Apple Store Explained

Type:Division
Apple Store
Key People:
Industry:Retail
Products:
Parent:Apple Inc.
Foundation:
Tysons, Virginia, and Glendale, California, U.S.
Hq Location:Apple Park
Hq Location City:Cupertino, California
Location Country:United States
Locations:530 locations[1]
(271 US/259 elsewhere)

The Apple Store is a chain of retail stores owned and operated by Apple Inc. The stores sell, service and repair various Apple products, including Mac desktop and MacBook laptop personal computers, iPhone smartphones, iPad tablet computers, Apple Watch smartwatches, Apple TV digital media players, software, and both Apple-branded and selected third-party accessories.

The first Apple Stores were originally opened as two locations in May 2001 by then-CEO Steve Jobs, after years of attempting but failing store-within-a-store concepts. Seeing a need for improved retail presentation of the company's products, he began an effort in 1997 to revamp the retail program to get an improved relationship with consumers and hired Ron Johnson in 2000. Jobs relaunched Apple's online store in 1997 and opened the first two physical stores in 2001. The media initially speculated that Apple would fail, but its stores were highly successful, bypassing the sales numbers of competing nearby stores and within three years reached US$1 billion in annual sales, becoming the fastest retailer in history to do so. Apple has expanded the number of retail locations and its geographical coverage over the years, with 530 stores across 27 countries and regions worldwide, opening its latest store in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on June 22, 2024.[1] [2] Strong product sales have placed Apple among the top-tier retail stores, with sales over $16 billion globally in 2011.

In May 2016, Angela Ahrendts, Apple's then-Senior Vice President of retail, unveiled a significantly redesigned Apple Store in Union Square, San Francisco, featuring large glass doors for the entry, open spaces, and rebranded rooms.

Many Apple Stores are located inside shopping malls, but Apple has built several stand-alone flagship stores in high-profile locations. It has been granted design patents and received architectural awards for its stores' designs and construction, specifically for its use of glass staircases and cubes. The success of Apple Stores has had significant influence over other consumer electronics retailers, who have lost traffic, control and profits due to perceived higher quality of service and products at Apple Stores. Apple's notable brand loyalty among consumers causes long lines of hundreds of people at new Apple Store openings or product releases. Due to the popularity of the brand, Apple receives many job applications, many of which come from young workers. Apple Store employees receive above-average pay, are offered money toward education and health care, and receive product discounts; however, there are limited or no paths of career advancement. A May 2016 report with an anonymous retail employee highlighted a hostile work environment with harassment from customers, intense internal criticism, and a lack of significant bonuses for securing major business contracts.

Overview

Many Apple Stores are located inside shopping malls, but Apple has several stand-alone flagship stores in high-profile locations, such as the one located in Grand Central Terminal in New York City.[3] Several multi-level stores feature glass staircases,[4] [5] [6] and some also glass bridges.[7] The New York Times wrote in 2011 that these features were part of then-CEO Steve Jobs' extensive attention to detail,[8] and Apple received a design patent in 2002 for its glass staircase design.[9] [10] [11] Historically, Apple has partnered with architectural firm Bohlin Cywinski Jackson in designing and creating its original retail stores, and has in recent years partnered with architectural firm Foster + Partners in designing its newer stores, as well as its corporate Apple Park campus.[12] Apple has received numerous architectural awards for its store designs,[13] [14] and its "iconic" glass cube, designed in part by Peter Bohlin,[15] [16] at Apple's Fifth Avenue store in New York City, received a separate design patent in 2014.[17] [18] [19]

Ron Johnson held the position of Senior Vice President of Retail Operations from 2001 until November 1, 2011.[20] [21] During his tenure, it was reported that while Johnson was responsible for site selection, in-store service, and store layout, inventory was controlled by then-COO and now-CEO Tim Cook, who has a background in supply chain management.[22] In January 2012, Apple transferred retail leadership to John Browett.[23] However, after attempts to cut costs, including reducing new hires and limiting staff hours, he was fired after six months, later telling a conference that he "just didn't fit with the way they ran the business".[24] [25] In October 2013, Apple hired Angela Ahrendts from Burberry.[26] [27] [28] When Ahrendts left in April 2019, Deirdre O’Brien expanded from Worldwide Sales and Operations, to People, and currently, to People and Retail. In an interview with Funke Mediengruppe in May 2021 she commented, Apple is sticking to its plan to open more stores around the globe in the future, as reported by Bloomberg.[29]

Work environment

See also: Apple worker organizations. Due to the popularity of the brand, applicants for jobs at Apple Stores are numerous, with many young workers applying. The pace of work is high due to the popularity of the iPhone and iPad. Employees typically work for only a few years as career prospects are limited with no path of advancement other than limited retail management slots.[30] Apple Store employees make above-average pay for retail employees and are offered benefits including 401(k) plans, product discounts, and reduced price on stock.[30] The retention rate for the technicians who staff the Genius Bar is more than 90%.[30] [31] A May 2016 Business Insider article featured a lengthy interview with an anonymous Apple Store retail worker in the United Kingdom, where the employee highlighted significant dissatisfaction and issues for retail workers, including harassment and death threats from customers, an intense internal criticism policy that feels "like a cult", a lack of any significant bonus if a worker manages to secure a business contract worth "hundreds of thousands", a lack of promotion opportunities, and are paid so little that many workers are unable to buy products themselves even with a "generous" discount on any Apple product or Apple stock.[32]

According to an April 2022 press release, over 70 percent of the eligible employees in the Apple Store located in the Cumberland Mall in Atlanta, Georgia, have signified interest in unionizing. The employees asked for a $28 per hour wage, better benefits, and profit-sharing. If successful, the effort would make the store the first unionized Apple retail store in the United States.[33]

Countries and regions

Country / RegionDate of
first store		Location of
first store		Date of
latest store		Location of
latest store		Number of stores
United StatesMay 19, 2001Tysons Corner Center, Tysons Corner, Virginia~2024Del Amo Fashion Center, Torrance, California271[34]
China (mainland)July 19, 2008Sanlitun, BeijingMarch 21, 2024Jing'an District, Shanghai47[35] [36]
United KingdomNovember 20, 2004Regent Street, LondonJune 15, 2023Battersea, London40[37]
CanadaMay 21, 2005Yorkdale Shopping Centre, TorontoNovember 18, 2022Pacific Centre, Vancouver28
AustraliaJune 19, 2008George Street, SydneyJuly 25, 2015Westfield Miranda, Sydney22[38]
FranceNovember 7, 2009Carrousel du Louvre, ParisNovember 18, 2018Champs-Élysées, Paris20[39]
ItalyMarch 31, 2007Centro Commerciale Roma Est, RomeMay 27, 2021Via del Corso, Rome17[40]
GermanyDecember 6, 20081 Rosenstrasse, Munich, BavariaDecember 2, 2021Rosenthaler Strasse, Berlin16[41]
SpainSeptember 4, 2010La Maquinista, BarcelonaJune 21, 2014Puerta del Sol, Madrid11[42]
JapanNovember 30, 2003Ginza, TokyoDecember 14, 2019Lazona Kawasaki Plaza, Kawasaki10[43]
January 27, 2018Garosu-gil, SeoulJanuary 20, 2024Hongdae, Seoul, South Korea7[44]
Hong KongSeptember 24, 2011ifc Mall, Central and Western DistrictSeptember 22, 2016apm Hong Kong6[45]
SwitzerlandSeptember 25, 2008Rue de Rive, GenevaJuly 12, 2014Freie Strasse, Basel4[46]
United Arab EmiratesOctober 29, 2015Mall of the Emirates, Dubai
Yas Mall, Abu Dhabi		February 25, 2022Al Maryah Island, Abu Dhabi4[47]
NetherlandsMarch 3, 2012Hirschbuilding, Leidseplein, AmsterdamAugust 9, 2014De Passage, The Hague3[48]
SwedenSeptember 15, 2012Täby Centrum, Stockholm~2024Westfield Mall of Scandinavia, Solna3[49]
TurkeyApril 5, 2014Zorlu Center, IstanbulOctober 22, 2021Bağdat Caddesi, Istanbul3
SingaporeMay 27, 2017Orchard RoadSeptember 10, 2020Marina Bay Sands3[50]
BrazilFebruary 15, 2014VillageMall, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de JaneiroApril 18, 2015Morumbi, São Paulo2[51]
June 25, 2016Galaxy MacauJune 29, 2018Cotai Strip2[52]
MexicoSeptember 24, 2016Centro Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Mexico CitySeptember 28, 2019Centro Comercial Antara Fashion Hall, Mexico City2[53]
July 1, 2017Taipei 101, TaipeiJune 15, 2019Xinyi A13, Taipei2[54]
ThailandNovember 10, 2018Iconsiam, BangkokJuly 31, 2020CentralWorld, Bangkok2[55]
IndiaApril 18, 2023Bandra Kurla Complex, MumbaiApril 20, 2023Saket, New Delhi2[56] [57]
BelgiumSeptember 19, 2015Avenue de la Toison d’Or, Brussels1[58]
AustriaFebruary 24, 2018Kärntner Straße, Vienna1[59]
MalaysiaJune 22, 2024The Exchange TRX, Kuala Lumpur1[60]
Total530 stores

History

Third-party retail

Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple, returned to the company as interim CEO in 1997. According to his biographer Walter Isaacson, Jobs began a concerted campaign to help sales by improving the retail presentation of Macintosh computers. Even with new products launched under his watch, like the iMac and the PowerBook G3 and an online store, Apple still relied heavily on big-box computer and electronics stores for most of its sales. There, customers continued to deal with poorly trained and ill-maintained Mac sections that did not foster customer loyalty to Apple and did not help differentiate the Mac user experience from Windows.[61] [62] In fact, the retailer trend was towards selling their own generic in-house brand PCs which used even cheaper components than those by major PC makers, increasing retailer overall margins by keeping the manufacturing profits. This "provided a powerful profit motive to convert customers interested in buying a Mac into the owners of a new, cheaply assembled, house brand PC".[63]

Tim Cook, who joined Apple in 1998 as Senior Vice President for Worldwide Operations, announced the company would "cut some channel partners that may not be providing the buying experience [Apple expects]. We're not happy with everybody." Jobs severed Apple's ties with every big box retailer, including Sears, Montgomery Ward, Best Buy, Circuit City, Computer City, and Office Max to focus its retail efforts with CompUSA—which reached an agreement to establish dedicated departments for Apple hardware, staffed by trained employees and representatives. Apple also worked with local user groups to promote launch events for new hardware and Mac OS releases.

Between 1997 and 2000, the number of Mac authorized resellers dropped from 20,000 to just 11,000. The majority of these were cuts made by Apple itself. Jobs proclaimed that Apple would be targeting Dell as a competitor, with Cook's mandate to match or exceed Dell's lean inventories and streamlined supply chain. Jobs made an open statement to Michael Dell, "with our new products and our new store and our new build-to-order, we're coming after you, buddy." While Dell had operated as direct mail order and online order company, having pulled out of retailers to realize greater profit margins and efficiency, Apple had direct orders with sales handled by its channel partners, other mail order resellers, independent dealerships, and the new relationship with CompUSA.

A revised concept for an Apple "store-within-a-store" was designed by Eight Inc., a San Francisco-based firm who had developed Apple's presences at the MacWorld expo; they were designed as a self-contained showroom with more minimalistic design that emphasized the products themselves. After a trial at retail outlets in Japan, CompUSA began to adopt the new concept for its locations beginning in 1999.[64] The "store within a store" approach still had shortcomings; acting as a mystery shopper, Macworld writer David Pogue observed that all but one of the locations he visited had employees who actively steered him towards Windows PCs and attacked Macs (such as claiming they did not have software available); the company's PR director Suzanne Shelton stated that finding "specialized" talent was difficult. Despite this, CompUSA sales of Macs had increased. Apple then added Best Buy as a second authorized reseller.[65] Challenges still remained, as resellers' profit margins on selling Macs was only around 9%, and selling Macs was only worthwhile if ongoing service and support contracts were provided, of which retailer experiences were inconsistent.[66]

Online store

In 1997, the year Steve Jobs returned to Apple, Dell founder and CEO Michael Dell was asked how he would fix Apple. Dell responded: "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders". This angered Jobs, due to Dell's success with its online store originally built by NeXT, his former business that Apple acquired to bring Jobs back. A team of Apple and NeXT employees spent several months building an online store that would be better than Dell's. On November 10, 1997, Steve Jobs announced the online store at an Apple press event, and during his keynote speech, he said: "I guess what we want to tell you, Michael, is that with our new products and our new store and our new build-to-order manufacturing, we're coming after you, buddy."[67]

In August 2015, Apple revamped the online storefront, removing the dedicated "Store" tab and making the entire website a retail experience.[68] [69] Later, in August 2021, a redesigned store section of the website returned, with products still being able to be purchased directly through their respective pages.[70]

Origins

Jobs believed the Apple retail program needed to fundamentally change the relationship to the customer, and provide more control over the presentation of Apple products and the Apple brand message. Jobs recognized the limitations of third-party retailing and began investigating options to change the model.[3]

In 1999, Jobs personally recruited Millard Drexler, former CEO of Gap Inc., to serve on Apple's board of directors.[3] [71] [72] In 2000, Jobs hired Ron Johnson from Target. The retail and development teams headed by Allen Moyer from The Walt Disney Company then began a series of mock-ups for the Apple Store inside a warehouse near the company's Cupertino headquarters.[3]

On May 15, 2001, Jobs hosted a press event at Apple's first store, located at the Tysons Corner Center mall in Tysons, Virginia, near Washington, D.C.[73] The store officially opened on May 19, along with another store in Glendale Galleria in Glendale, California.[73] [3] [74] More than 7,700 people visited Apple's first two stores in the opening weekend, spending a total of .[75]

Expansion

Several publications and analysts predicted the failure of Apple Stores. However, the Apple retail program established its merits, bypassing the sales-per-square-foot measurement of competing nearby stores, and in 2004 reached $1 billion in annual sales, the fastest of any retailer in history. Sales continued to grow, reaching $1 billion a quarter by 2006. Then-CEO Steve Jobs said that "People haven't been willing to invest this much time and money or engineering in a store before", adding that "It's not important if the customer knows that. They just feel it. They feel something's a little different."[76] In 2011, Apple Stores in the United States had an average revenue of $473,000 for each employee.[30] According to research firm RetailSails, the Apple Store chain ranked first among U.S. retailers in terms of sales per unit area in 2011, almost doubling Tiffany, the second retailer on the list.[30] On a global level, all Apple Stores had a combined revenue of US$16 billion.[30] Under the leadership of Ron Johnson, the former senior Vice President of Retail Operations, the Apple Stores have, according to an article in The New York Times, been responsible for "[turning] the boring computer sales floor into a sleek playroom filled with gadgets".[77] The Apple Stores have also been credited with raising the company's brand equity, with Scott Galloway, Professor of Marketing at New York University Stern School of Business, stating that the Stores are the "temple to the brand which is this unbelievable experience called an Apple Store, and then you have this very mediocre experience called an AT&T or Verizon connect your phone experience for Samsung and the other Android players".[78]

Apple has since re-established ties with major big box retailers like Best Buy and Staples.[79] Authorized Apple resellers have a dedicated store-within-a-store section, offering a distinctive Apple-style experience to showcase products.[80] The relationship with Best Buy calls for the company to send Apple Solutions Consultants (ASCs) to train Best Buy employees to be familiar with Apple's product lineup.[62] [81]

In an interview with Funke Mediengruppe in May 2021 Deirdre O'Brien commented, "Apple is sticking to its plan to open more stores around the globe in the future."

Influence

Apple Stores have considerably changed the landscape for consumer electronics retailers and influenced other technological companies to follow suit. According to The Globe and Mail, "Apple’s retail stores have taken traffic, control and profits away from Verizon as well as electronics retailers, such as Best Buy, that once looked at wireless phones as a lucrative profit source".[82] CNET has reported that the "Apple retail experience hurts Best Buy" and noted, "Buy a MacBook at the Apple Store and it's hard to go back to the Best Buy Windows laptop buying experience". The publication also wrote that "Apple salespeople are generally more knowledgeable, the products themselves are generally higher quality, and the stores are more appealing, aesthetically and practically."[83]

In October 2009, reports surfaced that Steve Jobs and his retail team would help "drastically overhaul" Disney Stores. His involvement was described by The New York Times as "particularly notable", given his work on the "highly successful" Apple Stores and his election to Disney's board of directors in 2006.[84] [85]

In August 2009, the London Evening Standard reported that Apple's first store in the United Kingdom, at Regent Street, was the most profitable shop of its size in London, with the highest sales per square foot, taking in £60 million a year, or £2,000 per square foot.[86]

Many other electronics retailers from around the world such as Huawei, Samsung, Xiaomi started to follow the designing trend of Apple Store.

Redesign

In May 2016, Apple significantly redesigned its Union Square Apple Store in downtown San Francisco, adding large glass doors for the entry, open spaces with touch-sensitive tables and shelves for product displays, and rebranded rooms for the store. "The Avenue" is the central location for hardware, as well as for receiving advice from salespersons and "Creative Pros" with specialized knowledge of music, photography, creativity, and apps. The "Genius Bar" becomes the "Genius Grove", a tree-lined area for help and support. "The Forum" features a large video screen and offers game nights, sessions with experts in creative arts, and community events. "The Plaza", while limited to select locations, offers a "park-like" space outside the store featuring free 24/7 Wi-Fi access and will host live concerts on some weekends.[87] [88] Designed by Jony Ive and Angela Ahrendts, the idea was to make Apple Stores into "town squares", in which people come naturally to the store as a gathering place,[89] and to "help foster human experiences that draw people out of their digital bubbles".[90] The new design will be adopted to every store Apple has,[91] and while renovation is undergoing, stores are either relocated[92] or temporarily closed.[93]

In April 2017, Apple announced that its "Today at Apple" educational sessions, which launched with its Union Square redesign in 2016 and offer more than 60 free hands-on sessions for creative skills, will also be expanded to all of its stores.[94] [95]

Starting May 2018, a Video Wall was added to stores around the world, and upgrade some stores like Apple Palo Alto.[96]

Genius Bar

See main article: Genius Bar.

All Apple Stores feature a Genius Bar, where customers can receive technical advice or set up service and repair for their products. The Genius Bar provides hardware service on products that are not classified vintage or obsolete.[97] However, in most cases the Geniuses will at least attempt to assist customers with older hardware.[98]

The Genius Bar at Apple Stores offers same-day service for both OLED/LCD screen and lithium-ion battery replacement. If the in-house technician needs to send the affected device to an Apple Repair Center, most repaired or replaced iPhones will be returned or ready for pickup in approximately 3 business days.

In May 2017, Apple launched a new program called Today at Apple. Customers can come in and receive free training from a Creative in more than 60 different sessions. Topics include basic device knowledge, Apple's professional film, and music editing software, coding for kids, and tools for using Apple products in classroom-based learning.[99]

The largest Genius Bar in the world is located in Amsterdam.[100]

Store openings

Apple Store openings and new product releases can draw crowds of hundreds, with some waiting in line as much as a day before the opening.[101] [102] [103] [104] The opening of New York City's Fifth Avenue store in 2006 was highly frequented, and had visitors from Europe who flew in for the event.[105]

Stores at corporate locations

In 1993, Apple opened a store, then known as The Company Store, at its Apple Campus on Infinite Loop in Cupertino, California. Predating the modern Apple Store chain, the store was, at the time, the only place in the world where Apple merchandise could be purchased, including T-shirts, mugs, and pens.[106] In June 2015, the store was closed for renovations,[107] and in September it was reopened, offering a new design resembling other Apple Store locations and, for the first time, selling iPhones.[108] [106] [109] The Infinite Loop location closed on January 20, 2024.[110]

As part of the process of moving its corporate headquarters to the new Apple Park complex, a similar store with exclusive merchandise opened as part of the Apple Park Visitor Center on November 17, 2017.[111]

Imitations

In July 2011, an American expatriate blogger who lives in the southwestern Chinese city of Kunming reported on her discovery of what she called "the best ripoff store we had ever seen"—a fake Apple Store, complete with the glass exterior, wood display tables, winding staircase and large promotional posters found in legitimate Apple Stores, and with employees wearing lanyards and the same T-shirts as actual Apple Store employees.[112] The Wall Street Journal reported that the store had "gotten widespread international attention for the remarkable lengths to which its proprietors seem to have gone to mimic the look and feel of a real Apple Store."[113] The fake Apple Store was mentioned by U.S. presidential contender Mitt Romney in the second 2012 election debate.[114] Chinese law prohibits retailers from copying the look and feel of competitors' stores, but enforcement is lax.[115]

According to The Wall Street Journal, unauthorized Apple resellers are found throughout China; the blogger's original post noted that two such stores were located within walking distance of the first knockoff, one of them with a misspelled sign reading "Apple Stoer".[113] An employee of the first knockoff confirmed that the store was not one of the 13[115] authorized Apple resellers in Kunming.[112] [113] In a follow-up report, Reuters indicated that local authorities in Kunming had closed two fake Apple Stores in that city due to lack of official business permits, but allowed three other such stores to stay open, including the one that had attracted international attention. The operators of that store had applied for a reseller license from Apple.[115] At the time of the report, only four legitimate Apple Stores had opened in China, with two in Beijing and two in Shanghai.[113]

These imitation Apple Store locations should not be confused with Apple Premium Resellers, which are independent businesses authorized to sell Apple products, and which are expected by Apple to offer services comparable to the company's corporate stores and a similar store design aesthetic. Apple Premium Resellers typically operate in countries and suburban communities not served by Apple Stores.[116] [117]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Store List – Apple Store . . June 3, 2024 .
  2. Web site: 2023-12-07 . Inside Apple's sixth Korean store: Geniuses, watches and plant-based materials . 2023-12-11 . koreajoongangdaily.joins.com . en.
  3. Web site: Apple Store . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160205204106/https://www.macrumors.com/roundup/apple-retail-stores/ . February 5, 2016 . March 23, 2017 . MacRumors.
  4. Web site: Matt . Weinberger . Apple spent $1 million on the stairs in the new San Francisco Apple Store . . . May 28, 2016 . March 23, 2017 . March 24, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170324084043/http://nordic.businessinsider.com/apple-store-san-francisco-1-million-stairs-2016-5 . live.
  5. Web site: David . Pierini . Step up to 10 incredible, Apple-worthy staircases . Cult of Mac . March 17, 2015 . March 23, 2017 . March 23, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170323233652/http://www.cultofmac.com/315853/10-staircases-that-are-steps-above-the-apple-store/ . live.
  6. Web site: Jesus . Diaz . The Insanely Huge Glass Panels at the SoHo Apple Store In NY Are Stunning . . July 18, 2012 . March 23, 2017 . March 24, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170324000015/http://gizmodo.com/5926851/the-impossibly-huge-glass-panel-at-the-soho-apple-store-in-ny-is-stunning . live.
  7. Web site: The Top Ten Awe-Inspiring Apple Stores in The World . iGeeksBlog . December 6, 2017 . December 6, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171206143515/https://www.igeeksblog.com/top-ten-awe-inspiring-apple-stores-in-the-world/ . live.
  8. News: Miguel . Helft . Shan . Carter . A Chief Executive's Attention to Detail, Noted in 313 Patents . . August 25, 2011 . March 23, 2017 . December 7, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161207233413/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/26/technology/apple-patents-show-steve-jobss-attention-to-design.html . live.
  9. Web site: Matthew . Panzarino . Apple out to patent curved glass panels used in Shanghai Retail Store . The Next Web . April 19, 2012 . May 6, 2017 . October 26, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171026054352/https://thenextweb.com/apple/2012/04/19/apple-out-to-patent-curved-glass-panels-used-in-shanghai-retail-store/ . live.
  10. Web site: Rain . Noe . Apple Continues Pushing Boundaries of Glass for Architectural Applications . Core77 . July 17, 2012 . May 6, 2017 . June 12, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170612140742/http://www.core77.com/posts/22944/apple-continues-pushing-boundaries-of-glass-for-architectural-applications-22944 . live.
  11. Web site: United States Design Patent . https://web.archive.org/web/20140903070130/http://pdf.ifoman.com.s3.amazonaws.com/staircase_page_patent_c.pdf . ifo Apple Store . September 3, 2014 . May 6, 2017.
  12. Web site: Pilar . Viladas . How Bohlin Cywinski Jackson created the Apple retail experience . . . September 12, 2016 . December 6, 2017 . December 6, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171206155435/https://www.curbed.com/2016/9/12/12854540/apple-stores-architecture-foster-partners-bohlin-cywinski-jackson . live.
  13. Web site: Buster . Hein . Apple wins supreme engineering award for glass lantern store in Turkey . Cult of Mac . December 12, 2014 . May 6, 2017 . April 2, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170402091511/http://www.cultofmac.com/305967/apple-wins-supreme-engineering-award-glass-lantern-store-turkey/ . live.
  14. Web site: Mitchel . Broussard . Apple Receives Chairman's Award for Historic Architectural Preservation in NYC . . February 3, 2016 . May 6, 2017 . February 18, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180218090325/https://www.macrumors.com/2016/02/03/apple-chairmans-award-architectural-preservation/ . live.
  15. Web site: Inga . Saffron . Old-school architect creates an iOpener . https://web.archive.org/web/20100324191844/http://www.philly.com/inquirer/entertainment/20100322_Old-school_architect_creates_an_iOpener.html . . . March 24, 2010 . March 23, 2017.
  16. Web site: Nicole . Martinelli . Apple Cube Store Architect "Computer Illiterate" . Cult of Mac . March 22, 2010 . March 23, 2017 . March 23, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170323235711/http://www.cultofmac.com/34365/apple-cube-store-architect-computer-illiterate/ . live.
  17. Jack . Linshi . Apple Wins Patent for Its Glass Cube Store Design . . August 28, 2014 . May 6, 2017 . September 10, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160910031348/http://time.com/3207197/apple-patent-fifth-avenue-apple-store-glass-cube/ . live.
  18. Web site: Richard . Padilla . Apple Granted Patent for Fifth Avenue Glass Cube Store Design . . August 28, 2014 . May 6, 2017 . February 4, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170204020332/https://www.macrumors.com/2014/08/28/apple-patent-fifth-avenue-glass-cube/ . live.
  19. Web site: Katie . Marsal . Apple wins patent for Steve Jobs-designed Fifth Ave glass cube . AppleInsider . August 28, 2014 . May 6, 2017 . June 24, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170624093721/http://appleinsider.com/articles/14/08/28/apple-wins-patent-for-steve-jobs-designed-fifth-ave-glass-cube . live.
  20. Web site: Kelly . Hodgkins . Retail chief Ron Johnson leaves Apple for J.C. Penney . . . June 14, 2011 . May 26, 2017 . February 18, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180218024124/https://www.engadget.com/2011/06/14/retail-chief-ron-johnson-leaves-apple-for-j-c-penney/ . live.
  21. Web site: Dan . Moren . Report: Apple retail chief Johnson to depart . . . June 14, 2011 . May 26, 2017 . June 22, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170622115519/http://www.macworld.com/article/1160520/apple_retail_chief_johnson_departing.html . live.
  22. Web site: Adam . Lashinsky . How Apple Works: Inside the World's Biggest Startup . . . August 25, 2011 . May 26, 2017 . May 25, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170525083254/http://fortune.com/2011/08/25/how-apple-works-inside-the-worlds-biggest-startup/ . live.
  23. Web site: John Browett Joins Apple as Senior Vice President of Retail . Apple Newsroom . . January 30, 2012 . May 26, 2017 . February 18, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180218024134/https://www.apple.com/uk/newsroom/2012/01/31John-Browett-Joins-Apple-as-Senior-Vice-President-of-Retail/ . live.
  24. News: James . Titcomb . Why new Apple retail chief's British predecessor John Browett was fired . . October 15, 2013 . May 26, 2017 . December 24, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161224181228/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10379517/Why-new-Apple-retail-chiefs-British-predecessor-John-Browett-was-fired.html . live.
  25. Web site: Matt . Brian . Looking back: John Browett's turbulent six months in charge of Apple Retail . The Next Web . October 29, 2012 . May 26, 2017 . September 12, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160912191219/http://thenextweb.com/apple/2012/10/29/for-apples-browett-was-the-writing-on-the-wall/ . live.
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