چيميل يافيت" (Gimel Yafit).
Only used in Morocco to transliterate Spanish pronounced as /link/.[12]
Depending on the region, different letters may be used for the same phoneme.
The dollar sign is only used in Jordan.
This use for h is also found in Morocco.
Capitalized D and T may be used in Lebanon.
The number 8 is used for pronounced as /link/ only in Lebanon.
Less common forms for pronounced as /link/.
The letters t and d are used for the pronunciations pronounced as //t, d//, respectively.
Used in a Palestinian dialect where the letter is sometimes pronounced pronounced as /link/.
pronounced as /link/ rarely spelled ⟨a⟩ as names are commonly transcribed in official documents.
Used in the Maghreb.
Used where pronounced as pronounced as /link/.
Used where pronounced as pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/.
Each of the different varieties of Arabic chat alphabets is influenced by the particular phonology of the Arabic dialect being transcribed and the orthography of the dominant European language in the area—typically the language of the former colonists. Below are some examples of Arabic chat alphabet varieties.
The frequent use of y and w to represent ى and و demonstrates the influence of English orthography on the romanization of Egyptian Arabic.
Additionally, the letter qāf (ق) is usually pronounced as a glottal stop, like a hamza (ء) in Metropolitan (Cairene) Egyptian Arabic—unlike Standard Arabic in which it represents a voiceless uvular stop. Therefore, in Egyptian Arabizi, the numeral 2 can represent either a Hamza or a qāf pronounced as a glottal stop.
| Egyptian Arabic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic transcription | |||
| IPA | pronounced as /ænæˈɾɑˑjeħ elˈɡæmʕæ (ʔe)sˈsæːʕæ tæˈlæːtæ lˈʕɑsˤɾ/ | pronounced as /elˈɡæwwe ˈʕæːmel ˈe(ːhe)nnɑˈhɑɾdɑ feskendeˈɾejjæ/ | |
| English | I'm going to college at 3 pm. | How is the weather today in Alexandria? |
See also: Jordanian Arabic, Lebanese Arabic, Palestinian Arabic and Syrian Arabic.
| Levantine Arabic | ||
|---|---|---|
| Arabic transcription | ||
| IPA | pronounced as /ar/ | |
| English | How is your health, what are you doing? |
The use of ch to represent ش demonstrates the influence of French orthography on the romanization of Moroccan Arabic or Darija. French became the primary European language in Morocco as a result of French colonialism.[13] [14]
One of the characteristics of Franco-Arabic as it is used to transcribe Darija is the presence of long consonant clusters that are typically unorthodox in other languages. These clusters represents the deletion of short vowels and the syllabification of medial consonants in the phonology of Darija, a feature shared with and derived from Amazigh languages.[15]
| Moroccan Arabic | ||
|---|---|---|
| Arabic transcription | ||
| IPA | pronounced as /ar/ | |
| English | How are you doing with your studies? |
The use of ch to represent (kāf) indicates one of the Palestinian Arabic variant pronunciations of the letter in one of its subdialects, in which it is sometimes palatalized to pronounced as /link/ (as in English "chip").[16] [17] Where this palatalization appears in other dialects, the Arabic letter is typically respelled to either or .
The phenomenon of writing Arabic with these improvised chat alphabets has drawn sharp rebuke from a number of different segments of Arabic-speaking communities. While educators and members of the intelligentsia mourn the deterioration and degradation of the standard, literary, academic language,[19] conservative Muslims, as well as Pan-Arabists and some Arab nationalists, view the Arabic Chat Alphabet as a detrimental form of Westernization. Arabic chat alphabets emerged amid a growing trend among Arab youth, from Morocco to Iraq, to incorporate former colonial languages—especially English and French—into Arabic through code switching or as a form of slang. These improvised chat alphabets are used to replace Arabic script, and this raises concerns regarding the preservation of the quality of the language.
Foreign words and the automatic processing of Arabic social media text written in Roman script
Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching (2014)