April 1 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 527  - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne.^[1]
• 1081  - Alexios I Komnenos overthrows the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros III Botaneiates,^[2] and, after his troops spend three days extensively looting Constantinople, is formally crowned on April 4.^[3]
• 1572  - In the Eighty Years' War, the Watergeuzen capture Brielle from the Seventeen Provinces, gaining the first foothold on land for what would become the Dutch Republic.^[4]

1601–1900

• 1789  - In New York City, the United States House of Representatives achieves its first quorum and elects Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania as its first Speaker.^[5]
• 1833  - The Convention of 1833, a political gathering of settlers in Mexican Texas to help draft a series of petitions to the Mexican government, begins in San Felipe de Austin.^[6]
• 1865  - American Civil War: Union troops led by Philip Sheridan decisively defeat Confederate troops led by George Pickett, cutting the Army of Northern Virginia's last supply line during the Siege of Petersburg.^[7]
• 1867  - Singapore becomes a British crown colony.^[8]
• 1873  - The White Star steamer SS Atlantic sinks off Nova Scotia, killing 547 in one of the worst marine disasters of the 19th century.^[9]
• 1900  - Prince George becomes absolute monarch of the Cretan State.^[10]

1901–present

• 1908  - The Territorial Force (renamed Territorial Army in 1920) is formed as a volunteer reserve component of the British Army.^[11]
• 1918  - The Royal Air Force is created by the merger of the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service.^[12]
• 1922  - In newly formed Northern Ireland, six Catholics are murdered in the Arnon Street killings, one week after six others were killed in the McMahon killings.^[13]
• 1924  - Adolf Hitler is sentenced to five years imprisonment for his participation in the "Beer Hall Putsch" but spends only nine months in jail.^[14]
• 1924  - The Royal Canadian Air Force is formed.^[15]
• 1933  - The recently elected Nazis under Julius Streicher organize a one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany, ushering in a series of anti-Semitic acts.^[16]
• 1935  - India's central banking institution, the Reserve Bank of India, is formed.^[17]
• 1937  - Aden becomes a British crown colony.
• 1937  - The Royal New Zealand Air Force is formed as an independent service.^[18]
• 1939  - Spanish Civil War: Generalísimo Francisco Franco of the Spanish State announces the end of the Spanish Civil War, when the last of the Republican forces surrender.^[19]
• 1941  - Fântâna Albă massacre: Between two hundred and two thousand Romanian civilians are killed by Soviet Border Troops.^[20]
• 1941  - A military coup in Iraq overthrows the regime of 'Abd al-Ilah and installs Rashid Ali al-Gaylani as Prime Minister.^[21]
• 1944  - World War II: Navigation errors lead to an accidental American bombing of the Swiss city of Schaffhausen.^[22]
• 1945  - World War II: The Tenth United States Army attacks the Thirty-Second Japanese Army on Okinawa.^[23]
• 1946  - The 8.6 Aleutian Islands earthquake shakes the Aleutian Islands with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VI (Strong). A destructive tsunami reaches the Hawaiian Islands resulting in dozens of deaths, mostly in Hilo, Hawaii.^[24]
• 1946  - The Malayan Union is established. Protests from locals led to the establishment of the Federation of Malaya two years later.^[25]
• 1947  - The only mutiny in the history of the Royal New Zealand Navy begins.^[26]
• 1948  - Cold War: Communist forces respond to the introduction of the Deutsche Mark by attempting to force the western powers to withdraw from Berlin.^[27]
• 1948  - Faroe Islands gain autonomy from Denmark.^[28]
• 1949  - Chinese Civil War: The Chinese Communist Party holds unsuccessful peace talks with the Nationalist Party in Beijing, after three years of fighting.
• 1949  - The Government of Canada repeals Japanese-Canadian internment after seven years.^[29]
• 1954  - United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorizes the creation of the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado.^[30]
• 1955  - The EOKA rebellion against the British Empire begins in Cyprus, with the goal of unifying with Greece.^[31]
• 1960  - The TIROS-1 satellite transmits the first television picture from space.^[32]
• 1964  - The British Admiralty, War Office and Air Ministry are replaced by a unified Defence Council of the United Kingdom.^[33]
• 1969  - The Hawker Siddeley Harrier, the first operational fighter aircraft with Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing capabilities, enters service with the Royal Air Force.^[34]
• 1970  - President Richard Nixon signs the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act into law.^[35]
• 1970  - A Royal Air Maroc Sud Aviation Caravelle crashes near Berrechid, Morocco, killing 61.^[36]
• 1971  - Bangladesh Liberation War: The Pakistan Army massacre more than a thousand people in Keraniganj Upazila, Bangladesh.
• 1973  - Project Tiger, a tiger conservation project, is launched in the Jim Corbett National Park, India.
• 1974  - The Local Government Act 1972 of England and Wales comes into effect.^[37]
• 1976  - Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak found Apple Computer, Inc.^[38]
• 1979  - Iran becomes an Islamic republic by a 99% vote, officially overthrowing the Shah.^[39]
• 1984  - Singer Marvin Gaye is shot to death by his father in his home in Arlington Heights, Los Angeles, California.^[40]
• 1986  - Communist Party of Nepal (Mashal) cadres attack a number of police stations in Kathmandu, seeking to incite a popular rebellion.^[41]
• 1989  - Margaret Thatcher's new local government tax, the Community Charge (commonly known as the "poll tax"), is introduced in Scotland.^[42]
• 1993  - NASCAR racer Alan Kulwicki is killed in a plane crash near the Tri-Cities Regional Airport in Blountville, Tennessee.^[43]
• 1997  - Comet Hale–Bopp is seen passing at perihelion.^[44]
• 1999  - Nunavut is established as a Canadian territory carved out of the eastern part of the Northwest Territories.^[45]
• 2001  - An EP-3E United States Navy surveillance aircraft collides with a Chinese People's Liberation Army Shenyang J-8 fighter jet. The Chinese pilot ejected but is subsequently lost. The Navy crew makes an emergency landing in Hainan, China and is detained.^[46]
• 2001  - Former President of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Slobodan Milošević surrenders to police special forces, to be tried on war crimes charges.^[47]
• 2001  - Same-sex marriage becomes legal in the Netherlands, the first contemporary country to allow it.^[48]
• 2004  - Google launches its Email service Gmail.^[49]
• 2006  - Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA) of the Government of the United Kingdom is enforced, but later merged into National Crime Agency on 7 October 2013.
• 2011  - After protests against the burning of the Quran turn violent, a mob attacks a United Nations compound in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan, resulting in the deaths of fourteen people, including seven UN workers.^[50]
• 2016  - The 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict begins along the Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact.^[51]

Births

Pre-1600

• 1220  - Emperor Go-Saga of Japan (d. 1272)
• 1282  - Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1347)
• 1328  - Blanche of France, Duchess of Orléans (d. 1382)
• 1543  - François de Bonne, Duke of Lesdiguières (d. 1626)
• 1578  - William Harvey, English physician and academic (d. 1657)^[52]

1601–1900

• 1610  - Charles de Saint-Évremond, French soldier and critic (d. 1703)
• 1629  - Jean-Henri d'Anglebert, French organist and composer (d. 1691)
• 1640  - Georg Mohr, Danish mathematician and academic (d. 1697)
• 1647  - John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet and courtier (d. 1680)
• 1697  - Antoine François Prévost, French novelist and translator (d. 1763)^[53]
• 1721  - Pieter Hellendaal, Dutch-English organist, violinist, and composer (d. 1799)
• 1741  - George Dance the Younger, English architect and surveyor (d. 1825)
• 1753  - Joseph de Maistre, French philosopher, lawyer, and diplomat (d. 1821)
• 1765  - Luigi Schiavonetti, Italian engraver and etcher (d. 1810)
• 1776  - Sophie Germain, French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher (d. 1831)^[54]
• 1786  - William Mulready, Irish genre painter (d. 1863)
• 1815  - Otto von Bismarck, German lawyer and politician, 1st Chancellor of the German Empire (d. 1898)^[55]
• 1815  - Edward Clark, American lawyer and politician, 8th Governor of Texas (d. 1880)
• 1823  - Simon Bolivar Buckner, American general and politician, 30th Governor of Kentucky (d. 1891)
• 1824  - Louis-Zéphirin Moreau, Canadian bishop (d. 1901)
• 1834  - James Fisk, American businessman (d. 1872)^[56]
• 1852  - Edwin Austin Abbey, American painter and illustrator (d. 1911)
• 1858  - Columba Marmion, Irish Benedictine abbot (d. 1923)^[57]
• 1865  - Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Austrian-German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1929)
• 1866  - William Blomfield, New Zealand cartoonist and politician (d. 1938)
• 1866  - Ferruccio Busoni, Italian pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1924)
• 1866  - Ève Lavallière, French actress (d. 1929)^[58]
• 1868  - Edmond Rostand, French poet and playwright (d. 1918)
• 1868  - Walter Mead, English cricketer (d. 1954)
• 1871  - F. Melius Christiansen, Norwegian-American violinist and conductor (d. 1955)
• 1873  - Sergei Rachmaninoff, Russian pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1943)
• 1874  - Ernest Barnes, English mathematician and theologian (d. 1953)
• 1874  - Prince Karl of Bavaria (d. 1927)
• 1875  - Edgar Wallace, English journalist, author, and playwright (d. 1932)
• 1878  - C. Ganesha Iyer, Ceylon Tamil philologist (d. 1958)
• 1879  - Stanislaus Zbyszko, Polish wrestler and strongman (d. 1967)
• 1881  - Octavian Goga, Romanian Prime Minister (d. 1938)
• 1883  - Lon Chaney, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1930)
• 1883  - Edvard Drabløs, Norwegian actor and director (d. 1976)
• 1883  - Laurette Taylor, Irish-American actress (d. 1946)
• 1885  - Wallace Beery, American actor (d. 1949)
• 1885  - Clementine Churchill, English wife of Winston Churchill (d. 1977)
• 1889  - K. B. Hedgewar, Indian physician and activist (d. 1940)
• 1893  - Cicely Courtneidge, Australian-English actress (d. 1980)
• 1895  - Alberta Hunter, African-American singer-songwriter and nurse (d. 1984)
• 1898  - William James Sidis, Ukrainian-Russian Jewish American mathematician, anthropologist, and historian (d. 1944)
• 1899  - Gustavs Celmiņš, Latvian academic and politician (d. 1968)
• 1900  - Stefanie Clausen, Danish Olympic diver (d. 1981)^[59]

1901–present

• 1901  - Whittaker Chambers, American journalist and spy (d. 1961)
• 1902  - Maria Polydouri, Greek poet (d. 1930)^[60]
• 1905  - Gaston Eyskens, Belgian economist and politician, 47th Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 1988)
• 1905  - Paul Hasluck, Australian historian, poet, and politician, 17th Governor-General of Australia (d. 1993)
• 1906  - Alexander Sergeyevich Yakovlev, Russian engineer, founded the Yakovlev Design Bureau (d. 1989)
• 1907  - Shivakumara Swami, Indian religious leader and philanthropist (d. 2019)
• 1908  - Abraham Maslow, American psychologist and academic (d. 1970)
• 1908  - Harlow Rothert, American shot putter, lawyer, and academic (d. 1997)
• 1909  - Abner Biberman, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1977)
• 1909  - Eddy Duchin, American pianist and bandleader (d. 1951)
• 1910  - Harry Carney, American saxophonist and clarinet player (d. 1974)
• 1910  - Bob Van Osdel, American high jumper and soldier (d. 1987)
• 1911  - Augusta Braxton Baker, African American librarian (d. 1998)^[61]
• 1913  - Memos Makris, Greek sculptor (d. 1993)
• 1915  - O. W. Fischer, Austrian-Swiss actor and director (d. 2004)
• 1916  - Sheila May Edmonds, British mathematician (d. 2002)^[62]
• 1917  - Sydney Newman, Canadian screenwriter and producer, co-created Doctor Who (d. 1997)
• 1917  - Melville Shavelson, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2007)
• 1919  - Joseph Murray, American surgeon and soldier, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012)
• 1920  - Toshiro Mifune, Japanese actor (d. 1997)
• 1921  - William Bergsma, American composer and educator (d. 1994)
• 1921  - Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith, American guitarist, fiddler, and composer (d. 2014)
• 1922  - Duke Jordan, American pianist and composer (d. 2006)
• 1922  - William Manchester, American historian and author (d. 2004)
• 1924  - Brendan Byrne, American lieutenant, judge, and politician, 47th Governor of New Jersey (d. 2018)
• 1926  - Anne McCaffrey, American-Irish author (d. 2011)
• 1927  - Walter Bahr, American soccer player, coach, and manager (d. 2018)
• 1927  - Amos Milburn, American R&B singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 1980)
• 1927  - Ferenc Puskás, Hungarian footballer and manager (d. 2006)^[63]
• 1929  - Jonathan Haze, American actor, producer, screenwriter, and production manager
• 1929  - Milan Kundera, Czech-French novelist, poet, and playwright (d. 2023)^[64]
• 1929  - Payut Ngaokrachang, Thai animator and director (d. 2010)
• 1929  - Jane Powell, American actress, singer, and dancer (d. 2021)
• 1930  - Grace Lee Whitney, American actress and singer (d. 2015)^[65]
• 1931  - George Baker, Bulgarian-English actor and screenwriter (d. 2011)
• 1931  - Rolf Hochhuth, German author and playwright (d. 2020)
• 1932  - Debbie Reynolds, American actress, singer, and dancer (d. 2016)^[66]
• 1933  - Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Algerian-French physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
• 1933  - Dan Flavin, American sculptor and educator (d. 1996)
• 1933  - Bengt Holbek, Danish folklorist (d. 1992)^[67]
• 1934  - Vladimir Posner, French-American journalist and radio host
• 1935  - Larry McDonald, American physician and politician (d. 1983)
• 1936  - Peter Collinson, English-American director and producer (d. 1980)
• 1936  - Jean-Pascal Delamuraz, Swiss politician, 80th President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 1998)
• 1936  - Tarun Gogoi, Indian politician, 14th Chief Minister of Assam (d. 2020)
• 1936  - Abdul Qadeer Khan, Indian-Pakistani physicist, chemist, and engineer (d. 2021)
• 1937  - Jordan Charney, American actor^[68]
• 1937  - Yılmaz Güney, Palme d'Or award-winning Kurdish film director, scenarist, actor, novelist and activist (d. 1984)^[69]
• 1939  - Ali MacGraw, American model and actress
• 1939  - Phil Niekro, American baseball player and manager (d. 2020)
• 1940  - Wangari Maathai, Kenyan environmentalist and politician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011)
• 1941  - Gideon Gadot, Israeli journalist and politician (d. 2012)
• 1941  - Ajit Wadekar, Indian cricketer, coach, and manager (d. 2018)
• 1942  - Samuel R. Delany, American author and critic
• 1942  - Richard D. Wolff, American economist and academic
• 1943  - Dafydd Wigley, Welsh academic and politician
• 1943  - Titina Silá, Bissau-Guinean revolutionary (d. 1973)^[70]
• 1946  - Nikitas Kaklamanis, Greek academic and politician, Greek Minister of Health and Social Security
• 1946  - Ronnie Lane, English bass player, songwriter, and producer (d. 1997)
• 1946  - Arrigo Sacchi, Italian footballer, coach, and manager^[71]
• 1947  - Alain Connes, French mathematician and academic
• 1948  - Javier Irureta, Spanish footballer and manager
• 1948  - Peter Law, Welsh politician and independent Member of Parliament (d. 2006)^[72]
• 1949  - Gérard Mestrallet, French businessman
• 1949  - Paul Manafort, American lobbyist, political consultant, and convicted felon^[73]
• 1949  - Sammy Nelson, Northern Irish footballer and coach
• 1949  - Gil Scott-Heron, American singer-songwriter and author (d. 2011)
• 1950  - Samuel Alito, American lawyer and jurist, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
• 1950  - Loris Kessel, Swiss racing driver (d. 2010)
• 1950  - Daniel Paillé, Canadian academic and politician
• 1951  - John Abizaid, American general
• 1952  - Annette O'Toole, American actress
• 1952  - Bernard Stiegler, French philosopher and academic (d. 2020)
• 1953  - Barry Sonnenfeld, American cinematographer, director, and producer
• 1953  - Alberto Zaccheroni, Italian footballer and manager
• 1954  - Jeff Porcaro, American drummer, songwriter, and producer (d. 1992)
• 1955  - Don Hasselbeck, American football player and sportscaster
• 1955  - Humayun Akhtar Khan, Pakistani politician, 5th Commerce Minister of Pakistan
• 1957  - David Gower, English cricketer and sportscaster
• 1957  - Denise Nickerson, American actress (d. 2019)
• 1958  - D. Boon, American singer and musician (d. 1985)
• 1959  - Helmuth Duckadam, Romanian footballer
• 1961  - Susan Boyle, Scottish singer
• 1961  - Sergio Scariolo, Italian professional basketball head coach
• 1961  - Mark White, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1962  - Mark Shulman, American author
• 1962  - Chris Grayling, English journalist and politician, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain
• 1962  - Samboy Lim, Filipino basketball player and manager (d. 2023)
• 1962  - Phillip Schofield, English television host
• 1963  - Teodoro de Villa Diaz, Filipino guitarist and songwriter (d. 1988)
• 1963  - Aprille Ericsson-Jackson, American aerospace engineer
• 1964  - Erik Breukink, Dutch cyclist and manager
• 1964  - Kevin Duckworth, American basketball player (d. 2008)
• 1964  - John Morris, English cricketer
• 1964  - José Rodrigues dos Santos, Portuguese journalist, author, and educator
• 1965  - Jane Adams, American film, television, and stage actress
• 1965  - Mark Jackson, American basketball player and coach
• 1966  - Chris Evans, English radio and television host
• 1966  - Mehmet Özdilek, Turkish footballer and manager
• 1967  - Nicola Roxon, Australian lawyer and politician, 34th Attorney-General for Australia
• 1968  - Mike Baird, Australian politician, 44th Premier of New South Wales
• 1968  - Andreas Schnaas, German actor and director
• 1968  - Alexander Stubb, Finnish academic and politician, 43rd Prime Minister of Finland and 13th President of Finland
• 1969  - Lev Lobodin, Ukrainian-Russian decathlete
• 1969  - Andrew Vlahov, Australian basketball player
• 1969  - Dean Windass, English footballer and manager
• 1970  - Brad Meltzer, American author, screenwriter, and producer
• 1971  - Sonia Bisset, Cuban javelin thrower^[74]
• 1971  - Shinji Nakano, Japanese racing driver
• 1972  - Darren McCarty, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster
• 1972  - Jesse Tobias, American guitarist and songwriter
• 1973  - Christian Finnegan, American comedian and actor
• 1973  - Stephen Fleming, New Zealand cricketer and coach
• 1973  - Rachel Maddow, American journalist and author
• 1974  - Hugo Ibarra, Argentinian footballer and manager
• 1975  - John Butler, American-Australian singer-songwriter and producer
• 1975  - Magdalena Maleeva, Bulgarian tennis player
• 1976  - Hazem El Masri, Lebanese-Australian rugby league player and educator
• 1976  - David Gilliland, American race car driver
• 1976  - Gábor Király, Hungarian footballer^[75]
• 1976  - David Oyelowo, English actor
• 1976  - Clarence Seedorf, Dutch-Brazilian footballer and manager
• 1976  - Yuka Yoshida, Japanese tennis player
• 1977  - Vitor Belfort, Brazilian-American boxer and mixed martial artist
• 1977  - Haimar Zubeldia, Spanish cyclist
• 1978  - Antonio de Nigris, Mexican footballer (d. 2009)
• 1978  - Mirka Federer, Slovak-Swiss tennis player
• 1978  - Anamaria Marinca, Romanian-English actress
• 1978  - Etan Thomas, American basketball player
• 1979  - Ruth Beitia, Spanish high jumper
• 1980  - Dennis Kruppke, German footballer
• 1980  - Randy Orton, American wrestler
• 1980  - Bijou Phillips, American actress and model
• 1981  - Antonis Fotsis, Greek basketball player
• 1981  - Bjørn Einar Romøren, Norwegian ski jumper
• 1982  - Taran Killam, American actor, voice artist, comedian, and writer
• 1982  - Andreas Thorkildsen, Norwegian javelin thrower
• 1983  - Ólafur Ingi Skúlason, Icelandic footballer
• 1983  - Sean Taylor, American football player (d. 2007)
• 1984  - Gilberto Macena, Brazilian footballer
• 1985  - Daniel Murphy, American baseball player
• 1985  - Beth Tweddle, English gymnast^[76]
• 1986  - Nikolaos Kourtidis, Greek weightlifter^[77]
• 1986  - Hillary Scott, American country singer-songwriter
• 1987  - Vitorino Antunes, Portuguese footballer^[78]
• 1987  - Ding Junhui, Chinese professional snooker player
• 1987  - Gianluca Musacci, Italian footballer
• 1987  - Oliver Turvey, English racing driver
• 1988  - Brook Lopez, American basketball player^[79]
• 1988  - Robin Lopez, American basketball player^[80]
• 1989  - Jan Blokhuijsen, Dutch speed skater^[81]
• 1989  - David N'Gog, French footballer
• 1989  - Christian Vietoris, German racing driver
• 1990  - Julia Fischer, German discus thrower
• 1991  - Duván Zapata, Colombian footballer^[82]
• 1992  - Deng Linlin, Chinese gymnast
• 1995  - Jofra Archer, Barbadian-English cricketer^[83]
• 1995  - Logan Paul, American YouTuber, actor and wrestler
• 1997  - Asa Butterfield, English actor^[84]
• 1997  - Álex Palou, Spanish racing driver^[85]
• 1998  - Mitchell Robinson, American basketball player^[86]
• 1999  - Gabe Davis, American football player^[87]
• 2000  - Rhian Brewster, English footballer^[88]

Deaths

Pre-1600

• 996  - John XV, pope of the Catholic Church
• 1085  - Shen Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 1048)
• 1132  - Hugh of Châteauneuf, French bishop (b. 1053)^[89]
• 1204  - Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen of France and England (b. 1122)^[90]
• 1205  - Amalric II, king of Cyprus and Jerusalem^[91]
• 1282  - Abaqa Khan, ruler of the Mongol Ilkhanate (b. 1234)
• 1431  - Nuno Álvares Pereira, Portuguese general (b. 1360)
• 1441  - Blanche I, queen of Navarre and Sicily (b. 1387)
• 1455  - Zbigniew Oleśnicki, Polish cardinal and statesman (b. 1389)^[92]
• 1528  - Francisco de Peñalosa, Spanish composer (b. 1470)^[93]
• 1548  - Sigismund I, king of Poland (b. 1467)^[94]
• 1580  - Alonso Mudarra, Spanish guitarist and composer (b. 1510)

1601–1900

• 1621  - Cristofano Allori, Italian painter and educator (b. 1577)^[95]
• 1682  - Franz Egon of Fürstenberg, Bavarian bishop (b. 1625)^[96]
• 1787  - Floyer Sydenham, English scholar and academic (b. 1710)^[97]
• 1839  - Benjamin Pierce, American soldier and politician, 11th Governor of New Hampshire (b. 1757)^[98]
• 1865  - Antonios Kriezis, Greek Navy officer and Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1796)^[99]
• 1865  - Giuditta Pasta, Italian soprano (b. 1797)^[100]
• 1872  - Frederick Denison Maurice, English theologian and academic (b. 1805)^[101]
• 1878  - John C.W. Daly, English-Canadian soldier and politician (b. 1796)^[102]
• 1890  - David Wilber, American politician (b. 1820)^[103]
• 1890  - Alexander Mozhaysky, Russian soldier, pilot, and engineer (b. 1825)

1901–present

• 1914  - Rube Waddell, American baseball player (b. 1876)^[104]
• 1914  - Charles Wells, English founder of Charles Wells Ltd (b. 1842)
• 1917  - Scott Joplin, American pianist and composer (b. 1868)^[105]
• 1920  - Walter Simon, German banker and philanthropist (b. 1857)
• 1922  - Charles I, emperor of Austria (b. 1887)^[106]
• 1924  - Jacob Bolotin, American physician (b. 1888)^[107]
• 1924  - Lloyd Hildebrand, English cyclist (b. 1870)^[108]
• 1924  - Stan Rowley, Australian sprinter (b. 1876)^[109]
• 1946  - Noah Beery, Sr., American actor (b. 1882)^[110]
• 1947  - George II, king of Greece (b. 1890)^[111]
• 1950  - Charles R. Drew, American physician and surgeon (b. 1904)^[112]
• 1950  - Recep Peker, Turkish soldier and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1889)^[113]
• 1962  - Jussi Kekkonen, Finnish captain and businessman (b. 1910)
• 1963  - Agnes Mowinckel, Norwegian actress (b. 1875)^[114]
• 1965  - Helena Rubinstein, Polish-American businesswoman (b. 1870)^[115]
• 1966  - Brian O'Nolan, Irish author (b. 1911)^[116]
• 1968  - Lev Landau, Azerbaijani-Russian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)^[117]
• 1971  - Kathleen Lonsdale, Irish crystallographer and prison reformer (b. 1903)^[118]
• 1976  - Max Ernst, German painter and sculptor (b. 1891)^[119]
• 1981  - Eua Sunthornsanan, Thai singer-songwriter and bandleader (b. 1910)
• 1984  - Marvin Gaye, American singer-songwriter (b. 1939)
• 1984  - Elizabeth Goudge, English author (b. 1900)^[120]
• 1986  - Erik Bruhn, Danish actor, director, and choreographer (b. 1928)^[121]
• 1986  - Edwin Boston, English clergyman, author, and railway preservationist^[122]
• 1987  - Henri Cochet, French tennis player (b. 1901)^[123]
• 1991  - Martha Graham, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1894)^[124]
• 1991  - Jaime Guzmán, Chilean lawyer and politician (b. 1946)^[125]
• 1992  - Michael Havers, Baron Havers, English lawyer and politician, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1923)^[126]
• 1993  - Alan Kulwicki, American race car driver (b. 1954)^[127]
• 1994  - Robert Doisneau, French photographer (b. 1912)^[128]
• 1995  - H. Adams Carter, American mountaineer, journalist, and educator (b. 1914)^[129]
• 1995  - Francisco Moncion, Dominican American ballet dancer, choreographer, charter member of the New York City Ballet (b. 1918)^[130]
• 1995  - Lucie Rie, Austrian-English potter (b. 1902)^[131]
• 1997  - Makar Honcharenko, Ukrainian footballer and manager (b. 1912)
• 1998  - Rozz Williams, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1963)^[132]
• 1999  - Jesse Stone, American pianist, songwriter, and producer (b. 1901)^[133]
• 2001  - Trịnh Công Sơn, Vietnamese guitarist and composer (b. 1939)^[134]
• 2002  - Simo Häyhä, Finnish soldier and sniper (b. 1905)^[135]
• 2003  - Leslie Cheung, Hong Kong singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1956)^[136]
• 2004  - Ioannis Kyrastas, Greek footballer and manager (b. 1952)^[137]
• 2004  - Carrie Snodgress, American actress (b. 1945)^[138]
• 2005  - Paul Bomani, Tanzanian politician and diplomat, 1st Tanzanian Minister of Finance (b 1925)^[139]
• 2005  - Robert Coldwell Wood, American political scientist and academic (b. 1923)^[140]
• 2006  - In Tam, Cambodian general and politician, 26th Prime Minister of Cambodia (b. 1916)^[141]
• 2010  - John Forsythe, American actor (b. 1918)^[142]
• 2010  - Tzannis Tzannetakis, Greek soldier and politician, 175th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1927)^[143]
• 2012  - Lionel Bowen, Australian soldier, lawyer, and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1922)^[144]
• 2012  - Giorgio Chinaglia, Italian-American soccer player and radio host (b. 1947)^[145]
• 2012  - Miguel de la Madrid, Mexican banker, academic, and politician, 52nd President of Mexico (b. 1934)^[146]
• 2013  - Moses Blah, Liberian general and politician, 23rd President of Liberia (b. 1947)^[147]
• 2013  - Karen Muir, South African swimmer and physician (b. 1952)^[148]
• 2014  - King Fleming, American pianist and bandleader (b. 1922)^[149]
• 2014  - Jacques Le Goff, French historian and author (b. 1924)^[150]
• 2014  - Rolf Rendtorff, German theologian and academic (b. 1925)^[151]
• 2015  - Nicolae Rainea, Romanian footballer and referee (b. 1933)^[152]
• 2017  - Lonnie Brooks, American blues singer and guitarist (b. 1933)^[153]
• 2017  - Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Soviet and Russian poet and writer (b. 1932)^[154]
• 2018  - Steven Bochco, American television writer and producer (b. 1943)^[155]
• 2019  - Vonda N. McIntyre, American science fiction author (b. 1948)^[156]
• 2024  - Lou Conter, American naval commander (b. 1921)^[157]
• 2024  - Vontae Davis, American football player (b. 1988)^[158]
• 2024  - Joe Flaherty, American actor, writer, and comedian (b. 1941)^[159]
• 2024  - Sami Michael, Iraqi-born Israeli writer and human rights activist (b. 1926)^[160]
• 2024  - Ed Piskor, American comic book artist (b. 1982)^[161]
• 2024  - Mohammad Reza Zahedi, Iranian senior military officer (b. 1960)^[162]

Holidays and observances

• Christian feast day:
  • Cellach of Armagh^[163]
  • Hugh of Grenoble^[164]
  • Frederick Denison Maurice (Church of England)^[165]
  • Mary of Egypt^[166]
  • Melito of Sardis^[167]
  • Tewdrig^[168]
  • Theodora^[169]
  • Walric, abbot of Leuconay^[170]
  • April 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• April Fools' Day^[171]
• Odisha Day (Odisha, India)^[172]
• Arbor Day (Tanzania)^[173]
• Civil Service Day (Thailand)^[174]
• Cyprus National Day (Cyprus)^[175]
• Edible Book Day^[176]
• Fossil Fools Day^[177]
• Kha b-Nisan, the Assyrian New Year (Assyrian people)^[178]

External links

• BBC: On This Day
  • Historical Events on April 1

Notes and References

1. Book: Evans, J.A.S.. The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire. Westport, Conn.. Greenwood Press. 2005. 9780313325823. 38.
2. Book: Kotzampasi, Sofia. The Pantokrator Monastery in Constantinople. Boston. Walter de Gruyter and Co. 2013. 9781614515999. 17. none.

   Book: Neville, Leonora Alice. Anna Komnene: The Life and Work of a Medieval Historian. New York. Oxford University Press. 2019. 9780190939892. 2.

3. Book: Garland, Lynda. Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium, AD 527-1204. London. Routledge. 2011. 9780415619448 . 184.
4. Book: Multiple Authors. Early Modern Wars 1500–1775. 17 September 2013. Amber Books Ltd. 978-1-78274-121-3. 97.
5. Book: Jenkins. Jeffery A.. Stewart. Charles Haines. Fighting for the Speakership: The House and the Rise of Party Government. Princeton, N.J.. Princeton University Press. 2013. 9780691118123. 26.
6. Book: Williams, Amelia W.. The Alamo Defenders: A Critical Study of the Siege of the Alamo and the Personnel of Its Defenders. Rockport, Tex.. Copano Bay Press. 2010. 9780982246771. 22.
7. Book: Infantry. June 2011. U.S. Army Infantry School. 45.
8. Book: Vreeland. Nena. Dana. Glenn B.. Hurwitz. Geoffrey B.. Just. Peter. Shinn. R.S.. Area Handbook for Singapore. Washington, D.C.. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1977. 3032967. 44.
9. Book: Adams, W.H. Davenport. Great Shipwrecks: A Record of Perils and Disasters at Sea, 1544-1877. London. T. Nelson. 1877. 1039482884. 507–508. none.

   Book: Canada Department of Agriculture. The Statistical Year-Book of Canada for 1899. Ottawa. Canada Department of Agriculture. 1900. 1080360321. 11.

10. Book: Burbank, Richard. Twentieth Century Music. New York City, US. Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. 1984. 0-87196-464-3. 13. |
11. Book: Dennis, Peter . 1987 . The Territorial Army: 1906-1940 . Boydell Press . 14 . 0861932080.
12. Web site: RAF Timeline 1918-1929 . Royal Air Force . 15 February 2023 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120812113116/http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/raftimeline19181929.cfm . 12 August 2012.
13. Web site: The Dead of the Belfast Pogrom . Glennon . Kieran . 27 October 2020 . The Irish Story . 25 March 2024 .
14. Book: Fulda, Bernhard . 2009 . Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic . Oxford University Press . 69 . 9780191563263.
15. Book: Roberts, Leslie . 1959 . There Shall Be Wings: A History of the Royal Canadian Air Force . Toronto . . 55 . 9781013416767.
16. Web site: Julius Streicher: Biography . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . 15 February 2023.
17. Web site: Brief History . Reserve Bank of India . 15 February 2023.
18. Web site: Royal New Zealand Air Force . New Zealand History . 15 February 2023.
19. Holguín . Sandie . December 2015 . How Did the Spanish Civil War End? ... Not So Well . The American Historical Review . 120 . 5 . 1767–1783 . 10.1093/ahr/120.5.1767 . 43697076 . 17 March 2023.
20. Web site: 75 Years Since 'The Romanian Katyn' Massacre At Fântâna Albă3,000 Romanians Killed . Lupu . Victor . 1 April 2016 . Romania Journal . 17 March 2023.
21. Web site: The Coup . Scott . James C . Iraqi Coup . California State University, Sacramento . 9 August 2001 . 17 March 2023 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071024000835/http://www.csus.edu/indiv/s/scottjc/coup.htm . 24 October 2007.
22. Web site: During World War II, America Accidently Bombed Switzerland . Peck . Michael . 8 April 2017 . The National Interest . 17 March 2023.
23. Book: Appleman . Roy E. . Burns . James M. . Gugeler . Russel A. . Stevens . John . 2000 . Okinawa: The Last Battle . Washington, D.C. . United States Army Center of Military History . 68 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120114000303/http://www.history.army.mil/BOOKS/WWII/OKINAWA/chapter3.htm . 14 January 2012.
24. Web site: 1946 Aleutian Tsunami . USC Thunami Research Group . 17 March 2023 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141016033328/http://www.usc.edu/dept/tsunamis/alaska/1946/webpages/ . 16 October 2014.
25. Web site: PeKhabar . 2016-04-01 . Penubuhan Malayan Union . 2022-03-31 . PeKhabar . ms-MY.
26. Web site: Mutiny at HMNZS Philomel . Torpedo Bay Navy Museum . 16 October 2015 . 17 March 2023.
27. Book: Miller, Roger G. . 2000 . To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948-1949 . College Station, TX . Texas A&M University Press . 20 . 9780890969670.
28. Book: Pomfret . Richard . The Economic Integration of Europe . 8 June 2021 . Harvard University Press . 978-0-674-24413-9 . 200 . en.
29. Book: Adachi, Ken . 1976 . The Enemy That Never Was . Toronto . McClelland and Stewart . 346.
30. News: 2 April 1954 . Air Force Academy Act Signed by Eisenhower . The Spokesman-Review . Spokane, WA . 17 March 2023.
31. Book: French, David . 2015 . Fighting EOKA: The British Counter-Insurgency Campaign on Cyprus, 1955-1959 . Oxford University Press . 71 . 9780198729341.
32. Web site: First Television Picture of Earth from Space, 1960 . National Air and Space Museum . April 2020 . 17 March 2023.
33. Web site: Defence (Transfer of Functions) Act 1964.
34. Web site: Hawker Siddeley Harrier . April 2008 . Tangmere Military Aviation Museum . 17 March 2023 . 17 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230317171910/https://www.tangmere-museum.org.uk/aircraft-month/hawker-siddeley-harrier . dead .
35. Web site: The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1970 . Brumage . Jody . 25 July 2017 . Robert C. Byrd Center . 20 March 2023.
36. Web site: ASN Aircraft accident Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle III CN-CCV Berrechid . 2023-11-19 . aviation-safety.net.
37. act . 1972 . 70 . Local Government Act 1972 . 1 . 1972 . 20 March 2023.
38. Web site: Apple Fast Facts. 12 January 2022. CNN. July 2014.
39. News: 1 April 1979 . Fighting Is Renewed By Iran Tribesmen . The Commercial Appeal . 2 . Memphis, Tennessee.
40. Web site: The tragic story of Marvin Gaye and the untimely death of a soul legend . 31 March 2022 . Smooth . en.
41. Book: Malone . David M . von Einsiedel . Sebastian . Pradhan . Suman . 2012 . Nepal in Transition: From People's War to Fragile Peace . Cambridge University Press . 71 . 9781107005679.
42. Web site: Fighting the poll tax - a look back at one of Glasgow's biggest battles captured in photos . Russell . Jennifer . 1 April 2019 . GlasgowLive . 15 February 2023.
43. Web site: 16 March 1994 . National Transportation Safety Board Aviation Accident Final Report . 24 October 2017 . app.ntsb.gov . National Transportation Safety Board . ATL93MA068 . 1 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201201030501/https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20001211X12077&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=MA . dead .
44. Web site: C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) . solarsystem.nasa.gov . 15 February 2023.
45. Web site: Creation of a New Northwest Territories . Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories . 15 February 2023.
46. Web site: U.S. aircraft collides with Chinese fighter, forced to land . 1 April 2001 . CNN . 14 February 2023 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081211063330/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/04/01/us.china.plane.03/ . 11 December 2008.
47. Book: The Yale Journal of International Law. 2001. Yale Law School. 334.
48. Web site: Same-Sex Marriage Legalized in Amsterdam . 1 April 2001 . CNN Transcripts . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221411/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0104/01/sm.10.html . 14 February 2023. 2016-03-03 .
49. Web site: Petrova . Magdalena . Elias . Jennifer . 26 October 2019 . Google's rocky path to email domination . 31 March 2022 . CNBC . en.
50. News: 2011-04-02 . Afghanistan: Deadly Kandahar protest at Koran burning . 2024-04-19 . BBC News . en-GB.
51. Web site: 12-year-old Vaghinak Grigoryan killed in Azeri shelling . 2 April 2016 . Horizon . 14 February 2023 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160404222825/http://www.horizonweekly.ca/news/details/83600 . 4 April 2016.
52. Web site: BBC - History - William Harvey . www.bbc.co.uk . 26 October 2020.
53. Book: Smernoff, Richard A. . L'Abbé Prévost . Boston . Twayne Publishers . 1985 . 978-0-8057-6594-6 . 2 .
54. Book: Grinstein . Louise S. . Campbell . Paul J. . Women of Mathematics : a Biobibliographic Sourcebook . New York . Greenwood Press . 1987 . 978-0-3132-4849-8 . 47 .
55. Book: Headlam . James Wycliffe . Bismarck and the Foundation of the German Empire . New York . G. P. Putnam's Sons . 1899 . 1 .
56. Web site: James Fisk American financier . Encyclopedia Britannica . 16 May 2021 . en.
57. • Book: Tierney, Mark . Blessed Columba Marmion: A Short Biography . Collegeville, Mn. . Liturgical Press . 2000 . 13. 978-0-8146-2756-3 .
58. Book: Gänzl, Kurt . The Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre . registration . 17 May 2001 . New York . Schirmer . 978-0-02-864970-2 . 1157.
59. Web site: Stefanie Fryland Clausen. www.stefanie-fryland-clausen.com. en-US. 2017-10-24.
60. Web site: Πολυδούρη, Μαρία . 2022-08-07 . Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias . Greek.
61. Book: Stanton F. Biddle. Culture Keepers: Enlightening and Empowering Our Communities : Proceedings of the First National Conference of African American Librarians, September 4-6, 1992, Columbus, Ohio. 1993. Black Caucus of the American Library Association. 978-0-9640292-0-0. 124.
62. Book: Who's Who of British Scientists . London . Longman . 1969 . 978-0-5821-1463-0 . 251.
63. Web site: Nemzeti Sport Online - Isten futballistának teremtette . 2009-06-24 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070714170916/http://www.nsport.hu/cikk.php?cikk=127775 . 14 July 2007 . dmy-all .
64. News: Lewis . Daniel . Milan Kundera, Czech Literary Star and Communist Party Outcast, Dies at 94 . 12 July 2023 . The New York Times . 12 July 2023.
65. Web site: Grace Lee Whitney . HeraldScotland . 6 May 2015 . 22 October 2022 . en.
66. Web site: Debbie Reynolds obituary . the Guardian . 28 December 2021 . en . 29 December 2016.
67. Hansen . William . Obituary: Bengt Holbek (1933-1992) . The Journal of American Folklore . 1993 . 106 . 420 . 184–189 . 541968 . 0021-8715.
68. Book: Willis, John. Theatre World 2000-2001: Special Tony Honor Edition. Hal Leonard Corporation. 224. January 1, 2004. 1557835233. Google Books.
69. Web site: Yılmaz Güney.
70. Book: Peter. Karibe Mendy. Richard A.. Lobban Jr.. 2013. Sila, Ernestina (1943–1973). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau. 4th. Scarecrow Press. 375–376. 978-0-8108-8027-6.
71. Book: Giancarlo Colombo. Who's who in Italy 2002. 2002. Who's Who in Italy. 978-88-85246-48-5. 1536.
72. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1516661/Peter-Law.html Peter Law
73. Reagan, Ronald (May 13, 1981)."Nomination of Paul J. Manafort, Jr., To Be a Member of the Board of Directors of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation ." In Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. Hosted online by the University of California, Santa Barbara, CA. www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
74. Web site: Sonia BISSET Profile . www.worldathletics.org . 1 April 2020.
75. Web site: Gábor Király. Premier League. 1 April 2024.
76. Web site: Beth Tweedle . teamgb.com . 1 April 2020.
77. Web site: Nikos Kourtidis Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . www.sports-reference.com . 30 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200418071738/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ko/nikos-kourtidis-1.html . 18 April 2020 . dead.
78. Web site: Antunes. Soccerway. 1 April 2024.
79. Web site: Brook Lopez Stats, News, Bio . ESPN . 1 April 2020 . en.
80. Web site: Robin Lopez Stats, News, Bio . ESPN . 1 April 2020 . en.
81. Web site: Jan Blokhuijsen . https://web.archive.org/web/20200417192111/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bl/jan-blokhuijsen-1.html . dead . 17 April 2020 . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . 1 April 2020 . en.
82. Web site: Duván Zapata. Soccerway. 1 April 2024.
83. Web site: Jofra Archer. Cricket Australia . 18 September 2019.
84. Web site: Famous birthdays for April 1: Mackenzie Davis, Asa Butterfield . . 18 March 2023 . 1 April 2021.
85. Web site: About Alex . AlexPalou.com . 22 March 2023 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230905/http://www.alexpalou.com/en/about-alex/ . 4 March 2016.
86. Web site: Mitchell Robinson . NBA.com . April 1, 2024.
87. Web site: Gabriel Davis Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft, College . Pro-Football-Reference.com . April 1, 2024.
88. Web site: Rhian Brewster. Premier League. 1 April 2024.
89. Web site: St. Hugh of Grenoble . St. Hugh of Grenoble Catholic Church . 15 March 2023.
90. Book: Koestler-Grack, Rachel A. . Eleanor of Aquitaine: Heroine of the Middle Ages . Philadelphia . Chelsea House . 2005 . 9780--7910-8633-9 . 138.
91. Book: Runciman, Steven . Steven Runciman . 1954 . A History of the Crusades Volume III: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades . Cambridge University Press . 103 . 0-521-06163-6.
92. Zbigniew Olesnicki. 11. Michael . Ott.
93. Web site: Francisco de Peñalosa . Spain Is Culture . 15 March 2023 . 15 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230315202900/http://www.spainisculture.com/en/artistas_creadores/francisco_de_penalosa.html . dead .
94. Sigismund I. . Bain . Robert Nisbet . Robert Nisbet Bain.
95. Web site: The art of Cristofano Allori, who should have died thereafter . Cranfield . Nicholas . 17 December 2021 . Church Times . 15 March 2023.
96. Fürstenberg.
97. Sydenham, Floyer . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Sydenham, Floyer . Foster . Joseph.
98. Book: Bugbee, James M. . 1890 . Memorials of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati . Boston . 394.
99. Web site: Αντώνιος Κριεζής ο πρώτος Αντιναύαρχος του Πολεμικού Ναυτικού . April 2021 .
100. Book: Emerson, Isabelle Putnam . Five Centuries of Women Singers . Westport . Praeger . 2005 . 978-0-3133-0810-9 . 129.
101. Book: 1884 . The London Quarterly Review . 62 . H. J. T. Tresidder . 347–348.
102. Swainson . Donald . Daly, John Corry Wilson . 10 .
103. Web site: WILBER, David . Biographical Dictionary of the United States Congress . 15 March 2023.
104. Web site: Rube Waddell . Baseball Hall of Fame . 14 March 2023.
105. Book: Argyle, Ray . Scott Joplin and the Age of Ragtime . registration . Jefferson NC . McFarland . 2009 . 978-0-7864-4376-5 . 166.
106. Web site: CHARLES OF AUSTRIA DIES OF PNEUMONIA IN EXILE ON MADIERA . 1 April 1922 . The New York Times . 14 March 2023.
107. Web site: Dr. Jacob Bolotin, the Blind Doctor . Wilson . Joanne . National Federation of the Blind . 14 March 2023 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120515082725/http://nfb.org/history-bolotin . 15 May 2012.
108. Web site: Lloyd Hildebrand . Olympedia . 14 March 2023.
109. Web site: Stan Rowley . Olympedia . 14 March 2023.
110. Web site: NOAH BEERY SR., 62, FILM VETERAN, DIES . 2 April 1946 . The New York Times . 14 March 2023.
111. Web site: King George II . greekroyalfamily.gr . 14 March 2023.
112. Web site: Biographical Overview Charles R. Drew . National Library of Medicine . 12 March 2019 . 14 March 2023.
113. Book: Metin Tamkoç. The warrior diplomats: guardians of the national security and modernization of Turkey. 1976. University of Utah Press. 350. 9780874801156.
114. Encyclopedia: Agnes Mowinckel . Marit . Dalen . Lillian . Bikset . . 23 August 2023 . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . no. 16 March 2024.
115. Book: Sicherman . Barbara . Hurd Green . Carol . Notable American Women: The Modern Period . Cambridge MA . Belknap . 1983 . 978-0-6746-2733-8 . 607 .
116. Book: A Dictionary of the Avant-Gardes . 13 May 2013 . Routledge . 978-1-136-80619-3 . 473 . en.
117. Web site: Lev Landau . The Nobel Prize . 13 March 2023.
118. Book: Bailey Ogilvie . Marilyn . Harvey. Joy . The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives from Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century . 2000 . London . Routledge . 978-0-41592-039-1 . 805.
119. Web site: Max Ernst, Catalytic Figure in 20th Century Art, Dies . Russell . John . 2 April 1976 . The New York Times . 13 March 2023.
120. Web site: ELIZABETH GOUDGE . 27 April 1984 . The New York Times . 13 March 2023.
121. Web site: ERIK BRUHN DIES IN TORONTO; TOP DANCER OF HIS GENERATION . Rockwell . John . 2 April 1986 . The New York Times . 13 March 2023.
122. Web site: Memories of steam vicar 30 years on . Parrish . Rachel . 30 March 2016 . 18 February 2023 . The Hinckley Times . PressReader.
123. Web site: Henri Cochet Is Dead; French Tennis Leader . 3 April 1987 . The New York Times . 13 March 2023.
124. Web site: Martha Graham Dies at 96; A Revolutionary in Dance . Kisselgoff . Anna . 2 April 1991 . The New York Times . 3 March 2023.
125. Web site: 29 Years Ago: The Assassination of Jaime Guzmán . Rivera . Diego . 1 April 2020 . Chile Today . 3 March 2023.
126. Web site: Lord Havers, 69, Former British Attorney General . Schmidt . William E. . 3 April 1992 . The New York Times . 3 March 2023.
127. News: Friends, fans pay tribute to Kulwicki. Kallman. Dave. 1993-04-08. Milwaukee Sentinel. 20 April 2019.
128. Web site: Robert Doisneau . International Center of Photography . 31 January 2018 . 3 March 2023.
129. Web site: H. ADAMS CARTER, 1914-1995 . Houston . Charles S. . 1996 . The American Alpine Club . 27 February 2023.
130. Web site: Francisco Moncion, 76, a Charter Member of New York City Ballet . Kisselgoff . Anna . 4 April 1995 . The New York Times . 27 February 2023.
131. Web site: OBITUARIES Dame Lucie Rie . Cooper . Emmanuel . 2 April 1995 . Independent . 27 February 2023.
132. Web site: Rozz Williams, 34, Songwriter And Gothic Rock Band Leader . Strauss . Neil . 14 April 1998 . The New York Times . 21 February 2023.
133. Web site: Jesse Stone, 97, Developer of Rock's Early Hits . 4 April 1999 . The New York Times . 21 February 2023.
134. News: Vietnamese Songwriter Trinh Cong Son Dies . 3 April 2001 . The Washington Post . 19 February 2023.
135. Book: Saarelainen, Tapio A. M.. 2016 . The White Sniper . Casemate Publishers . Part I . 9781612004297.
136. Web site: Actor Leslie Cheung 'found dead' . 1 April 2003 . BBC . 19 February 2023.
137. Web site: Greek football mourns Kyrastas . 1 April 2004 . UEFA . 19 February 2023.
138. Web site: Carrie Snodgress, 57, Dies; Starred as 'Mad Housewife' . 10 April 2004 . The New York Times . 19 February 2023.
139. Web site: Tanzania: A Tribute to Nationalist Paul Bomani . Kamana . Stanley . 2 May 2005 . The East African . 19 February 2023 . allAfrica.
140. Web site: Robert Wood, Education Expert, Dies at 81 . Martin . Douglas . 5 April 2005 . The New York Times . 19 February 2023.
141. Web site: Tam In Obituary . 5 April 2006 . East Valley Tribune . 19 February 2023 . Legacy.com.
142. News: John Forsythe dead; starred in 'Dynasty,' 'Bachelor Father' . Bernstein . Adam . 3 April 2010 . The Washington Post . 18 February 2023.
143. Web site: Former Greek Prime Minister Tzannetakis dies at 82 . Makris . A . 1 April 2010 . Greek Reporter . 18 February 2023.
144. Web site: Death of Labor elder Bowen, who remained an everyday bloke . Wroe . David . 2 April 2012 . The Sydney Morning Herald . 18 February 2023.
145. Web site: Giorgio Chinaglia, Italian Star and the Cosmos' Leader, Dies at 65 . Martin . Douglas . 3 April 2012 . The New York Times . 18 February 2023.
146. Web site: Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado. Busca Biografias. es. May 30, 2019.
147. Web site: Former Liberian president Moses Blah dies . Paye-Layleh . Jonathan . 1 April 2013 . The San Diego Union-Tribune . 15 February 2023.
148. Web site: Vanderhoof doctor, former South Africa swimming sensation Karen Muir dies of cancer . Edmonds . Scott . 2 April 2013 . The Vancouver Sun . 15 February 2023 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130405004359/https://vancouversun.com/sports/Vanderhoof+doctor+former+South+Africa+swimming+sensation+Karen/8185524/story.html . 5 April 2013.
149. Web site: Jazz pianist King Fleming dead at 91 . Reich . Howard . 3 April 2014 . Chicago Tribune . 15 February 2023.
150. Web site: Influential medieval historian Jacques Le Goff dies aged 90 . 1 April 2014 . The Guardian . 15 February 2023.
151. Web site: Rolf Rendtorff (1925-2014) . Sanders . Fred . 2 April 2014 . The Scriptorium Daily . 18 February 2023.
152. Web site: Romania mourns much-celebrated referee Rainea . 1 April 2015 . UEFA . 15 February 2023.
153. Web site: Chicago bluesman Lonnie Brooks dies at 83 . Dudek . Mitch . 2 April 2017 . Chicago Sun-Times . 14 February 2023 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170403020037/https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/chicago-bluesman-lonnie-brooks-dies-at-83/amp/ . 3 April 2017.
154. Web site: Soviet-era poet Yevgeny Yevtushenko dies aged 84 . 1 April 2017 . BBC . 15 February 2023.
155. Web site: Steven Bochco, Producer of 'Hill Street Blues' and 'NYPD Blue,' Dies at 74 . Haag . Matthew . Mele . Christopher . 2 April 2018 . The New York Times . 14 February 2023.
156. News: Vonda N. McIntyre, 70, Champion of Women in Science Fiction, Dies. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/05/obituaries/vonda-n-mcintyre-dead.html . 2022-01-01 . limited. The New York Times. 2019-04-05. 2019-04-08.
157. Web site: Ebrahimji . Alisha . 2024-04-02 . Lou Conter, last survivor of USS Arizona in Pearl Harbor attack, dies at 102 . 2024-04-02 . CNN . en.
158. Web site: Bills mourn passing of former player Vontae Davis . April 2, 2024 . BuffaloBills.com.
159. Web site: Wright . Tracy . 2024-04-02 . Joe Flaherty, 'SCTV' and 'Freaks and Geeks' star, dead at 82 . 2024-04-02 . Fox News . en-US.
160. News: חיות . איה . 2024-04-01 . הסופר סמי מיכאל הלך לעולמו בגיל 97 . 2024-04-02 . Ynet . he.
161. Web site: Ed Piskor, Hip Hop Family Tree and X-Men: Grand Design Artist, Reportedly Passes Away at Age 41 . 2024-04-06 . Comics . en.
162. News: 2024-04-01 . Iran accuses Israel of killing generals in Syria strike . 2024-04-02 . en-GB.
163. Web site: St. Cellach . Catholic Online . 20 February 2023.
164. Web site: St. Hugh of Grenoble . Catholic Online . 20 February 2023.
165. Web site: The Calendar . The Church of England . 20 February 2023.
166. Web site: St. Mary of Egypt . Catholic News Agency . 20 February 2023.
167. Web site: St. Melito of Sardis . Catholic Online . 20 February 2023.
168. Book: Owen, Robert . Robert Owen (theologian) . 1880 . Sanctorale Catholicum, Or Book of Saints . Kegan Paul . 169.
169. Web site: St. Theodora . Catholic Online . 20 February 2023.
170. Book: Farmer, David . 2011 . The Oxford Dictionary of Saints . 5th . Oxford University Press . 441 . 9780199596607.
171. News: Where does April Fools' Day come from? . CBBC Newsround . 16 May 2021.
172. Web site: On Odisha Day or Utkal Diwas, know the history of the beautiful state . 1 April 2018 . India Today . 20 February 2023.
173. Web site: Celebrate Arbor Day . Arbor Day Foundation . 20 February 2023.
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