April 2019 Spanish general election explained

Election Name:April 2019 Spanish general election
Country:Spain
Type:parliamentary
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:2016 Spanish general election
Previous Year:2016
Next Election:November 2019 Spanish general election
Next Year:2019 (Nov)
Elected Members:13th Cortes Generales
Seats For Election:All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 266) seats in the Senate
176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion Polls:Opinion polling for the April 2019 Spanish general election
Registered:36,898,883 1.0%
Turnout:26,478,140 (71.8%)
5.3 pp
Election Date:28 April 2019
Leader1:Pedro Sánchez
Party1:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
Leader Since1:18 June 2017
Leaders Seat1:Madrid
Last Election1:85 seats, 22.6%
Seats1:123
Seat Change1:38
Popular Vote1:7,513,142
Percentage1:28.7%
Swing1:6.1 pp
Leader2:Pablo Casado
Party2:People's Party (Spain)
Leader Since2:21 July 2018
Leaders Seat2:Madrid
Last Election2:135 seats, 32.6%
Seats2:66
Seat Change2:69
Popular Vote2:4,373,653
Percentage2:16.7%
Swing2:15.9 pp
Leader3:Albert Rivera
Party3:Citizens (Spanish political party)
Leader Since3:9 July 2006
Leaders Seat3:Madrid
Last Election3:32 seats, 13.0%
Seats3:57
Seat Change3:25
Popular Vote3:4,155,665
Percentage3:15.9%
Swing3:2.9 pp
Leader4:Pablo Iglesias
Party4:Unidas Podemos
Leader Since4:15 November 2014
Leaders Seat4:Madrid
Last Election4:71 seats, 21.2%
Seats4:42
Seat Change4:29
Popular Vote4:3,751,145
Percentage4:14.3%
Swing4:6.9 pp
Leader5:Santiago Abascal
Party5:Vox (political party)
Leader Since5:20 September 2014
Leaders Seat5:Madrid
Last Election5:0 seats, 0.2%
Seats5:24
Seat Change5:24
Popular Vote5:2,688,092
Percentage5:10.3%
Swing5:10.1 pp
Party6:ERC–Sobiranistes
Leader Since6:7 March 2019
Leaders Seat6:Barcelona
Last Election6:9 seats, 2.6%
Seats6:15
Seat Change6:6
Popular Vote6:1,024,628
Percentage6:3.9%
Swing6:1.3 pp
Prime Minister
Posttitle:Prime Minister after election
Before Election:Pedro Sánchez
Before Party:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
After Election:No government formed
and fresh election called.
After Party:Pedro Sánchez remains
acting Prime Minister

The April 2019 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 28 April 2019, to elect the 13th of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 266 seats in the Senate.

Following the 2016 election, the People's Party (PP) formed a minority government with confidence and supply support from Ciudadanos (Cs) and Canarian Coalition (CC), which was enabled by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) abstaining from Mariano Rajoy's investiture after a party crisis resulted in the ousting of Pedro Sánchez as leader. The PP's term of office was undermined by a constitutional crisis over the Catalan issue, the result of a regional election held thereafter, coupled with corruption scandals and protests with thousands of retirees demanding pension increases. In May 2018, the National Court found in the Gürtel case that since 1989 the PP had profited from the kickbacks-for-contracts scheme and confirmed the existence of an illegal accounting and financing structure kept separate from the party's official accounts. Sánchez, who was re-elected as PSOE leader in a leadership contest in 2017, brought down Rajoy's government in June 2018 through a motion of no confidence. Rajoy resigned as PP leader and was subsequently succeeded by Pablo Casado.

Presiding over a minority government of 84 deputies, Pedro Sánchez struggled to maintain a working majority in the Congress with the support of the parties that had backed the no-confidence motion. The 2018 Andalusian regional election which saw a sudden and strong rise of the far-right Vox party resulted in the PSOE losing the regional government for the first time in history to a PP–Cs–Vox alliance. After the 2019 General State Budget was voted down by the Congress of Deputies on 13 February 2019 as a result of Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) and Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT) siding against the government, Sánchez called a snap election to be held on 28 April, one month ahead of the Super Sunday of local, regional, and European Parliament elections scheduled for 26 May.[1] [2] The Valencian regional election was scheduled for 28 April in order for it to take place on the same date as the general election.[3]

On a turnout of 71.8%, the ruling PSOE of Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez won a victory—the first for the party in a nationwide election in eleven years—with 28.7% of the vote and 123 seats, an improvement of 38 seats over its previous mark which mostly came at the expense of left-wing Unidas Podemos. In the Senate, the PSOE became the largest party in the chamber for the first time since 1995, winning its first absolute majority of seats in that chamber since the 1989 election.[4] The PP under Casado received its worst result in history after being reduced to 66 seats and 16.7% of the vote in what was dubbed the worst electoral setback for a major Spanish party since the collapse of the UCD in 1982.[5] Cs saw an increase of support which brought them within 0.8% of the vote and within 9 seats of the PP, passing them in several major regions. The far-right Vox party entered Congress for the first time, but it failed to fulfill expectations by scoring 10.3% of the vote and 24 seats, which was less than was indicated in opinion polls during the run-up to the election. The three-way split in the overall right-of-centre vote not only ended any chance of an Andalusian-inspired right-wing alliance, but it also ensured that Sánchez's PSOE would be the only party that could realistically form a government.[6] [7]

Overview

Electoral system

The Spanish were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive (yet limited in number) functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.[8] [9] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights.[10] Additionally, Spaniards abroad were required to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish; Castilian: Voto rogado).[11] [12]

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.[13] [14] The use of the electoral method resulted in an effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies.[15]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:[16]

SeatsConstituencies
37Madrid
32Barcelona
15Valencia
12Alicante, Seville
11Málaga
10Murcia
9Cádiz
8A Coruña, Balearic Islands, Biscay, Las Palmas
7Asturias, Granada, Pontevedra, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Zaragoza
6Almería, Badajoz, Córdoba, Gipuzkoa, Girona, Tarragona, Toledo
5Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Huelva, Jaén, Navarre, Valladolid
4Álava, Albacete, Burgos, Cáceres, La Rioja, León, Lleida, Lugo, Ourense, Salamanca
3Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Teruel, Zamora
2Soria

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting system, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, IbizaFormentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[17] [18]

Election date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication.[19] The previous election was held on 26 June 2016, which meant that the legislature's term would expire on 26 June 2020. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 2 June 2020, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Sunday, 26 July 2020.

The prime minister had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[20] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

After the 2019 General State Budget was voted down by the Congress of Deputies on 13 February 2019, it was announced that Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez would be calling a snap election for April.[21] [22] [23] Sánchez confirmed the election date in an institutional statement following a Council of Ministers meeting on 15 February.[24]

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 5 March 2019 after the publication of the dissolution decree in the BOE, setting the election date for 28 April and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 21 May.[16]

Background

The June 2016 general election had resulted in the People's Party (PP) gaining votes and seats relative to its result in the December 2015 election and a round of coalition talks throughout the summer saw Mariano Rajoy obtaining the support of Ciudadanos (C's) and Canarian Coalition (CC) for his investiture, but this was still not enough to assure him re-election. Criticism of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) leader Pedro Sánchez for his electoral results and his stance opposing Rajoy's investiture, said to be a contributing factor to the country's political deadlock, reached boiling point after poor PSOE showings in the Basque and Galician elections.[25] A party crisis ensued, seeing Sánchez being ousted and a caretaker committee being appointed by party rebels led by Susana Díaz, who subsequently set out to abstain in Rajoy's investiture and allow a PP minority government to be formed, preventing a third election in a row from taking place.[26] [27] [28] [29] Díaz's bid to become new party leader was defeated by party members in a party primary in May 2017, with Sánchez being voted again into office under a campaign aimed at criticising the PSOE's abstention in Rajoy's investiture.

Concurrently, the incumbent PP cabinet found itself embroiled in a string of political scandals which had seen the political demise of former Madrid premier Esperanza Aguirre—amid claims of a massive financial corruption plot staged by former protegés—as well as accusations of judicial meddling and political cover-up.[30] [31] [32] [33] This prompted left-wing Unidos Podemos to table a no-confidence motion on Mariano Rajoy in June 2017.[34] [35] While the motion was voted down due to a lack of support from other opposition parties, it revealed the parliamentary weakness of Rajoy's government as abstentions and favourable votes combined amounted to 179, to just 170 MPs rejecting it.[36] [37]

Pressure on the Spanish government increased after a major constitutional crisis over the issue of an independence referendum unravelled in Catalonia. Initial actions from the Parliament of Catalonia to approve two bills supporting a referendum and a legal framework for an independent Catalan state were suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain. The government's crackdown on referendum preparations—which included police searches, raids and arrests of Catalan government officials as well as an intervention into Catalan finances—sparked public outcry and protests accusing the PP government of "anti-democratic and totalitarian" repression.[38] [39] [40] The Catalan parliament voted to unilaterally declare independence from Spain,[41] which resulted in the Spanish Senate enforcing Article 155 of the Constitution to remove the regional authorities and impose direct rule.[42] [43] [44] Carles Puigdemont and part of his cabinet fled to Belgium after being ousted, facing charges of sedition, rebellion and embezzlement.[45] [46] [47] Rajoy immediately dissolved the Catalan parliament and called a regional election for 21 December 2017,[48] but it left his PP severely mauled as Cs capitalised on anti-independence support in the region.[49]

The scale of PP's collapse in Catalonia and the success of Cs had an impact on national politics, with Ciudadanos rising to first place nationally in subsequent opinion polls, endangering PP's stand as the hegemonic party within the Spanish centre-right spectrum.[50] [51] [52] [53] Massive protests by pensioners groups, long regarded as a key component of the PP's electoral base, demanding pension increases,[54] further undermining the PP's standing.

On 24 May 2018, the National Court found that the PP profited from the illegal kickbacks-for-contracts scheme of the Gürtel case, confirming the existence of an illegal accounting and financing structure that had run in parallel with the party's official one since 1989 and ruling that the PP helped establish "a genuine and effective system of institutional corruption through the manipulation of central, autonomous and local public procurement".[55] This event prompted the PSOE to submit a motion of no confidence in Rajoy and in Cs withdrawing its support from the government and demanding the immediate calling of an early election.[56] [57] An absolute majority of 180 MPs in the Congress of Deputies voted to oust Mariano Rajoy from power on 1 June 2018, replaced him as prime minister with PSOE's Pedro Sánchez.[58] On 5 June, Rajoy announced his farewell from politics and his return to his position as property registrar in Santa Pola,[59] [60] [61] vacating his seat in the Congress of Deputies and triggering a leadership contest in which the party's communication vice secretary-general Pablo Casado defeated former deputy prime minister Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría and became new PP president on 21 July 2018.[62] [63]

For most of his government, Sánchez was reliant on confidence and supply support from Unidos Podemos and New Canaries (NCa), negotiating additional support from Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT) and Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) on an issue-by-issue basis. ERC, PDeCAT and En Marea withdrew their support from the government in February 2019 by voting down the 2019 General State Budget, with the government losing the vote 191–158; this prompted a snap election to be called for 28 April.[64]

Parliamentary composition

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.[65] [66]

Parliamentary composition in March 2019[67]
Congress of Deputies
GroupsPartiesDeputies
SeatsTotal
People's Parliamentary Group in the CongressPP134134
Socialist Parliamentary GroupPSOE7784
PSC7
United We Can–In Common We Can–In Tide's
Confederal Parliamentary Group
Podemos4667
CatComú9
IU7
Equo3
Anova2
Citizens Parliamentary GroupCs3232
Republican Left's Parliamentary GroupERC99
Basque Parliamentary Group (EAJ/PNV)EAJ/PNV55
Mixed Parliamentary GroupPDeCAT819
Compromís4
EH Bildu2
UPN2
CCa1
FAC1
NCa1
Parliamentary composition in March 2019[68]
Senate
GroupsPartiesSenators
SeatsTotal
People's Parliamentary Group in the SenatePP145147
PAR2
Socialist Parliamentary GroupPSOE5960
PSC1
United We Can–In Common We Can–In Tide
Parliamentary Group
Podemos1520
CatComú3
IU2
Republican Left's Parliamentary GroupERC1212
Basque Parliamentary Group in the Senate
(EAJ/PNV)
EAJ/PNV66
Nationalist Parliamentary Group, Democratic
Party (PDeCAT–CDC)–Independent Herrenian
Group/Canarian Coalition (AHI/CC–PNC)
PDeCAT46
CCa1
AHI1
Mixed Parliamentary GroupCs615
Compromís2
UPN1
FAC1
NCa1
EH Bildu1
ASG1
Vox1
INDEP1

Parties and candidates

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties, federations or coalitions that had not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election were required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[69] After the experience of the 2015–2016 political deadlock leading to the June 2016 election and the possibility of a third election being needed, the electoral law was amended in order to introduce a special, simplified process for election re-runs, including a shortening of deadlines, electoral campaigning, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through pre-election procedures again.[70]

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

CandidacyParties and
alliances
Leading candidateIdeologyPrevious result
Votes (%)
PPPablo CasadoConservatism
Christian democracy
32.57%[71]
PSOEPedro SánchezSocial democracy22.63%
Unidas
Podemos
Pablo IglesiasLeft-wing populism
Direct democracy
Democratic socialism
21.15%[72]
[73]
CsAlbert RiveraLiberalism12.98%
ERC–
Sobiranistes
Oriol JunquerasCatalan independence
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy
2.66%[74]
[75]
JxCat–JuntsJordi SànchezCatalan independence
Liberalism
2.01%[76]
[77]
[78]
EAJ/PNVAitor EstebanBasque nationalism
Christian democracy
Social democracy
1.19%
EH BilduOskar MatuteBasque independence
Abertzale left
Socialism
0.77%
NA+Sergio SayasRegionalism
Christian democracy
Conservatism
Liberalism
0.53%[79]
[80]
[81]
CCa–PNCAna OramasRegionalism
Canarian nationalism
Centrism
0.33%[82]
VoxSantiago AbascalRight-wing populism
Ultranationalism
National conservatism
0.20%
Cambio/
Aldaketa
Ricardo FeliúBasque nationalism[83]
ASGYaiza CastillaInsularism
Social democracy
CompromísJoan BaldovíValencian nationalism
Eco-socialism
Green politics
[84]
NCaPedro QuevedoCanarian nationalism
Social democracy
[85]
PRCJosé María MazónRegionalism
Centrism
Two opposing coalitions were formed in Navarre at different levels: for the Senate, Geroa Bai, EH Bildu, Podemos and Izquierda-Ezkerra re-created the Cambio-Aldaketa alliance under which they had already contested the 2015 Spanish general election.[83] Concurrently, UPN, Cs and PP formed the Navarra Suma alliance for both Congress and Senate elections.[86] In Galicia, En Marea, the former Podemos–EUAnova alliance which had been constituted as a party in 2016, broke away from the creator parties and announced that it would contest the election on its own.[87] [88] Podemos, EU and Equo in Galicia formed a regional branch for the Unidas Podemos alliance branded En Común–Unidas Podemos[89] whereas Anova chose to step out from the election race.[90] In the Balearic Islands, an alliance was formed for the Congress election by More for Majorca (Més), More for Menorca (MpM), Now Eivissa (Ara Eivissa) and Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), named Veus Progressistes;[91] for the Senate election, the alliance was styled as Unidas Podemos Veus Progressistes and included Podemos and IU.[92]

Timetable

The key dates are listed below (all times are CET. The Canary Islands used WET (UTC+0) instead):[93]

Campaign

Party slogans

Party or allianceOriginal sloganEnglish translation
PP« Valor seguro »"Safe asset"[94]
PSOE« La España que quieres »
« Haz que pase » & « Estamos muy cerca »
"The Spain you want"
"Make it happen" & "We are so close"
[95]
[96] [97]
Unidas Podemos

« La historia la escribes tú »
: « Guanyem per avançar »

"You write history"
: "Let's win to advance"

[98]
[99]
Cs« ¡Vamos Ciudadanos! »"Let's go Citizens!"[100]
ERC–Sobiranistes« Va de llibertat »"It's about freedom"[101]
JxCat–Junts« Tu ets la nostra força. Tu ets la nostra veu »"You are our strength. You are our voice"[102]
EAJ/PNV« Nos mueve Euskadi. Zurea, gurea »"The Basque Country moves us. What's yours is ours"[103]
EH Bildu« Erabaki. Para avanzar »"Decide. To make progress"[104]
CCa–PNC« Luchamos por Canarias »"We fight for Canaries"[105]
Vox« Por España »"For Spain"[106]
Compromís« Imparables »"Unstoppable"[107]
NCa« Para defender Canarias. Canarias con futuro »"To defend the Canaries. Canaries with future"[108]
NA+« Navarra suma contigo »"Navarre sums with you"[109]

Election debates

April 2019 Spanish general election debates
DateOrganisersModerator(s)
PPPSOEUPCsERCJxCatPNVVoxAudience
17 MarchlaSexta
(El Objetivo)
Ana PastorNINININI4.5%
[110]
[111]
8 AprilEl ConfidencialIsabel Morillo
Paloma Esteban
NININI[112]
10 AprilCuatro
(Todo es Mentira)
Risto MejideS
S
S
S
NININI6.2%
[113]
[114]
S
S
S
S
S
S
7.2%
13 AprillaSexta
(La Sexta Noche)
Iñaki LópezNININI9.4%
[115]
[116]
16 AprilRTVEXabier FortesS
S
S
S
S
NINI11.8%
[117]
[118]
20 AprillaSexta
(La Sexta Noche)
Iñaki LópezS
S
S
S
S
S
NI9.3%
[119]
[120]
22 AprilRTVEXabier FortesNINININI43.8%
[121]
[122]
23 AprilAtresmediaAna Pastor
Vicente Vallés
NINININI48.8%
[123]
[124]
Opinion polls
Candidate viewed as "performing best" or "most convincing" in each debate
DebatePolling firm/CommissionerPPPSOEUPCsTieNone
22 AprilElectoPanel/Electomanía[125] 16.024.024.034.01.01.0
SocioMétrica/El Español[126] 18.013.019.027.024.0
23 AprilElectoPanel/Electomanía[127] [128] 18.013.034.033.02.00.0
SocioMétrica/El Español[129] 12.514.321.328.223.7
BothNC Report/La Razón[130] 25.718.625.730.0
CIS[131] 5.619.134.716.64.214.75.1

Opinion polls

See main article: Opinion polling for the April 2019 Spanish general election.

Voter turnout

The table below shows registered vote turnout on election day without including voters from the Census of Absent-Residents (CERA).

RegionTime
14:0018:0020:00
20162019+/–20162019+/–20162019+/–
Andalusia37.60%38.94%+1.3450.25%57.25%+7.0068.16%73.31%+5.15
Aragon37.88%44.65%+6.7750.86%62.32%+11.4671.89%77.62%+5.73
Asturias34.70%40.15%+5.4550.84%58.67%+7.8368.19%73.35%+5.16
Balearic Islands34.48%38.10%+3.6247.05%54.42%+7.3762.58%67.58%+5.00
Basque Country36.05%41.75%+5.7051.36%60.05%+8.6967.44%74.52%+7.08
Canary Islands28.38%30.72%+2.3444.86%51.00%+6.1464.37%68.14%+3.77
Cantabria39.22%43.12%+3.9056.19%63.65%+7.4673.37%78.09%+4.72
Castile and León37.18%41.80%+4.6253.33%62.00%+8.6773.34%78.24%+4.90
Castilla–La Mancha38.92%42.71%+3.7952.44%62.35%+9.9172.94%78.02%+5.08
Catalonia32.31%43.52%+11.2146.38%64.20%+17.8265.60%77.58%+11.98
Extremadura39.48%42.87%+3.3951.40%60.22%+8.8270.45%76.31%+5.86
Galicia34.07%36.97%+2.9051.68%58.93%+7.2569.63%73.97%+4.34
La Rioja40.94%44.76%+3.8255.61%61.62%+6.0174.71%78.11%+3.40
Madrid39.01%43.61%+4.6054.48%65.11%+10.6374.26%79.75%+5.49
Murcia39.96%43.41%+3.4552.89%61.85%+8.9671.35%75.69%+4.34
Navarre38.03%43.79%+5.7651.77%60.97%+9.2070.58%76.29%+5.71
Valencian Community43.34%45.87%+2.5356.51%61.67%+5.1674.09%76.34%+2.25
Ceuta24.97%30.47%+5.5037.51%48.84%+11.3352.59%63.97%+11.38
Melilla21.82%28.14%+6.3234.32%45.45%+11.1351.35%63.05%+11.70
Total36.87%41.49%+4.6251.21%60.76%+9.5569.83%75.75%+5.92
Sources[132]

Results

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 28 April 2019 Congress of Deputies election results →
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)7,513,142 28.67 +6.04123 +38
People's Party (PP)14,373,653 16.69 –15.8866 –69
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)14,155,665 15.86 +2.8857 +25
United We Can (Unidas Podemos)3,751,145 14.32 –6.8342 –29
United We Can (PodemosIUEquo)22,897,419 11.06 –5.1033 –21
In Common We Can–Let's Win the Change (ECP–Guanyem el Canvi)615,665 2.35 –1.207 –5
In Common–United We Can (PodemosEU–Tides in CommonEquo)3238,061 0.91 –0.532 –3
Vox (Vox)2,688,092 10.26 +10.0624 +24
Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERCSobiranistes)1,024,628 3.91 +1.2815 +6
Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERCSobiranistes)1,020,392 3.89 +1.2615 +6
Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV)4,236 0.02 New0 ±0
Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts)4500,787 1.91 –0.107 –1
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)395,884 1.51 +0.326 +1
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)328,299 1.25 +0.060 ±0
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)259,647 0.99 +0.224 +2
Commitment

BlocInitiativeGreens Equo (Compromís 2019)

173,821 0.66 New1 +1
Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party (CCaPNC)137,664 0.53 +0.202 +1
Free PeopleWe Are AlternativePirates: Republican Front (Front Republicà)113,807 0.43 New0 ±0
Sum Navarre (NA+)5107,619 0.41 –0.122 ±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)94,433 0.36 +0.170 ±0
Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC)52,266 0.20 New1 +1
Zero CutsGreen Group (Recortes Cero–GV)47,363 0.18 –0.040 ±0
New Canaries (NCa)36,225 0.14 New0 ±0
Act (PACT)30,236 0.12 New0 ±0
Progressive Voices (AraMésesquerra)25,191 0.10 New0 ±0
Yes to the Future (GBai)22,309 0.09 +0.030 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)21,863 0.08 New0 ±0
In Tide (En Marea)17,899 0.07 New0 ±0
Communists (PCPE–PCPC–PCPA)17,061 0.07 –0.040 ±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE)14,022 0.05 New0 ±0
El Pi–Proposal for the Isles (El Pi)11,692 0.04 New0 ±0
Andalusia by Herself (AxSí)11,407 0.04 New0 ±0
Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE)9,130 0.03 +0.020 ±0
Forward–The Greens (Avant/Adelante–LV)67,332 0.03 +0.020 ±0
Blank Seats (EB)7,072 0.03 –0.020 ±0
Coalition for Melilla (CpM)6,857 0.03 New0 ±0
We Are Region (Somos Región)4,976 0.02 New0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH)4,495 0.02 +0.010 ±0
We Are Valencian in Movement (UiG–Som–CUIDES)4,473 0.02 –0.010 ±0
Left in Positive (IZQP)3,503 0.01 New0 ±0
Canaries Now (ANCUP)73,037 0.01 +0.010 ±0
Commitment to Galicia (CxG)2,760 0.01 New0 ±0
Sorian People's Platform (PPSO)2,663 0.01 New0 ±0
Convergents (CNV)2,541 0.01 New0 ±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)2,190 0.01 +0.010 ±0
Extremadurans (CEx–CREx–PREx)2,150 0.01 New0 ±0
Riojan Party (PR+)2,098 0.01 New0 ±0
Libertarian Party (P–LIB)1,216 0.00 –0.010 ±0
United Linares Independent Citizens (CILU–Linares)1,081 0.00 New0 ±0
Andecha Astur (Andecha Astur)932 0.00 New0 ±0
Retirees Party for the Future. Dignity and Democracy ("JF")876 0.00 New0 ±0
Puyalón (PYLN)835 0.00 New0 ±0
Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA)785 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)646 0.00 –0.040 ±0
Feminism8 (F8)571 0.00 New0 ±0
European Solidarity Action Party (Solidaria)528 0.00 New0 ±0
Plural Democracy (DPL)504 0.00 New0 ±0
Regionalist Union of Castile and León (Unión Regionalista)490 0.00 New0 ±0
Centered (centrados)459 0.00 New0 ±0
Living Ourense (VOU)335 0.00 New0 ±0
Public Defense Organization (ODP)308 0.00 New0 ±0
European Retirees Social Democratic Party–Centre Unity (PDSJE–UdeC)277 0.00 New0 ±0
Revolutionary Anticapitalist Left (IZAR)257 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Andalusian Solidary Independent Republican Party (RISA)190 0.00 New0 ±0
XXI Convergence (C21)73 0.00 New0 ±0
Death to the System (+MAS+)47 0.00 New0 ±0
Union of Everyone (UdT)28 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Blank ballots199,836 0.76 +0.02
Total26,201,371 350 ±0
Valid votes26,201,371 98.95 –0.12
Invalid votes276,769 1.05 +0.12
Votes cast / turnout26,478,140 71.76 +5.28
Abstentions10,420,743 28.24 –5.28
Registered voters36,898,883
Sources[133] [134]

Senate

← Summary of the 28 April 2019 Senate of Spain election results →
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)21,058,377 29.33 +5.75123 +80
People's Party (PP)113,757,395 19.16 –14.5854 –73
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)110,665,627 14.85 +4.344 +4
United We Can (Unidas Podemos)9,171,853 12.77 –6.520 –15
United We Can (PodemosIUEquo)27,091,581 9.67 –5.210 –10
In Common We Can–Let's Win the Change (ECP–Guanyem el Canvi)1,518,006 2.11 –0.940 –4
In Common–United We Can (PodemosEU–Tides in CommonEquo)3562,266 0.74 –0.620 –1
Vox (Vox)5,998,649 8.35 +8.100 ±0
Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERCSobiranistes)3,154,967 4.39 +1.4311 +1
Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERCSobiranistes)3,144,383 4.38 +1.4211 +1
Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV)10,584 0.01 New0 ±0
Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts)41,527,788 2.13 –0.052 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)1,322,370 1.84 –0.020 ±0
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)1,184,641 1.65 +0.299 +4
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)1647,201 0.90 ±0.001 +1
Commitment

BlocInitiativeGreens Equo (Compromís 2019)

574,171 0.80 New0 ±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)337,849 0.47 +0.190 ±0
Sum Navarre (NA+)5325,305 0.45 –0.103 ±0
Change (Cambio/Aldaketa)6288,947 0.40 –0.150 –1
Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party (CCaPNC)236,871 0.33 +0.100 –1
Free PeopleWe Are AlternativePirates: Republican Front (Front Republicà)179,898 0.25 New0 ±0
Zero CutsGreen Group (Recortes Cero–GV)171,943 0.24 –0.040 ±0
Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC)155,748 0.22 New0 ±0
New Canaries (NCa)76,857 0.11 New0 ±0
In Tide (En Marea)75,846 0.11 New0 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)67,268 0.09 New0 ±0
Communists (PCPE–PCPC–PCPA)51,948 0.07 –0.040 ±0
Andalusia by Herself (AxSí)40,087 0.06 New0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB)30,437 0.04 –0.060 ±0
El Pi–Proposal for the Isles (El Pi)30,129 0.04 New0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH)22,028 0.03 +0.020 ±0
Forward–The Greens (Avant/Adelante–LV)721,927 0.03 +0.020 ±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE)21,814 0.03 New0 ±0
We Are Region (Somos Región)21,691 0.03 New0 ±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)14,524 0.02 +0.010 ±0
Coalition for Melilla (CpM)13,342 0.02 New0 ±0
We Are Valencian in Movement (UiG–Som–CUIDES)10,715 0.01 –0.030 ±0
Commitment to Galicia (CxG)8,655 0.01 New0 ±0
Riojan Party (PR+)8,492 0.01 New0 ±0
Extremadurans (CEx–CREx–PREx)8,420 0.01 New0 ±0
Left in Positive (IZQP)8,329 0.01 New0 ±0
Canaries Now (ANCUP)87,233 0.01 +0.010 ±0
Retirees Party for the Future. Dignity and Democracy ("JF")5,905 0.01 New0 ±0
Gomera Socialist Group (ASG)5,611 0.01 ±0.001 ±0
Andecha Astur (Andecha Astur)5,600 0.01 New0 ±0
Sorian People's Platform (PPSO)5,410 0.01 New0 ±0
Convergents (CNV)4,931 0.01 New0 ±0
More for Menorca (MxMe)4,524 0.01 New0 ±0
Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA)4,191 0.01 +0.010 ±0
United Linares Independent Citizens (CILU–Linares)2,582 0.00 New0 ±0
Puyalón (PYLN)2,300 0.00 New0 ±0
Win Fuerteventura (PPMAJO–UP Majorero)2,275 0.00 New0 ±0
Regionalist Union of Castile and León (Unión Regionalista)2,021 0.00 New0 ±0
Centered (centrados)1,965 0.00 New0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)1,835 0.00 –0.050 ±0
Libertarian Party (P–LIB)1,673 0.00 –0.010 ±0
Plural Democracy (DPL)1,430 0.00 New0 ±0
Feminism8 (F8)1,405 0.00 New0 ±0
European Solidarity Action Party (Solidaria)1,314 0.00 New0 ±0
Now Ibiza and Formentera (Ara)1,302 0.00 New0 ±0
Life and Autonomy (VIA)1,231 0.00 New0 ±0
Andalusian Solidary Independent Republican Party (RISA)1,189 0.00 New0 ±0
Public Defense Organization (ODP)1,090 0.00 New0 ±0
Proposal for Ibiza (PxE)681 0.00 New0 ±0
United for Lanzarote (UPLanzarote)456 0.00 New0 ±0
XXI Convergence (C21)234 0.00 New0 ±0
Federation Free Socialist Party (PSLF)135 0.00 New0 ±0
Blank ballots439,543 1.71 –0.71
Total71,800,175 208 ±0
Valid votes25,637,370 97.42 –0.05
Invalid votes680,156 2.58 +0.05
Votes cast / turnout26,317,526 71.32 +5.61
Abstentions10,581,357 28.68 –5.61
Registered voters36,898,883
Sources

Elected members

See main article: 13th Cortes Generales, 13th Congress of Deputies and 13th Senate of Spain.

Aftermath

Outcome

The election resulted in a victory for Pedro Sánchez's Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)—its first since the 2008 general election—which swept the country and won in most constituencies and regions. The right-wing bloc of PP–Cs–Vox was only able to garner 42.9% of the vote and 147 Congress seats (149 including the Navarra Suma alliance in Navarre) to the 165 seats and 43.0% vote share garnered by the two major left-wing parties, PSOE and Unidas Podemos. Even though the left-wing bloc was still 11 seats short of a majority, the three-way split on the centre-right ensured Sánchez's PSOE would be the only party that could realistically garner enough support from third parties to command a majority in the lower house.[135] The PSOE also obtained an absolute majority of seats in the Senate for the first time since 1989 as the PP vote collapsed.[136] Having initially been allocated 121 senators, it was awarded two additional senators from PP after the counting of CERA votes, the Census of Absent-Residents, namely one for Zamora and one for Segovia.[137]

Support for the People's Party (PP) plummeted and scored the worst result of its history as well as the worst support for any of the party's incarnations since the People's Alliance results in the 1977 and 1979 elections. The PP was only able to remain the most voted party in five constituencies: Ávila, Lugo, Melilla, Ourense and Salamanca; and it was not able to remain the largest party in any region, including Galicia, where it lost to the PSOE for the first time ever in any kind of election.[138] [139] Overall, the party lost 3.6 million votes from 2016, with post-election analysis determining that 1.4 million had been lost to Albert Rivera's Citizens party, 1.6 million to far-right Vox, 400,000 to abstentions and a further 300,000 to PSOE.[140]

Scoring below previous expectations throughout the campaign, Vox's result signalled the first time since Blas Piñar's election as a deputy for the National Union coalition in 1979 that a far-right party had won seats in the Spanish Parliament after the country's return to democracy as well as the first time that a far-right party would be able to form a parliamentary group of its own in the Congress of Deputies.[135] [141]

After losing more than a half of their seats, the PP sacked Javier Maroto as their campaign manager. Maroto had also failed to hold his seat from Álava in the election, losing it to EH Bildu and signalling the first time since 1979 that the party had not won a seat in the province.[142] Pablo Casado, the PP leader whose right-wing stance and controversial leadership had been labelled by commentators as a "suicide" in light of election results,[143] refused to resign and instead proposed a sudden U-turn of the party back into the centre under pressure from party regional leaders one month ahead of the regional and local elections[144] [145] while also raising a hostile profile to both Cs and Vox, attacking them for dividing the vote to the right-of-centre.[146] [147]

Government formation

Investiture
Pedro Sánchez (PSOE)
Ballot →23 July 201925 July 2019
Required majority →176 out of 350 Simple
Sources[148] [149]

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. News: 13 February 2019 . Los independentistas tumban los Presupuestos y abocan a Sánchez a elecciones . El Periódico de Catalunya . es . 14 April 2019.
  2. News: 15 February 2019 . ¿Y ahora qué? Campaña electoral en Semana Santa y constitución de las Cortes antes de los comicios de mayo . RTVE . es . 15 February 2019.
  3. News: 18 April 2019 . ¿Por qué se han adelantado las elecciones en la Comunidad Valenciana? . ABC . es . 29 April 2019.
  4. News: 28 April 2019 . Sánchez gana, se hunde Casado y Rivera se postula como líder de la oposición . El Confidencial . es . 30 April 2019.
  5. News: 28 April 2019 . El PP sufre una derrota histórica, pierde 3,7 millones de votos y Cs se queda cerca del sorpaso . eldiario.es . es . 30 April 2019.
  6. News: 28 April 2019 . El PSOE gana las elecciones pero necesitará pactar y el PP sufre una debacle histórica . El País . es . 30 April 2019.
  7. News: 29 April 2019 . Spain's socialist PSOE party mulls next move after victory without majority . The Guardian . 4 May 2019.
  8. .
  9. Web site: Sinopsis artículo 66 . Constitución española . . es . 12 September 2020 .,. summarizing .
  10. .
  11. .
  12. Web site: Reig Pellicer . Naiara . 16 December 2015 . Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote . cafebabel.co.uk . 17 July 2017.
  13. .
  14. .
  15. Web site: Gallagher . Michael . 30 July 2012 . Effective threshold in electoral systems . Trinity College, Dublin . https://web.archive.org/web/20170730092518/http://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/ElSystems/Docts/effthresh.php . 22 July 2017 . 30 July 2017.
  16. Boletín Oficial del Estado . 55 . 5 March 2019 . 21025–21028 . 0212-033X . Real Decreto 129/2019, de 4 de marzo, de disolución del Congreso de los Diputados y del Senado y de convocatoria de elecciones . es.
  17. .
  18. .
  19. .
  20. .
  21. News: 13 February 2019 . Pedro Sánchez anunciará este viernes que las elecciones generales serán el 28 de abril . eldiario.es . es . 13 February 2019.
  22. News: 14 February 2019 . La ministra de Hacienda da por "seguro" el anuncio de elecciones este viernes . El País . es . 14 February 2019.
  23. News: 14 February 2019 . Sánchez anunciará la fecha de las elecciones en una declaración institucional este viernes a las 10.00 horas . Público . es . 14 February 2019.
  24. News: 15 February 2019 . Pedro Sánchez convoca elecciones generales el 28 de abril . El País . es . 15 February 2019.
  25. News: Merino . Juan Carlos . 26 September 2016 . La debacle electoral deja a Sánchez contra las cuerdas ante sus críticos . es . La Vanguardia . Madrid . 19 June 2017.
  26. News: Clemente . Enrique . 29 September 2016 . El PSOE se sume en su mayor crisis al negarse Sánchez a irse tras dimitir media ejecutiva . es . La Voz de Galicia . Madrid . 19 June 2017.
  27. News: 1 October 2016 . Pedro Sánchez: Spanish Socialist leader resigns . . 19 June 2017.
  28. News: Sierra . Juan Ruiz . 1 October 2016 . Sánchez dimite, el PSOE implosiona . es . El Periódico de Catalunya . 19 June 2017.
  29. News: 23 October 2016 . Spain's Socialists vote to allow Rajoy minority government . BBC News . 19 June 2017.
  30. News: Casqueiro . Javier . 24 April 2017 . Former Madrid PP leader resigns over latest corruption scandal . El País . Madrid . 19 May 2017.
  31. News: Águeda . Pedro . 25 April 2017 . Las grabaciones a Ignacio González evidencian las maniobras del PP para quitar y poner jueces y fiscales . es . eldiario.es . 19 May 2017.
  32. News: 25 April 2017 . El SMS de Rafael Catalá a Ignacio González en 2016: "Ojalá se cierren pronto los líos" . es . El Mundo . Madrid . 19 May 2017.
  33. News: Hernández . Marisol . 25 April 2017 . El ministro del Interior revela que Ignacio González le telefoneó y le pidió tomarse un café . es . El Mundo . Madrid . 19 May 2017.
  34. News: Torres . Diego . 27 April 2017 . Podemos divides opposition with Rajoy no-confidence motion . Politico . 19 May 2017.
  35. News: Buck . Tobias . 27 April 2017 . Spain's far-left opposition calls no-confidence vote in PM Rajoy . Financial Times . Madrid . 20 May 2017.
  36. News: Garea . Fernando . 14 June 2017 . Iglesias pierde la moción de censura y solo suma a ERC, Bildu y Compromís . es . El País . Madrid . 14 June 2017.
  37. News: Riveiro . Aitor . 14 June 2017 . Pablo Iglesias emplaza al PSOE a "trabajar una moción de censura en verano" para echar al PP . es . eldiario.es . 14 June 2017.
  38. News: Stone . Jon . 20 September 2017 . Catalonia referendum: Catalonian government 'de facto' suspended by Spain, President of region says . The Independent . 20 September 2017.
  39. News: Jones . Sam . Burgen . Stephen . 20 September 2017 . Catalan president says Madrid is suspending region's autonomy . The Guardian . Madrid, Barcelona . 20 September 2017.
  40. News: 20 September 2017 . Catalonia referendum: Spain steps up raids to halt vote . BBC News . 20 September 2017.
  41. News: Un Parlament semivacío consuma en voto secreto la rebelión contra el Estado . 27 October 2017 . . 27 October 2017 . es.
  42. News: 26 October 2017 . Catalan crisis: Regional MPs debate Spain takeover bid . BBC News . 27 October 2017.
  43. News: 27 October 2017 . Catalan crisis: Spain PM Rajoy demands direct rule . BBC News . 27 October 2017.
  44. News: Catalonia's longest week . 4 November 2017 . BBC News . 7 November 2017 . en-GB.
  45. News: Sacked Catalan leader 'in Belgium' . 30 October 2017 . BBC News . 31 October 2017 . en-GB.
  46. News: Guindal . Carlota . 30 October 2017 . La Fiscalía se querella contra Puigdemont y el Govern por rebelión y sedición . es . La Vanguardia . 30 October 2017.
  47. News: Jones . Sam . Spanish prosecutor calls for rebellion charges against Catalan leaders . 30 October 2017 . The Guardian . Barcelona . 30 October 2017.
  48. News: 27 October 2017 . Catalonia independence: Rajoy dissolves Catalan parliament . BBC News . Barcelona, Madrid . 27 October 2017.
  49. News: Total collapse of the PP in Catalonia leaves Rajoy exposed . Isaac. Meler . 22 December 2017 . Catalan News Monitor . 18 March 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181116084733/http://catalanmonitor.com/2017/12/22/total-collapse-of-the-pp-in-catalonia-leaves-rajoy-exposed/ . 16 November 2018 .
  50. News: Buil Demur . Ana . 22 December 2017 . El 21-D marca "el comienzo del fin de la hegemonía del PP en España" . es . euronews . 29 December 2017.
  51. News: Romero . Juanma . 26 December 2017 . El PP exige a Rajoy cambios gruesos en el Gobierno y en el partido del PP por el 21-D . es . El Confidencial . 29 December 2017.
  52. News: de Miguel . Rafa . Ciudadanos would now be Spain's most voted party, new survey shows . 17 January 2018 . El País . Madrid . 18 March 2018.
  53. News: New Poll Places Ciudadanos First, PP Third . 5 March 2018 . The Spain Report . 18 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180319213611/https://www.thespainreport.com/articles/1410-180305104427-new-poll-places-ciudadanos-first-pp-third . 19 March 2018 .
  54. News: Retirees protest across Spain to demand a pension hike . 17 March 2018 . Associated Press.
  55. News: Jones . Sam . 24 May 2018 . Court finds Spain's ruling party benefited from bribery scheme . The Guardian . 25 May 2018.
  56. News: Cortizo . Gonzalo . 25 May 2018 . El PSOE registra en el Congreso la moción de censura contra Rajoy . es . eldiario.es . 25 May 2018.
  57. News: 27 May 2018 . Rajoy, sin margen para seguir . es . El País . 27 May 2018.
  58. News: Jones . Sam . 1 June 2018 . Mariano Rajoy ousted as Spain's prime minister . The Guardian . 1 June 2018.
  59. News: 5 June 2018. Rajoy se va: "Es lo mejor para mí, para el PP y para España" . El Mundo . es . 5 June 2018.
  60. News: 5 June 2018 . Rajoy dimite como presidente del PP: "Es lo mejor para mí, para el partido y para España" . El Confidencial. es. 5 June 2018.
  61. News: La nueva vida del ciudadano Rajoy . 20 June 2018 . El País . es . Madrid . 20 June 2018.
  62. News: Rajoy renuncia a su acta de diputado . 15 June 2018 . El Periódico de Catalunya . es . Barcelona . 15 June 2018.
  63. News: Pablo Casado vence en el congreso del PP y consuma el giro a la derecha . 21 July 2018 . El País . es . 22 July 2018.
  64. News: El Congreso tumba los Presupuestos y Sánchez comunicará su decisión sobre las elecciones el viernes . 13 February 2019 . eldiario.es . es . 13 March 2015.
  65. Web site: Grupos Parlamentarios en el Congreso de los Diputados y el Senado . es . Historia Electoral.com . 29 October 2022.
  66. Web site: Composición del Senado 1977- . es . Historia Electoral.com . 29 October 2022.
  67. Web site: Grupos parlamentarios . es . . 7 December 2020.
  68. Web site: Grupos Parlamentarios desde 1977 . es . . 8 July 2020.
  69. .
  70. .
  71. News: 18 February 2019 . PP y Foro Asturias quieren repetir coalición para las generales . es . COPE . 18 February 2019.
  72. News: 27 February 2019 . Podemos e IU revalidan su acuerdo para las generales y europeas . es . El País . 13 March 2019.
  73. News: 12 March 2019 . Podemos y Equo reeditan su alianza en busca del voto verde y joven . es . El País . 13 March 2019.
  74. News: 7 March 2019 . Golpe de efecto de ERC: presentará a Junqueras como cabeza de lista al Congreso . es . eldiario.es . 7 March 2019.
  75. News: 14 March 2019 . ERC debate unas listas con Rufián de dos y un miembro de Sobiranistes de cuatro . es . Europa Press . 15 March 2019.
  76. News: 9 March 2019 . La Crida avala que Jordi Sànchez se presente con Junts Per Catalunya en las elecciones generales . es . El Mundo . 10 March 2019.
  77. News: 10 March 2019 . Sànchez lidera la lista de JxCat por Barcelona al Congreso con Borràs, Nogueras y Tremosa . es . Europa Press . 10 March 2019.
  78. News: 16 March 2019 . Se presentan nueve coaliciones ante la Junta Electoral Central para concurrir a las generales del 28 de abril . es . RTVE . 17 March 2019.
  79. News: 10 March 2019 . Navarra ensaya el gran pacto electoral: UPN, PP y Ciudadanos concurrirán juntos a las generales . es . ABC . 10 March 2019.
  80. News: 11 March 2019 . La plataforma de UPN con Ciudadanos para todas las próximas elecciones se llamará 'Navarra Suma' . es . Navarra.com . 11 March 2019.
  81. News: 11 March 2019 . 'Navarra Suma' será el nombre de la lista única de UPN, Ciudadanos y PP . es . Diario de Navarra . 11 March 2019.
  82. News: 9 March 2019 . Ana Oramas y María Fernández, designadas como candidatas al Congreso por Coalición Canaria . es . eldiario.es . 11 March 2019.
  83. News: 9 March 2019 . El Cuatripartito acudirá al Senado con la marca 'Cambio-Aldaketa' . es . Diario de Navarra . 9 March 2019.
  84. News: 15 February 2019 . Podem y Esquerra Unida ven imposible ir con Compromís a las generales . es . El Periódico de Catalunya . 18 February 2019.
  85. News: 15 February 2019 . Nueva Canarias pone en marcha su maquinaria para ir en solitario a elecciones . es . La Vanguardia . 18 February 2019.
  86. News: 11 March 2019 . Ciudadanos renuncia a sus siglas en Navarra y se presenta con UPN y el PP . es . El Mundo . 11 March 2019.
  87. News: 13 February 2019 . La votación de los Presupuestos evidencia la fractura de En Marea . es . eldiario.es . 18 February 2019.
  88. News: 16 February 2019 . En Marea se presentará a las elecciones generales del 28-A fuera de Unidos Podemos . es . Expansión . 18 February 2019.
  89. News: 15 March 2019 . En Común-Unidas Podemos, marca electoral de la coalición para las generales de Podemos, EU y Equo . es . La Vanguardia . 15 March 2019.
  90. News: 15 March 2019 . Anova no se presentará a las generales tras fracasar las negociaciones con Podemos e IU . es . eldiario.es . 15 March 2019.
  91. News: 13 March 2019 . Esquerra Republicana de Mallorca, MÉS y Ara Eivissa se unen en 'Veus progressistes' para concurrir a las generales . es . Europa Press . 13 March 2019.
  92. News: 14 March 2019 . 'Unidas Podemos Veus Progressistes', la marca de la formación morada que se presenta al Senado . es . Cadena SER . 17 March 2019.
  93. Web site: Elecciones Generales 28 de abril de 2019. Calendario Electoral . es . . 15 March 2019.
  94. News: 27 March 2019 . 'Valor seguro' será el lema de campaña del PP para las generales . es . Europa Press . 2 April 2019.
  95. News: 2 April 2019 . 'Haz que pase', el lema del PSOE para llamar a una "extraordinaria movilización" el 28-A . es . El Confidencial . 2 April 2019.
  96. News: 2 April 2019 . Sánchez declara la guerra a la abstención retando al votante: "Haz que pase" . es . Agencia EFE . 12 April 2019.
  97. News: 24 April 2019 . Sánchez se da por ganador del debate y estrena lema: "Estamos muy cerca" . es . eldiario.es . 24 April 2019.
  98. News: 23 March 2019 . Podemos se lanza a por las generales advirtiendo a los poderosos "que se acabaron sus privilegios" . es . Europa Press . 2 April 2019.
  99. News: 12 April 2019 . Los "carteles Ikea" . es . La Vanguardia . 3 December 2019.
  100. News: 7 April 2019 . ¡Vamos Ciudadanos!, lema de Cs para las generales del 28A . es . EFE . 7 April 2019.
  101. News: 4 April 2019 . Sant Vicenç dels Horts - Soto del Real - Badalona: ERC centra la campanya del 28-A en la "llibertat" . ca . Ara . 4 April 2019.
  102. News: 12 April 2019 . "Tu ets la nostra força. Tu ets la nostra veu", el lema de campanya de JxCat per al 28-A . ca . Ara . 12 April 2019.
  103. News: 12 April 2019 . Los primeros mensajes de la campaña . es . Cadena SER . 12 April 2019.
  104. News: 10 April 2019 . PNV, EH Bildu, Elkarrekin Podemos y PP inician su campaña en Vitoria, mientras el PSE-EE lo hará en Bilbao . es . 20 minutos . 12 April 2019.
  105. News: 22 April 2019 . Elecciones generales 2019: programa electoral de Coalición Canaria para el 28-A . es . 20 minutos . 3 December 2019.
  106. News: 2 April 2019 . Vox elige como lema de campaña "Por España" . es . Libertad Digital . 2 April 2019.
  107. News: 27 March 2019 . Compromís se presenta a las elecciones bajo el lema "imparables" . es . El Periòdic.com . 24 April 2019.
  108. News: 11 April 2019 . Fuerteventura.- Nueva Canarias arrancó su campaña electoral del 28-A en la medianoche del jueves con la tradicional pegada de carteles . https://web.archive.org/web/20190417103635/https://www.noticanarias.com/fuerteventura-nueva-canarias-arranco-su-campana-electoral-del-28-a-en-la-medianoche-del-jueves-con-la-tradicional-pegada-de-carteles/ . 17 April 2019 . es . Noticias Canarias . 3 December 2019 .
  109. News: 10 April 2019 . Navarra Suma recorrerá 61 localidades en una campaña electoral "positiva y cercana" . es . Diario de Navarra . 3 December 2019.
  110. News: 15 March 2019 . Debate económico en El Objetivo con PP, PSOE, Unidos Podemos y Ciudadanos . es . laSexta . 12 April 2019.
  111. News: 18 March 2019 . 'GH Dúo: El debate' lidera con un gran 18,1% y 'Cuarto milenio' logra récord de temporada (9,9%) en Cuatro . es . FormulaTV . 12 April 2019.
  112. News: 8 April 2019 . El debate de las políticas influyentes . es . El Confidencial . 13 April 2019.
  113. News: 9 April 2019 . El 'Debate de verdad' de Risto Mejide se prolongará hasta media tarde . es . El Confidencial . 12 April 2019.
  114. News: 11 April 2019 . 'Todo es mentira' bate récord con su debate electoral y supera por primera vez a 'Zapeando' . es . VerTele! . 12 April 2019.
  115. News: 9 April 2019 . María Jesús Montero, Edurne Uriarte, Irene Montero e Inés Arrimadas inauguran la campaña electoral en laSexta Noche . es . laSexta . 13 April 2019.
  116. News: 15 April 2019 . 'Sábado Deluxe' se corona como líder con un buen 15,4% y 'laSexta noche' despunta a un estupendo 9,4% . es . FormulaTV . 16 April 2019.
  117. News: 14 April 2019 . El debate a seis en RTVE enfrentará el martes a Álvarez de Toledo, María Jesús Montero, Irene Montero, Arrimadas, Rufián y Aitor Esteban . es . RTVE . 15 April 2019.
  118. News: 17 April 2019 . El 'Debate a 6' firma un buen 11,8% en La 1 y 'Secretos de Estado' anota su mínimo de temporada con un 9,3% . es . FormulaTV . 17 April 2019.
  119. News: 19 April 2019 . Debate a siete, este sábado en laSexta Noche: Sicilia, Egea, Cantó, Garzón, Rufián, Borràs y Esteban . es . laSexta . 20 April 2019.
  120. News: 17 April 2019 . 'Sábado deluxe' baja a un buen 14,5% frente al Debate a 7 de 'laSexta noche' y su estupendo 9,3% . es . FormulaTV . 22 April 2019.
  121. News: 19 April 2019 . Pedro Sánchez rectifica y ofrece ahora dos debates: uno el día 22 en TVE y otro el 23 en Atresmedia . es . eldiario.es . 19 April 2019.
  122. News: 23 April 2019 . El primer gran debate electoral rompe audímetros con casi 9 millones de espectadores y un 43.8% en total . es . VerTele! . 23 April 2019.
  123. News: 16 April 2019 . Atresmedia readapta su debate del 23A a cuatro . es . laSexta . 16 April 2019.
  124. News: 24 April 2019 . El segundo gran debate barre más todavía con 9.4 millones y un 48.8% entre Antena 3 y laSexta . es . VerTele! . 24 April 2019.
  125. Web site: #Debatómetro (22A): Rivera 1º, Iglesias 2º, Sánchez 3º, Casado 4º . es . Electomanía . 22 April 2019 . 12 October 2019 . 12 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191012122004/https://electomania.es/debatometro22a/ .
  126. Web site: Sondeo urgente para El Español: Rivera ganó con claridad el debate pero sólo un 3% cambió su voto . es . El Español . 23 April 2019.
  127. Web site: #Debatómetro (23A): Iglesias 1º, Rivera 2º, Casado 3º, Sánchez 4º . es . Electomanía . 23 April 2019 . 12 October 2019 . 12 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191012122004/https://electomania.es/debatometro-23a-seguimiento-del-debate-electoral-en-atresmedia/ .
  128. Web site: Finalizados los debates, llega la recta final de la campaña . es . Electomanía . 23 April 2019.
  129. Web site: Sondeo urgente para El Español: Rivera volvió a ganar el segundo debate, seguido por Iglesias . es . El Español . 24 April 2019.
  130. Web site: Siete de cada diez indecisos decantaron su voto tras los debates electorales . es . La Razón . 25 April 2019.
  131. Web site: Postelectoral elecciones generales 2019 (Estudio nº 3248. Mayo 2019) . es . CIS . 10 July 2019.
  132. Web site: Resumen por autonomías - Total nacional - Avances - Elecciones Generales España 2019 . es . resultados.eleccionesgenerales19.es . Ministry of the Interior . 28 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190428175213/https://www.resultados.eleccionesgenerales19.es/Avances/Total-nacional/r-1/es . 28 April 2019 .
  133. Web site: Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales . es . . 15 April 2022.
  134. Web site: Elecciones Generales 28 de abril de 2019 . es . Historia Electoral.com . 21 October 2021.
  135. News: 29 April 2019 . El PSOE lidera España . El Periódico de Catalunya . es . 4 May 2019.
  136. News: 29 April 2019 . El PSOE se impone en el Senado con 121 escaños, alcanza la mayoría absoluta y aleja la aplicación de otro 155 . Europa Press . es . 4 May 2019.
  137. News: 1 May 2019 . Los socialistas arrebatan 'in extremis' dos senadores al PP en Zamora y Segovia . El Norte de Castilla . es . 4 May 2019.
  138. News: 28 April 2019 . Elecciones 2019: El PSOE, al borde de gobernar sin los separatistas ante la debacle del PP . El Mundo . es . 4 May 2019.
  139. News: 3 May 2019 . Los socialistas gallegos sueñan con la Xunta tras imponerse por primera vez en las urnas a un PP desconcertado . eldiario.es . es . 4 May 2019.
  140. News: 30 April 2019 . El PP perdió 1,6 millones de votos con Vox y 1,4 con Ciudadanos . El Mundo . es . 4 May 2019.
  141. News: 30 April 2019 . Vox no triunfa en el Madrid acomodado y pincha en los barrios obreros . La Vanguardia . es . 4 May 2019.
  142. News: 30 April 2019 . Maroto, relegado como director de campaña tras el fracaso del PP en las urnas . Libertad Digital . es . 30 April 2019.
  143. News: 29 April 2019. Sánchez gana y la derecha se suicida . El Confidencial . es . 4 May 2019.
  144. News: 28 April 2019 . Casado hunde al PP con el peor resultado de su historia y no dimite a un mes de las autonómicas y municipales . eldiario.es . es . 4 May 2019.
  145. News: 4 May 2019 . Feijóo y Casado escenifican en Galicia el viraje al centro del PP: "Aquí cabemos todos" . El Confidencial . es . 4 May 2019.
  146. News: 30 April 2019 . Casado se proclama representante único del centro derecha y carga contra Cs y Vox . El Confidencial . es . 4 May 2019.
  147. News: 3 May 2019 . El 28A deriva en una batalla campal entre las tres derechas a menos de un mes de otras elecciones . eldiario.es . es . 4 May 2019.
  148. News: Hernández . Marisol . R. Sanmartín . Olga . 23 July 2019 . Sesión de investidura: Pedro Sánchez pierde la primera votación pero Podemos se abstiene para retomar la negociación . es . El Mundo . Madrid . 23 July 2019.
  149. News: Hernández . Marisol . R. Sanmartín . Olga . Cruz . Marisa . Sanz . Luis Ángel . J. Álvarez . Rafael . 25 July 2019 . Sesión de investidura: El Congreso tumba la elección de Pedro Sánchez como presidente del Gobierno con 155 votos en contra y 67 abstenciones . es . El Mundo . Madrid . 25 July 2019.