Matthew the Apostle explained
Matthew the Apostle should not be confused with Matthias the Apostle.
Matthew the Apostle (Saint Matthew) (Koine Greek: Ματθαῖος, romanized: Matthaîos; Aramaic: ܡܬܝ, romanized: Mattāy) is named in the New Testament as one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. According to Christian traditions, he was also one of the four Evangelists as author of the Gospel of Matthew, and thus is also known as Matthew the Evangelist.
The claim of his gospel authorship is rejected by most modern biblical scholars, though the "traditional authorship still has its defenders." The New Testament records that as a disciple, he followed Jesus. Church Fathers, such as Irenaeus and Clement of Alexandria, relate that Matthew preached the gospel in Judea before going to other countries.
In the New Testament
Matthew is mentioned in Matthew 9:9[1] and Matthew 10:3[2] as a tax collector (in the New International Version and other translations of the Bible) who, while sitting at the "receipt of custom" in Capernaum, was called to follow Jesus.[3] He is also listed among the Twelve Disciples, but without identification of his background, in Mark 3:18, Luke 6:15 and Acts 1:13.[4] In passages parallel to Matthew 9:9, both Mark 2:14[5] and Luke 5:27[6] describe Jesus's calling of the tax collector Levi, the son of Alphaeus. However, they do not explicitly associate it with the name Matthew.
Ministry
The New Testament records that as a disciple, Matthew followed Jesus. After Jesus' ascension, the disciples withdrew to an upper room (Acts 1:10–14) (traditionally the Cenacle) in Jerusalem. The disciples remained in and about Jerusalem and proclaimed that Jesus was the promised Messiah.
In the Babylonian Talmud (Sanhedrin 43a), "Mattai" is one of five disciples of "Jeshu".
Early Church Fathers such as Irenaeus (Against Heresies 3.1.1) and Clement of Alexandria say that Matthew preached the gospel to the Jewish community in Judea, before going to other countries. Ancient writers are not in agreement as to which other countries these are, but almost all sources mention Ethiopia. The Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church each hold the tradition that Matthew died as a martyr and the Babylonian Talmud appears to report his execution in Sanhedrin 43a.
According to Church tradition, while preaching in Ethiopia, Matthew converted, and then consecrated to God, Ephigenia of Ethiopia, the virgin daughter of King Egippus.[7] When King Hirtacus succeeded Egippus, he asked the apostle if he could persuade Ephigenia to marry him. Matthew invited King Hirtacus to liturgy the following Sunday, where he rebuked him for lusting after the girl, as she was a nun and therefore was the bride of Christ. The enraged King thus ordered his bodyguard to kill Matthew who stood at the altar, making him a martyr.[8]
The Gospel of Matthew
See main article: Gospel of Matthew.
See also: Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew.
Early Church tradition holds that the Gospel of Matthew was written by the apostle Matthew. This tradition is first attested, among the extant writings of the first and second centuries, with the early Christian bishop Papias of Hierapolis, who is cited by the Church historian Eusebius (AD 260–340), as follows: "Matthew collected the oracles [in Greek, {{transliteration|grc|[[logia]]}}: sayings of or about Jesus] in the Hebrew language [{{transliteration|grc|Hebraïdi dialektōi}}], and each one interpreted [{{transliteration|grc|hērmēneusen}} – perhaps 'translated'] them as best he could." Likewise, early Christian theologian Origen (–) indicates that the first gospel was written by Matthew, and that his gospel was composed in Hebrew near Jerusalem for Hebrew Christians and translated into Greek. The Hebrew original was kept at the Library of Caesarea. Sometime in the late fourth or early fifth century the Nazarene Community transcribed a copy for Jerome, which he used in his work. This Gospel was called the Gospel according to the Hebrews or sometimes the Gospel of the Apostles and it was once believed that it was the original to the 'Greek Matthew' found in the Bible. However, this has been challenged by modern biblical scholars such as Bart D. Ehrman and James R. Edwards.Most modern scholars hold that the Gospel of Matthew was written anonymously, and not by Matthew. The author is not named within the text, and scholars have proposed that the superscription "according to Matthew" was added sometime in the second century.
Non-canonical or apocryphal gospels
In the 3rd century, Jewish–Christian gospels attributed to Matthew were used by Jewish–Christian groups such as the Nazarenes and Ebionites. Fragments of these gospels survive in quotations by Jerome, Epiphanius and others. Most academic study follows the distinction of Gospel of the Nazarenes (36 fragments), Gospel of the Ebionites (7 fragments), and Gospel of the Hebrews (7 fragments) found in Schneemelcher's New Testament Apocrypha. Critical commentators generally regard these texts as having been composed in Greek and related to Greek Matthew. A minority of commentators consider them to be fragments of a lost Aramaic- or Hebrew-language original.
The Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew is a 7th-century compilation of three other texts: the Gospel of James, the Flight into Egypt, and the Infancy Gospel of Thomas.
Jerome relates that Matthew was supposed by the Nazarenes to have composed their Gospel of the Hebrews, though Irenaeus and Epiphanius of Salamis consider this simply a revised version of the canonical Gospel. This Gospel has been partially preserved in the writings of the Church Fathers, said to have been written by Matthew. Epiphanius does not make his own the claim about a Gospel of the Hebrews written by Matthew, a claim that he merely attributes to the heretical Ebionites.
Veneration
Matthew is recognized as a saint in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican churches (see St. Matthew's Church). His feast day is celebrated on 21 September in the West and 16 November in the East. (Those churches which follow the traditional Julian calendar would keep the day on 29 November of the modern Gregorian calendar, being 16 November in the Julian calendar.) He is also commemorated by the Orthodox, together with the other Apostles, on 30 June (13 July), the Synaxis of the Holy Apostles. His tomb is located in the crypt of Salerno Cathedral in southern Italy. Matthew is remembered in the Church of England with a Festival on 21 September.
Like the other evangelists, Matthew is often depicted in Christian art with one of the four living creatures of Revelation 4:7.[9] The one that accompanies him is in the form of a winged man. The three paintings of Matthew by Caravaggio in the church of San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome, where he is depicted as called by Christ from his profession as a tax gatherer, are among the landmarks of Western art.
In Islam
The Quran speaks of Jesus' disciples but does not mention their names, instead referring to them as "helpers to the work of Allah". Muslim exegesis and Quran commentary, however, name them and include Matthew amongst the disciples. Muslim exegesis preserves the tradition that Matthew and Andrew were the two disciples who went to Ethiopia to preach the message of God.
In the Druze faith
Druze tradition honors several "mentors" and "prophets", and Matthew the Apostle is honored as a prophet. In the Druze tradition and doctrine, Matthew the Apostle is respected for his contributions to spiritual knowledge and guidance. Druze doctrine teaches that Christianity is to be "esteemed and praised", as the Gospel writers are regarded as "carriers of wisdom".[10]
The number 5 contains an unstated significance within the Druze faith; it is believed in this area that great prophets come in groups of five. In the time of the ancient Greeks, these five were represented by Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle, Parmenides, and Empedocles. In the first century, the five were represented by Jesus Christ,[11] [12] John the Baptist,[13] Saint Matthew, Saint Mark, and Saint Luke. In the time of the faith's foundation, the five were Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad, Muḥammad ibn Wahb al-Qurashī, Abū'l-Khayr Salama ibn Abd al-Wahhab al-Samurri, Ismāʿīl ibn Muḥammad at-Tamīmī, and Al-Muqtana Baha'uddin.
In architecture
The Basilica of Annunciation in Nazareth houses a capital that depicts Matthew the Apostle and his story regarding King Eglypus of Aethiopia and his sons. It shows how Matthew is leading them away from the demon in the far corner of the capital. The biblical story tells of Matthew converting the king and his sons to Christianity. Not only does this capital depict an act carried out by Matthew in the Bible, it foreshadows Matthew being a martyr. When Matthew the Apostle was murdered, he then became a martyr for the Christian religion as being killed for his faith and teachings given the demon in the corner of the capitol. The iconography of this capital helps understand the religion of the time period since it was just coming into Christendom. This shows the cross between Ethiopia and Nazareth as these are where the capitals are today.[14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]
In fiction
See also
References
Sources
- James Vernon . Bartlet. Matthew, St. 17.
- Book: Allison, Dale C. Jr. . Dale Allison. John. Muddiman. John. Barton. The Gospels. 22 April 2010. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-958025-5. 27.
- Book: Bingham, D. Jeffrey . Irenaeus' Use of Matthew's Gospel in Adversus Haereses. 1998. Peeters Publishers. 978-90-6831-964-4.
- Book: Bock, Darrell L. . Studying the Historical Jesus: A Guide to Sources and Methods. 2002. Baker Academic. 978-1-58558-596-0.
- Book: Davies. William David . Finkelstein. Louis . The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 2, The Hellenistic Age. 1984. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-21929-7.
- Book: Dods, John Bovee . Gibson Smith . 1858 . The Gospel of Jesus . Gospel of the Apostles. . G. Smith .
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- Book: Edwards, James R. . The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition. 2009. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 978-0-8028-6234-1.
- Book: Ehrman, Bart D.. Bart D. Ehrman. Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium. 23 September 1999. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-802888-8. 45.
- Book: Ehrman, Bart D.. A Brief Introduction to the New Testament. 2009. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-536934-2. 56.
- Book: . Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Evangelical Lutheran Worship. 2006. Augsburg Fortress. 978-0-8066-5672-4. Lesser Festivals, Commemorations, and Occasions.
- Book: Epiphanius of Salamis. Epiphanius of Salamis. The Panarion of Ephiphanius of Salamis. Book I (sects 1–46). 1987. Brill. 90-04-07926-2. Frank Williams.
- Book: Freedman, David Noel . The Anchor Bible Reference Library. 2001. Doubleday. Anchor Bible Series.
- Book: Harrison, Everett Falconer . 1964 . Introduction to the New Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing . 9780802847867 .
- Book: Hezser, Catherine . Jewish Literacy in Roman Palestine. 2001. Mohr Siebeck. 978-3-16-147546-7.
- Book: Hultgren. Arland J. . Haggmark. Steven A. . The Earliest Christian Heretics: Readings from Their Opponents. 1996. Fortress Press. 978-0-8006-2963-2.
- St. Matthew. Eugène . Jacquier. 10.
- Book: Saint Jerome . Thomas P. Halton . 2000 . On Illustrious Men (The Fathers of the Church, Volume 100) . CUA Press . 978-0813201009 .
- Book: Lardner, Nathaniel . Nathaniel Lardner. The Works of Nathaniel Lardner. https://books.google.com/books?id=DX89AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA299. 1838. W. Ball. 5. St Matthew, Apostle and Evangelist.
- Web site: Introduction to New Testament History and Literature . Martin . Dale B. . oyc.yale.edu . 2012 . Yale University . 21 September 2020 .
- Werner G. . Marx. Money Matters in Matthew. Bibliotheca Sacra. 136. 542. April–June 1979. 148–157.
- Book: Mills. Watson E. . Wilson. Richard F. . Mercer Commentary on the New Testament. 2003. Mercer University Press. 978-0-86554-864-0.
- Book: Muddiman. John. The Gospels. Barton. John. 2010. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-958025-5.
- Book: Nicholson, E.B. . E.B. Nicholson. The Gospel according to the Hebrews, its fragments tr. and annotated, with a critical analysis of the evidence relating to it. 1879.
- Book: Noegel. Scott B.. Wheeler. Brandon M.. 2003. Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism. Lanham, MD. Scarecrow Press (Rowman & Littlefield). 978-0810843059.
- Book: https://archive.org/details/cu31924095207126/page/n651/mode/2up . The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Matthew . James. Orr . The Howard-Severance Co.. Chicago . 1915 .
- Book: Repschinski, Boris . The Controversy Stories in the Gospel of Matthew: Their Redaction, Form und [sic] Relevance for the Relationship Between the Matthean Community and Formative Judaism. 2000. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 978-3-525-53873-9.
- Book: Schneemelcher. Wilhelm . New Testament Apocrypha: Writings relating to the Apostles; Apocalypses and related subjects. 2003. Westminster John Knox Press. 978-0-664-22722-7. Robert McLachlan Wilson.
- Book: Theissen, Gerd. The New Testament: History, Literature, Religion. Gerd Theissen. 2003. T & T Clark. 978-0-567-08949-6.
- Book: Schneemelcher. Wilhelm . Wilhelm Schneemelcher. New Testament Apocrypha: Writings relating to the Apostles; Apocalypses and related subjects. 2003. Westminster John Knox Press. 978-0-664-22722-7. Robert McLachlan Wilson. Vielhauer . Strecker. Philipp. Georg.
- NEES . LAWRENCE . Barbara Drake Boehm . Melanie Holcolmb . Pleasurable Perplexity: Reflecting the Holy City . The Jewish Quarterly Review . 108 . 4 . 2018 . 551–561 . 10.1353/jqr.2018.0038 . 90025854 . 165897158 .
Further reading
- Book: Aune. David E. . The Gospel of Matthew in current study. Eerdmans. 2001. 978-0-8028-4673-0.
- Book: Aune, David E.. The New Testament in its literary environment. Westminster John Knox Press. 1987. 978-0-664-25018-8.
- Book: Beaton
, Richard C.
. How Matthew Writes. Bockmuehl. Markus. Hagner. Donald A.. The Written Gospel. Oxford University Press. 2005. https://books.google.com/books?id=pAZxCMRztQ4C&pg=PA116. 978-0-521-83285-4.
- Book: Browning, W. R. F.. Oxford Dictionary of the Bible. Oxford University Press. 2004. 978-0-19-860890-5.
- Book: Burkett, Delbert. An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity. Cambridge University Press. 2002. 978-0-521-00720-7.
- Book: Casey
, Maurice
. Maurice Casey . Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching. Continuum. 2010. 978-0-567-64517-3.
- Book: Clarke, Howard W.. The Gospel of Matthew and Its Readers. Indiana University Press. 2003. 978-0-253-34235-5.
- Book: Cross . Frank L. . Frank Leslie Cross . Livingstone . Elizabeth A. . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . Matthew, Gospel acc. to St. . 1064 . Oxford University Press . 2005 . 1997 . 3 . 978-0-19-280290-3 . 14 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184503/http://www.biblicalwritings.com/the-oxford-dictionary-of-the-christian-church/?alfa=M&word=Matthew,%0AGospel+acc.+to+St.+ . 23 September 2015 . dead . dmy-all.
- Book: Dunn, James D. G.. Jesus Remembered. Eerdmans. 2003. 978-0-8028-3931-2.
- Book: Ehrman, Bart D. . Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth . 2012 . HarperCollins . 978-0-06-220460-8 .
- Book: Fuller
, Reginald H.
. Biblical Theology. Metzger . Bruce M. . Coogan. Michael D. . The Oxford Guide to Ideas & Issues of the Bible. Oxford University Press. 2001. 9780195149173. https://books.google.com/books?id=aml3tEWoOVEC&pg=PA68.
- Encyclopedia: Hagner . D. A. . Bromiley . Geoffrey W. . International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Vol. 3: K-P . Matthew, Gospel According to . 280–8 . 1986 . Wm. B. Eerdmans . 978-0-8028-8163-2 . https://books.google.com/books?id=Zkla5Gl_66oC&pg=PA280 .
- Book: Harris, Stephen L. . Understanding the Bible . Palo Alto . Mayfield . 1985 .
- Book: Kowalczyk
, A.
. The influence of typology and texts of the Old Testament on the redaction of Matthew's Gospel. Bernardinum. 2008. 978-83-7380-625-2.
- Book: Kupp
, David D.
. Matthew's Emmanuel: Divine Presence and God's People in the First Gospel. Cambridge University Press. 1996. 978-0-521-57007-7.
- Book: Levine
, Amy-Jill
. Visions of kingdoms: From Pompey to the first Jewish revolt. Coogan. Michael D.. The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. 2001. https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PT546. 978-0-19-513937-2.
- Book: Levison. J.. Pope-Levison. P.. Christology. Dyrness. William A. . Kärkkäinen. Veli-Matti . Global Dictionary of Theology. InterVarsity Press. 2009. 9780830878116. https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqkZnDSeo4C&pg=PA167.
- Book: Luz, Ulrich. Studies in Matthew. Eerdmans. 2005. 978-0-8028-3964-0.
- Book: Luz, Ulrich. The Theology of the Gospel of Matthew. Cambridge University Press. 1995. 978-0-521-43576-5.
- Book: McMahon
, Christopher
. Introduction to the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles. Ruff. Jerry. Understanding the Bible: A Guide to Reading the Scriptures. Cambridge University Press. 2008. 9780884898528. https://books.google.com/books?id=al4d-3t6rqwC&pg=PA57.
- Book: Morris, Leon. New Testament Theology. Zondervan. 1986. 978-0-310-45571-4.
- Book: Peppard
, Michael
. The Son of God in the Roman World: Divine Sonship in Its Social and Political Context. Oxford University Press. 2011. 9780199753703.
- Book: Perkins, Pheme. The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story. https://books.google.com/books?id=PSHCRgS_SAUC&pg=PR7. The Cambridge Companion to Biblical Interpretation. 0521485932. 1998-07-28. Cambridge University Press ., in Book: Kee. Howard Clark. The Cambridge companion to the bible: part 3. Cambridge University Press. 1997. 978-0-521-48593-7.
- Book: Saldarini, Anthony. Matthew. 2003. https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA1000. Eerdmans commentary on the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans . 0802837115., in Book: Dunn. James D. G.. Rogerson. John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. 2003. 978-0-8028-3711-0.
- Book: Saldarini, Anthony. Matthew's Christian-Jewish Community. University of Chicago Press. 1994. 978-0-226-73421-7.
- Book: Sanford
, Christopher B.
. Matthew: Christian Rabbi. Author House. 2005. 9781420883718.
- Book: Scholtz
, Donald
. Jesus in the Gospels and Acts: Introducing the New Testament. Saint Mary's Press. 2009. 9780884899556.
- Book: Senior, Donald. Directions in Matthean Studies. The Gospel of Matthew in Current Study: Studies in Memory of William G. Thompson, S.J. 0802846734. 2001. Wm. B. Eerdmans ., in Book: Aune. David E. . The Gospel of Matthew in current study. Eerdmans. 2001. 978-0-8028-4673-0.
- Book: Senior, Donald. What are they saying about Matthew?. PaulistPress. 1996. 978-0-8091-3624-7.
- Book: Stanton, Graham. A gospel for a new people: studies in Matthew. Westminster John Knox Press. 1993. 978-0-664-25499-5.
- Book: Strecker, Georg. Theology of the New Testament. Walter de Gruyter. 2000 . 1996 . 978-0-664-22336-6.
- Book: Tuckett
, Christopher Mark
. Christology and the New Testament: Jesus and His Earliest Followers. Westminster John Knox Press. 2001. 9780664224318.
- Book: Van de Sandt, H. W. M.. Introduction. Matthew and the Didache: Two Documents from the Same Jewish–Christian Milieu?. 9023240774. 2005. Royal Van Gorcum ., in Book: Van de Sandt, H. W. M.. Matthew and the Didache. Royal Van Gorcum&Fortress Press. 2005. 978-90-232-4077-8.
- Book: Weren, Wim. The History and Social Setting of the Matthean Community. Matthew and the Didache: Two Documents from the Same Jewish–Christian Milieu?. 9023240774. 2005. Royal Van Gorcum ., in Book: Van de Sandt. H. W. M.. Matthew and the Didache. Royal Van Gorcum&Fortress Press. 2005. 978-90-232-4077-8.
Commentaries
- Book: Allison, D. C.. Dale Allison. Matthew: A Shorter Commentary. T&T Clark. 2004. 978-0-567-08249-7.
- Book: Davies. W. D.. W. D. Davies. Allison. D. C.. Matthew 1–7. T&T Clark. 2004. 978-0-567-08355-5 .
- Book: Davies. W. D.. Allison. D. C.. Matthew 8–18. T&T Clark. 1991. 978-0-567-08365-4.
- Book: Davies. W. D.. Allison. D. C.. Matthew 19–28. T&T Clark. 1997. 978-0-567-08375-3.
- Book: Duling, Dennis C. . Aune . David E. . The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament . The Gospel of Matthew . Wiley-Blackwell . 2010 . 978-1-4051-0825-6 .
- Book: France, R. T.. The Gospel of Matthew. Eerdmans. 2007. 978-0-8028-2501-8 . 19.
- Book: Harrington, Daniel J.. The Gospel of Matthew . Liturgical Press. 1991. 9780814658031 .
- Book: Keener, Craig S.. A commentary on the Gospel of Matthew. Eerdmans. 1999. 978-0-8028-3821-6.
- Book: Luz, Ulrich. Ulrich Luz. Matthew 1–7: a commentary. Fortress Press. 1992. 978-0-8006-9600-9.
- Book: Luz, Ulrich. Matthew 8–20: a commentary. Fortress Press. 2001. 978-0-8006-6034-5. registration.
- Book: Luz, Ulrich. Matthew 21–28: a commentary. Fortress Press. 2005. 978-0-8006-3770-5. registration.
- Book: Morris, Leon. The Gospel according to Matthew. Eerdmans. 1992. 978-0-85111-338-8.
- Book: Nolland, John. The Gospel of Matthew: A Commentary on the Greek Text. Eerdmans. 2005. 0802823890.
- Book: Turner, David L.. Matthew. Baker. 2008. 978-0-8010-2684-3.
External links
Notes and References
- 9:9 NIV
- Matthew 10:3
- 9:9 ,2:15–17, 5:29
- 3:18, 6:15 and 1:13 .
- 2:14
- 5:27
- The Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine, translated and adapted by Ryan, Granger and Helmut Ripperger. (Arno Press: Longmans, Green & Co) 1941. pp. 561–566.
- The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas (ROCOR). St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p. 70.
- 4:7
- On the Horizon: The Strange World of the Druzes . 20 January 1956 . Commentary Magazine.
- Book: Hitti, Philip K.. The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings. 1928. 9781465546623. 37 . Library of Alexandria.
- Book: Dana, Nissim . The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status. 2008. 9781903900369. 17 . Michigan University press.
- Book: Swayd, Samy . Historical Dictionary of the Druzes. 2015. 978-1442246171. 77 . Rowman & Littlefield.
- Web site: Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle, Washington, D.C. . Stmatthewscathedral.org . 2013-09-21 . 2014-07-10.
- Web site: Saint Matthew . franciscanmedia.org . Franciscan Media . 21 September 2020 .
- Web site: The Calendar. 2021-03-27. The Church of England. en.
- Nees . Lawrence . Boehm . Barbara Drake . Holcolmb . Melanie . 2018 . Pleasurable Perplexity: Reflecting the Holy City . The Jewish Quarterly Review . 108 . 4 . 551–561 . 90025854 . 0021-6682.
- Jasmine A. L. Kilburn. 2003. "The Contrasted `Other' in the Old English Apocryphal Acts of Matthew, Simon and Jude." Neophilologus 87 (1) (01): 137–151.
- Naomi, Simhony. 2020. "The Central Synagogue of Nazareth Illit and its Architectural Dialogue with Nazareth's Basilica of the Annunciation." Humanities & Social Sciences Communications 7 (1) (12).