Krasue Explained

Krasue
Aka:	Thai: กระสือ, Central Khmer: អាប Ahp, Penanggal, Kuyang, Palasik
Grouping:	Legendary creature
Sub Grouping:	Nocturnal, undead, luminescent
Country:	Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, Philippines, Myanmar, Vietnam, India
Region:	Southeast Asia (except East Timor)

The Krasue (Thai: กระสือ, in Thai pronounced as /krā.sɯ̌ː/) is a nocturnal female spirit of Southeast Asian folklore. It manifests as the floating, disembodied head of a woman, usually young and beautiful, with her internal organs still attached and trailing down from the neck.^[1]

The Krasue belongs to a constellation of similar mythological entities across different regions of Southeast Asia; these regional variations all share in common that they are characterized by a disembodied woman's head with organs and entrails hanging from its neck. Along with the Krasue, there is the Ahp (Central Khmer: អាប) in Cambodia; the Kasu (Lao: ກະສື, in Lao pronounced as /kā.sɯ̌ː/) in Laos; the Kuyang (Indonesian: Kui'yang) or Leyak (Indonesian: lei'yak) in Indonesia; the Ma lai (Vietnamese: ma lai|pron) in Vietnam; manananggal (Tagalog: mana'nang'gal|pron) in the Philippines; Pelasik, Pelesit, penanggalan or penanggal (Malay: Pe'nang'gal|pron) in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore. Japanese folklore also has yokai creatures called nukekubi and rokurokubi that are quite similar to their Southeast Asian counterparts.

According to Thai ethnographer Phraya Anuman Rajadhon, the Krasue is accompanied by a will-o'-the-wisp-like luminescent glow.^[2] The explanations attempted about the origin of the glow include the presence of methane in marshy areas.^[3] The Krasue is often said to live in the same areas as Krahang, a male spirit of the Thai folklore.

This spirit moves about by hovering in the air above the ground, for it has no lower body. The throat may be represented in different ways, either as only the trachea or with the whole neck.^[4] The organs below the head usually include the heart and the stomach with a length of intestine,^[5] the intestinal tract emphasizing the ghost's voracious nature. In the Thai film Krasue Valentine, this ghost is represented with more internal organs, such as lungs and liver, but much reduced in size and anatomically out of proportion with the head.^[6] The viscera are sometimes represented freshly daubed with blood,^[7] as well as glowing.^[8] In contemporary representations her teeth often include pointed fangs in yakkha (Thai: ยักษ์) or vampire fashion.^[9] In the movie Ghosts of Guts Eater she has a halo around her head.^[10]

The Krasue has been the subject of a number of films in the region, including My Mother Is Arb (Central Khmer: កូនអើយ ម្តាយអាប). Also known as Krasue Mom, this Cambodian horror film has the distinction of being the first film made in the People's Republic of Kampuchea after the absence of locally-made films and the repression of local folklore in Cambodia during the Khmer Rouge era.^[11]

In the Philippines there is a similar ghost, manananggal, a local spirit that haunts pregnant women.^{[12] [13] [14]}

Legends

Origin

Belief in the existence of the Krasue is shared across Southeast Asia, and its origin is difficult to verify. However, it likely originates from folklore. In Thailand, the Krasue is believed to be a cursed individual (usually a female) who engaged in various sins and fraudulent conduct during her previous life. After she dies, her sins cause her to be reborn as a phut (Thai: ภูต) that has to live off wasted, uncooked or rotten food. In recent time, the Thai entertainment industry has fictionalized the origin of Krasue as cursed from an Ancient Khmer princess, as in Demonic Beauty (2002). The kidnapped princess of the Khmer kingdom cheated on her husband (the general), with a soldier. The soldier was decapitated while the Khmer princess was burned to death. However, before she died, she chanted a spell to protect her mortal body but was only able to save her head and her organs. This depiction, however, merely is just an attempt to put a royal touch or to reinvent a mythical beginning to a well-known story of an essentially folk origin, strictly for entertainment and commercial purpose.

There are other oral traditions that say that this spirit was formerly a rich lady that had a length of black gauze or ribbon tied around the head and neck as protection from the sunlight. This woman was then possessed by an evil spirit and was cursed to become a Krasue. Other popular legends claim that the origin of the spirit may have been a woman trying to learn black magic that made a mistake or used the wrong spell so that her head and body became separated. Past sins are also related to the transmission of the Krasue curse; women who aborted or killed someone in a previous life will become a Krasue as punishment. Other folk stories talk about a person being cursed to become a Krasue after having consumed food and drink contaminated with a krasue's saliva or flesh. Popular imagination also claims that the transformation into a Krasue is largely restricted to the relatives of women practicing witchcraft "Mae Mot" (แม่มด) or "Yai Mot" (ยายมด), especially their daughters or granddaughters. Often women acting strangely in a community are suspected of becoming nightly a Krasue by other members of the village.^[15]

Cambodian folklore

The word អាប (Ahp/Aap), derived from a Sanskrit word आप्यति (āpyati, "to cause anyone to suffer").^{[16] [17]} Ahp in Cambodian folklore, is usually a woman who is half spirit and half-mortal. During the daytime, they appeared to look like normal human beings but during nighttime they ascended, leaving their mortal body with only their head and their organs, gravitating to find food. They were believed to feast on smelly things; blood, raw meats, villager's farm animals, corpses, feces, placentas, newborns, etc. Their weaknesses are thorns and guard dogs.

Ahp are witches who failed practicing powerful black magic, causing it to backfire and cursing themselves. Others believe that Ahp are black magic practitioners, borrowing a demon (evil spirit)'s power by letting them possess their body at night, as an exchange. "Ahp" have to pass their curse onto another woman to be able to enter the cycle of reincarnation; it could be their daughter, granddaughter, relatives or any other women that is in their womanhood also practicing witchcraft but some believe it could just be passed through the exchanged of bodily fluid to any women, usually tricked. Witches in khmer are called, "mae thmob" ម៉ែធ្មប់ (mother witch) "yeay thmob" យាយធ្មប់ (grandmother witch).^[18]

In order to protect pregnant women and their children from becoming victims, their relatives place thorny branches around the house as a barrier. This improvised thorny fence discourages the Ahp from coming to suck the blood and causing other suffering to the pregnant woman. After delivery, the woman's relatives must take the cut placenta far away for burial to hide it from the Ahp. If the placenta is buried deep enough the spirit will not be able to find it. It is believed that it would bring great calamities to the child and its family if an Ahp ate the mother's placenta.^[19]

Thai folklore

The Krasue is under a curse that makes it ever hungry and always active in the night when it goes out hunting to satisfy its gluttony, seeking blood to drink or raw flesh to devour. It may attack cattle or chickens in the darkness, drinking their blood and eating their internal organs.^[20] It may also prey on pieces of cattle, such as water buffalo that have died of other causes during the night. If blood is not available the Krasue may eat feces or carrion.^[21] Clothes left outside would be found soiled with blood and excrement in the morning, allegedly after she had wiped her mouth. Therefore, villagers would not leave clothes hanging to dry outside during the night hours.

The Krasue hides the headless body from which it originates in a quiet place because it needs to join it before daybreak,^[22] living like a normal person during the day, although having a sleepy look.^[23] To crush the still headless body of the krasue is fatal to the spirit. The flying head will return after hunting but rejoin with the wrong body which will lead it to suffer torment until death. If the top part of the body fails to find the lower half before daybreak it will die in terrible pain. The Krasue will also die if its intestines get cut off or if its body disappears or gets hidden by someone. Some folk beliefs hold that the creature can be destroyed by burning it. The main foes of the Krasue are mobs of angry villagers carrying torches and machetes. They may catch the Krasue and kill it or watch where she goes before dawn and destroy her body.

There is a legend said that the people who are wounded should be aware of the Krasue because it can smell the blood and will come to eat the blood at night when people fall asleep. However, there are ways to prevent the Krasue from coming inside the house. House-owners usually build spiky fences or grow spiky bamboo to protect themselves from the Krasue. Krasue is scared of spiky things because its intestine might get stuck and it could not escape.^[24]

21st-century sightings

• Strange red lights floating up the paddy fields in the area of Phachi District, Ayutthaya Province, near Wat Tako were sighted in mid-June 2014 and was believed to be from a Krasue. Soon after, hundreds of teenagers (in some nights ranging to thousands) flocked in the area reportedly to prove the truth. This has caused damage to this field. The landlord insists that there are no Krasue here and the lights seen were actually a floating lantern bird chaser.^{[25] [26]}
• In September 2015, one image was shared on online social networks allegedly shot at Ban Phai village, in the area of Chae Hom District, Lampang Province, depicting a Krasue that has guts and internal organs trapped with thorny branches. However, the villagers denied the report and clarified that there was no village named Ban Phai at the area.^[27]
• The death of a great number of chickens from mysterious circumstances at a farm in Nakhon Luang District, Ayutthaya Province, on the night of October 4, 2015 was blamed by local villagers on the activity of the Krasue.^{[28] [29]}
• In February 2016, at Ban Don Pho Thong, Mueang Suphan Buri District, Suphan Buri Province, some villagers found strange lights floating at night which they believed to be a Krasue. This news has caused many people to panic.^[30]
• In May 2016, villagers at Ban Khok Ta Kerd, Mueang Surin District, Surin Province saw strange green and red lights rising up and down the paddy fields at night.^[31]
• In early August 2016 at Ban Song Yang, Mueang Amnat Charoen District, Amnat Charoen Province, video clips from smartphone cameras shot by individuals in the area showed red lights floating at night, believed to be a Krasue.^[32]
• By the end of 2016, one image has been shared on online social networks in Thailand. The image was shot in Buachet District, Surin Province, and shows an entity that looks like a human's face on a tree at night nearby a light. The image is believed to be depicting a Krasue.^[33]
• In early 2017, at Ban Lao Luang, Mueang Kalasin District, Kalasin Province, a stampede occurred and villagers rode in motorcycles to go to the area where an individual shot a video showing red lights floating at 100m (300feet) above the ground. The video shows that the light has already floated away. A man reported that at the time he lived in Yang Talat District, he would frequent the woods at night and while at the woods he looked at the sky and saw a Krasue. According to him, he cannot see the Krasue's face because it was covered by long hair, but he can make out the long fangs and the bright lights. It was reportedly able to escape when he drew his gun to shoot it.^[34]
• In mid-July 2017, a video clip was shared on online social networks, showing an alleged entity floating in the air at the same level as a tree in the area at night. The entity was being witnessed by either a security guard or a police officer standing and looking with suspicion. There is no information as to where the video came from, and no additional details were available. However, it was found out that the entity was actually a drone, decorated as a man's face as a hoax.^[35]
• In mid-May 2023, teenagers at Chet Samian Subdistrict, Photharam District, Ratchaburi Province, they gathered in a group chatting around midnight at the edge of the irrigation canal. Suddenly, the youngest one noticed a strange red light floating in the direction of them. The other one shouted "Krasue!" and they all hurried away on a motorbike. In which this event was recorded by a teenager and posted the clip on TikTok. An elderly local man said the area used to be rampant with Krasue in the past. This Krasue is named "I Kueam" and believed that it floats across the river from the opposite side.^{[36] [37]}
• In mid-October 2023, there were at least three eyewitness sightings of a Krasue in Lopburi Province. Two of them were young women. Another was a 70-year-old farmer. Most of the story takes place in mid-September, but it became famous about a month later. The elderly farmer said he had a serious confrontation with a Krasue on the night of September 18 at 01:30 a.m. It appeared to be a woman in her 60s with shoulder-length white hair and bared teeth at him. As he was about to hit it with the shovel he was carrying, it floated away. He claims that Krasue tried to break into his duck and chicken coops. Later on the night of October 13 at 09:30 p.m., he experimented by hanging a duck's carcass from a rain tree. It turned out that a Krasue appeared and snatched up the duck and floated away, sucking out all of its intestines. This time he had another witness who was a neighbour. Another eyewitness was a young woman said she encountered the Krasue in a field on the night of September 19 while waiting for her young husband to farm. She said it floated along the surface of the water in the rice fields along with its intestines. She tried to take a video clip with her cell phone but was only able to capture two blurry photos. While another eyewitness was a 21-year-old woman who had just given birth a short time before. She woke up at 02:00 a.m. because her baby was crying. When she finished taking care of the baby, she went to the bathroom. When she came out she saw a strange light in front of the house and when she opened the curtains to see. It looked like something was floating past. She said she had left a large amount of blood-stained sanitary pads in a garbage bag in front of the house. All three cases occurred in different areas in two districts, Tha Wung and Mueang Lopburi. These three had never known each other before. In the case of an elderly farmer in Tha Wung, this was rejected by the local government. Claiming that the Krasue he encountered was actually a masked thief who had come to steal his ducks and chickens. But both he and the young woman who saw Krasue completely denied it, they confirmed what they encountered was definitely not human.^{[38] [39]}
• In late January 2024, a 16 year old girl in Rattanaburi District, Surin Province used her mobile phone to take pictures of the stars at night. In one of the images, something that looked like a Krasue appeared floating above a padauk tree. Later, a local facebook user posted this photo along with a message warning them to beware of its rampage. Many residents confirmed that they had seen Krasue in the area before.^[40]

Krasue references in Thai culture

There is information from The Royal Academy which provides examples of how belief in the Krasue has been reflected in Thai culture for centuries, for example:

1. An abnormally tiny banana (caused by a mutation) is said to be eaten by a Krasue.
2. A gluttonous person who eats too fast is usually said to "eat like a Krasue" or to be "as gluttonous as Krasue".
3. Glowing mushroom in Khonkaen province is called "Krasue Mushroom".^[41]
4. In Chonburi province, there is a village named "Nong Krasue" (Krasue marsh). Now, the name has been changed to "Nong Krasaem" (Happiness marsh) to make it less scary.^[42]

Scientific explanation

A possible scientific explanation is that Krasue sightings are caused by blazing flames from methane gas particles emitted from rotten organic matter found in farms and fields, where Krasue sightings are commonly reported. However, according to Associate Professor Dr. Sirintornthep Towprayoon, an energy researcher from King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, the hypothesis that the Krasue is actually burning methane gas particles is impossible because not enough methane is emitted from rotten organic matter to be able to cause an ignition and that even if the methane gas particles did ignite, the burning would be confined to the surface of the organic, flammable matter and would not lead to floating flames that allegedly give the illusion of the Krasue.

When the head is pulled off from a real human body, other organs such as the intestines, heart, and lungs would not come off with the head.^[43]

In media

Film and television

Countries where the Krasue tale is popular have adapted it to film.^[44] Several Thai films depict this spirit, including 1973 movie Krasue Sao (Ghosts of Guts Eater), Thai: กระสือสาว with Sombat Metanee, which features a fight between two Krasues,^[45] Krasue krahai lveat/Filth Eating Spirit (1985)^[46] Itthirit Nam Man Phrai Thai: อิทธิฤทธิ์น้ำมันพราย (Oil of Eternal Life) made in 1984, with Tanid Pongmanoon and Praew Mardmarud,^[47] Krasue Kat Pop Thai: กระสือกัดปอบ (1990) with Bin Bunluerit and Trirak Rakkarndee,^[48] Krasue Krahailueat (Bloodthirsty Krasue), Thai: กระสือกระหายเลือด, made in 1995 with Thida Teerarat,^[49] Tamnan Krasue Thai: ตำนานกระสือ (Demonic Beauty) released in 2002, which ties the Krasue to a Khmer curse;^[50] Krasue Valentine (2006) by Yuthlert Sippapak, Krasue (The Gluttonous Fear) Thai: กระสือ made in 2007, with Jedsada Roongsakorn and Sirintorn Parnsamutr,^[51] Krasue Fat Pop Thai: กระสือฟัดปอบ (2009) with Chutima Naiyana, in which Krasue fights against Phi Pop,^[52] and Fullmoon Devil (2011) Thai: กระสือ by Komson Thripong. Krasue also appears in erotic movies such as Krasue Rak Krasue Sawat (2014) Thai: กระสือรัก กระสือสวาท^[53] and Wan Krasue Sao (2013) Thai: ว่านกระสือสาว^[54] In all these movies Krasue plays a central role, but she also appears in many other movies in lesser roles, such as in Phi Ta Wan Kap Achan Ta Bo (2008) Thai: ผีตาหวานกับอาจารย์ตาโบ๋,^[55] among others.^[56] More recently, the Krasue appears in the 2019 horror film Inhuman Kiss (Thai: แสงกระสือ), and its 2023 sequel, (Thai: แสงกระสือ2), released in Thailand on 30 March 2023.^[57]

Krasue, as Ahp (also spelt Arp or Aap), is present in the Cambodian horror films Neang Arp (Lady Vampire) (2004),^[58] Tiyen Arp រឿង ទាយាទអាប (Heredity of Krasue) (2007), Arp Kalum (The Sexiest Ahp) (2009)^[59] and Phlerng Chhes Arp^[60] Ahp Wearing A Helmet Season 1 រឿង អាបពាក់មួកសុវត្ថិភាព វគ្គ១ Ahp Wearing A Helmet Season 2 រឿង អាបពាក់មួកសុវត្ថិភាព វគ្គ2 (Released in 2012) Hong Kong's Witch with the Flying Head (飛頭魔女) (1977), which includes a Krasue spitting flames and firing laser beams and that was dubbed in Thai as Krasue Sawat (กระสือสวาท), meaning "Lovely Krasue",^[61] and Indonesia's Mystics in Bali (1981) also feature local versions of Krasue. In the Vietnam War-era drama Freedom Deal^[62] by Camerado, President Nixon orders the 1970 military incursion into Cambodia, unwittingly unleashing a legion of local ghosts similar to the Krasue.^[63]

This ghost appears periodically in Thai television soap operas (ละคร). Krasue, a popular lakhon aired between 20 December 1994 and 21 March 1995,^[64] as well as the more recent Krasue Mahanakhon (กระสือมหานคร) —in which the ghost story for a change is against a background of young city people instead of the usual rural or traditional setting^[65] — feature a Krasue in the central role. The theme song of the 1994 Krasue TV soap opera became very famous.^[66] There was a remake in 2011 named Krasue Cham Sin (กระสือจำศีล),^[67] but it was poorly cast and produced, not being able to reach the popularity of the 1994 lakhon. A Krasue has been also comically featured in a Sylvania light bulb commercial for Thai audiences^[68] and in a more recent dietary supplement ad.^[69] A rather ugly Krasue also appears in the animated film Nak.^[70]

The American anthology streaming television series Creepshow features a Krasue in the season three episode "Drug Traffic".

Others

Representations of Krasue, often humorous,^[71] are very common in Thai comic books.^{[72] [73] [74]}

Since the Krasue is a popular subject in some places of Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand, there are even costumes,^[75] dolls,^[76] keyholders^[77] and lamps^[78] sold and worn in Krasue form.

A Krasue features as the main antagonist of the 2013 horror game . This interpretation shows the Krasue as a woman who was abused by her husband to the point of death, being reincarnated as a ghost to enact revenge. The Krasue lurks around an abandoned mansion, where the player acts as the role of a thief, where they must retrieve an allocated amount of money bags (depends on difficulty), before being able to leave. The game's story-line, has some reference to the original folktale story, as the story talks of a "curse", and "flames", which is supposedly trapped in a photo.^[79]

See also

• Dullahan
• Onryō
• Hungry ghost
• Leyak
• Langsuyar
• Nukekubi
• Manananggal (Philippine mythology)
• Penanggalan (Malay culture)
• Thai folklore
• Vengeful ghost

Bibliography

• Chutima Pragatwutisarn (2010) (ชุติมา ประกาศวุฒิสาร), Evil Woman in a Beautiful Body: Femininity and the Crisis of Modernity in Thai Society, Chulalongkorn University
• Baumann, Benjamin (2013) Tamnan Krasue - Constructing a Khmer Ghost for a Thai Film. in: Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia (14)
• Baumann, Benjamin (2014) "From Filth-Ghost to Khmer-Witch: Phi Krasue’s Changing Cinematic Construction and its Symbolism", in: Horror Studies 5(2), pp. 183–196
• Baumann, Benjamin (2016) "The Khmer Witch Project: Demonizing the Khmer by Khmerizing a Demon", in: Bräunlein and Lauser (eds.) Ghost Movies in Southeast Asia and Beyond. Leiden: Brill. pp. 141–183
• Baumann, Benjamin. 2020. "Thai Monsters. Phi Krasue: Inhuman Kiss (Mogkolsiri, 2019)." In Monsters. A Companion, edited by Simon Bacon, 101–9. Oxford Peter Lang.

External links

• Tamnan Krasue-Constructing a Khmer Ghost for a Thai Film
• Macula's illustration of (krasue)

Notes and References

1. Book: Spirits. 2008 . Thaiworldview . Thailand .
2. Essays on Thai Folklore, Editions Duang Kamol,
3. Web site: Mthai News Reporter . 15 August 2012 . 26 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200326185647/https://news.mthai.com/general-news/149342.html . dead .
4. https://web.archive.org/web/20120913025431/http://img301.imageshack.us/img301/875/vtxtb0x5ol5.jpg Krasue film posters
5. Web site: Movie poster . 15 August 2012 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052241/http://www.oknation.net/blog/home/blog_data/350/4350/images/exit4893.jpg . dead .
6. https://archive.today/20150424054749/http://wisekwai.buzznet.com/photos/entertainment/?id=2118674 Krasue representation
7. https://archive.today/20130119034144/http://www.chutbooks.com/กระสือสาว Krasue Sao book cover
8. Web site: Glowing Krasue . 15 August 2012 . 3 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202316/http://www.samsearn.com/pnev/ev12.jpg . dead .
9. Web site: Krasue Sawath ("กระสือสวาท"), Thai dubbed version of Hong Kong movie "Witch with the Flying Head" film poster . 22 August 2012 . 1 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210301051317/http://www.thaifilm.com/imgUpload/reply317321_กระสือสวาท.jpg . dead .
10. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tnFHzZFTKTU/TfUxovZn91I/AAAAAAAAFU0/uophBF74g3M/s1600/guts006.png Ghosts of Guts Eater scene
11. [:File:Photo-64908-L.png|Konm Eak Madia Arb film poster]
12. Book: Alip, Eufronio Melo . Eufronio Melo Alip . Political and Cultural History of the Philippines . 1950 . Philippines . Alip & Brion Publications .
13. Book: Ramos, Maximo D. . Maximo D. Ramos . Creatures of Philippine Lower Mythology . 1971 . Phoenix Publishing . Philippines . 978-971-06-0691-7.
14. Book: Bane, Theresa . Theresa Bane . Encyclopedia of Vampire Mythology . 2010 . McFarland & Company, Inc. . USA . 978-0-7864-4452-6.
15. http://loy9.com/en/yeaydul/ Yeay Duol
16. Web site: Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit.
17. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/អាប
18. Web site: Mon-Khmer Languages Database .
19. Web site: វិធីសម្រាលកូន . 12 October 2008. Buddhist Institute.
20. http://taliesinttlg.blogspot.com/2011/06/honourable-mention-ghost-and-master-boh.html Honourable Mention: The Ghost and Master Boh
21. http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_lkyLYGrOd5U/TDnIzUEtWII/AAAAAAAAABU/3Dixe_s_Ins/s400/กระสือ3.bmp Krasue feeding
22. http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_lkyLYGrOd5U/TDnDAU-RklI/AAAAAAAAABM/jFO3SYlj3Dg/s400/กระสือ2.bmp Krasue emerging from its body
23. http://kkaiki0710.cocolog-nifty.com/blog/2012/03/post-9b42.html Fullmoon Devil
24. 3. tumnandd. ผีกระสือ นักล่ายามรัตติกาล. tamnandd.com. [Online] 2010.
25. Web site: ปากโป้ง - วัยรุ่นนับร้อย แห่ล่าดวงไฟประหลาดโผล่กลางทุ่งนา เชื่อว่าเป็นกระสือ 1/2. 23 June 2014. 19 August 2017. th. Channel 8.
26. Web site: ปากโป้ง - วัยรุ่นนับร้อย แห่ล่าดวงไฟประหลาดโผล่กลางทุ่งนา เชื่อว่าเป็นกระสือ 2/2. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308162757/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyzOyN4mqxA . 2021-03-08 . dead. 23 June 2014. 19 August 2017. th. Channel 8.
27. Web site: ชาว อ.แจ้ห่ม จ.ลำปางยัน ไม่มีผีกระสือตามที่แชร์ภาพกัน. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308200737/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNIXxhUgmx4 . 2021-03-08 . dead. 23 September 2015. 19 August 2017. th. Channel 5.
28. Web site: ผวาไก่ตายปริศนาทั้งหมู่บ้าน เชื่อฝีมือ'กระสือ-ปอบ'กัดกิน. Daily News. 5 October 2015. th.
29. Web site: อวสานข่าวลือปอบ-กระสือ! ปศุสัตว์อยุธยาสรุป "สุนัขแอบกัดไก่ตาย". Matichon. th.
30. Web site: Channel 7. th. 25 February 2016. 29 July 2017. เผยคลิปดวงไฟปริศนาลอยตามยอดไม้ ชาวบ้านเชื่อกระสือออกหากิน.
31. Web site: 3SD. พิสูจน์ความจริง กับ บิณฑ์ บรรลือฤทธิ์ พิสูจน์ดวงไฟประหลาด "กระสือ" !? 26-05-59 TV3 Official. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/2yMZhXz3SwQ . 2021-12-14 . live. 26 May 2016. 29 July 2017. Bin Bunluerit. Bin Bunluerit. th.
32. Web site: Amarin TV. ทุบโต๊ะข่าว : กระสือโผล่!ชาวอำนาจเจริญเเตกตื่นเห็นดวงไฟประหลาดแห่พิสูจน์นับร้อย 06/08/59. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/FVU8fyBUqhA . 2021-12-14 . live. 6 August 2016. 29 July 2017. th.
33. Web site: กระสือหรือคน โผล่บนต้นไม้ที่สุรินทร์ l ข่าวเวิร์คพอยท์ (เช้า) 29 ธ.ค.59. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308181736/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OoLY-QGkp-Y . 2021-03-08 . dead. Workpoint TV. 29 December 2016. 28 July 2017. th.
34. Web site: Khaosod. ผวาแสงไฟลอยเข้าหมู่บ้าน!! ชาวบ้านเห็นเป็นกระสือ กลัวแต่อยากรู้ ขับรถตามดวงไฟ(คลิป). th. 26 January 2017. 30 July 2017.
35. Web site: เฉลยแล้วกระสือจากคลิปดัง ที่แท้แค่โดรนติดหน้าคน. Channel 8. 20 July 2017. 29 July 2017. th.
36. Web site: thai. YouTube. Amarin TV. 2023-05-24. 2023-05-25. แสงกระสือ "อีเกื่อม" ถอดหัวเหลือแต่ไส้อาละวาดราชบุรี.
37. Web site: thai. Thairath. สาวเล่าเจอดวงไฟสีแดงๆ คล้าย "กระสือ" ที่ราชบุรี หมอปลา เตรียมบุกพิสูจน์ (คลิป). 2023-05-25. 2023-05-25.
38. Web site: โหนกระสือเมืองละโว้ ออกอาละวาดกินไล่กินตับเป็ดตับไก่ ใครก็ได้ช่วยด้วย! . thai. YouTube. 2023-10-18. 2023-10-22. Hone-Krasae.
39. Web site: Live : สรุปแล้วคือ ผีกระสือ หรือ หน้ากากโจร ?. YouTube. Thairath TV. thai. 2023-10-19. 2023-10-22.
40. Web site: ฮือฮา ภาพกระสือที่สุรินทร์ สาว 16 ถ่ายได้ขณะลอยผ่านต้นประดู่. Thai. Thairath. 2024-01-29. 2024-01-28.
41. 2. Siamsouth. เห็ดกระสือ หรือ เห็ดเรืองแสง ควบคุมไส้เดือนฝอยรากปมในมะเขือเทศ. siamsouth.com. [Online] 2008.
42. 1. Janputt, Pitchayatun. Nong Krasue. [interv.] Sorayutt Sututsanajinda. 21 January 2013.
43. Web site: บางอ้อ : ท้าพิสูจน์ตำนานกระสือ. บางอ้อ. th. 17 June 2009.
44. http://tracker.zaerc.com/torrents-details.php?id=8238 Krasue movies
45. http://diedangerdiediekill.blogspot.com/2011/06/ghost-of-guts-eater-thailand-1973.html Ghosts of Guts Eater (Thailand 1973)
46. Web site: Filth Eating Spirit (1985) - IMDb. IMDb.
47. http://tonpalm.tarad.com/shop/t/tonpalm/img-lib/spd_2011031393404_b.jpg Itthirith Nam Man Phrai (Thailand 1984)
48. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24V4743fiw8 Krasue Kat Pop (Thailand 1990)
49. http://www.thaifilm.com/imgUpload/reply773761_0.jpg Krasue Krahailueat (Thailand 1995)
50. Benjamin Baumann. "Tamnan Krasue – Constructing a Khmer Ghost for a Thai Film." Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia. Issue 14 (December 2013). https://kyotoreview.org/issue-14/tamnan-krasue-constructing-a-khmer-ghost-for-a-thai-film/
51. http://vcddvd88.com/imgs/cd/fear2.jpg The Gluttonous Fear (Thailand 2007)
52. http://doopap.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/e0b881e0b8a3e0b8b0e0b8aae0b8b7e0b8ade0b89fe0b8b1e0b894e0b89be0b8ade0b89a.jpg?w=592 Krasue Phat Pop (Thailand 2009)
53. http://www.ethaicd.com/show.php?pid=787312 Krasue Rak Krasue Sawat
54. http://group.wunjun.com/mini_hd_one2up/topic/564959-24605 Wan Krasue Sao - ว่านกระสือสาว (2013)
55. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PndW6giDfv8 ผีตาหวานกับอาจารย์ตาโบ๋ (Phi Ta Wan Kap Achan Ta Bo) movie - YouTube
56. http://image.dek-d.com/27/0256/1740/117786706 นธัญ จอมนางลวงโลก movie poster
57. Web site: แสงกระสือ 2: ตำนานรักต่างสายพันธุ์ ครั้งใหม่กำลังจะเริ่มต้นขึ้น 30 มีนาคมนี้ในโรงภาพยนตร์. 6 February 2023. Xeen. th. 7 February 2023.
58. http://www.moviecambodia.com/2012/07/neang-arp.html Neang Arp - Moviecambodia
59. http://www.khmerlife.com/showthread.php/23-Khmai-HORROR Khmai HORROR
60. http://www.angkorwat.com/index.php?com=info&wprdtid=39&wid=2344&wpid=KHMMOV064&wcatid=58&wmtypeid=65&wc=14&winst=1&whp=0 Khmer Movies - Phlerng Chhes Arp
61. http://www.dvdaddicted.it/forum/uploads/1315397014/gallery_31_728_153102.jpg Witch with the Flying Head - Thai poster
62. https://store.steampowered.com/app/720180/FREEDOM_DEAL_Story_of_Lucky__Vietnam_War_Supernatural_Historical_Drama Freedom Deal VOD
63. https://www.facebook.com/FREEDOMDEAL Freedom Deal
64. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrxSugyM_S0 Krasue - The Floating Head Thai Ghost Lakorn.flv
65. http://drama.tlcthai.com/กระสือมหานคร-เรื่องย่อ Krasue Mahanakhon - Thai Channel 3
66. http://topicstock.pantip.com/chalermthai/topicstock/2008/05/A6622501/A6622501-0.jpg Krasue - Lakorn Theme song
67. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tn3WddjOGec ละครกระสือจำศีล (Lakhon Krasue Chamsin)
68. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRFPf0dgfSg Sylvania light bulb commercial
69. http://www.thesecretplus.com/ On Air ทางฟรีทีวีแล้ววันนี้ !!! กับอาหารเสริม The Secret Plus
70. https://library.mju.ac.th/film/detail.php?id=1651 Films Database - Nak
71. http://www.bloggang.com/data/inmylife-inmyworld/picture/1188699676.jpg Krasue image
72. http://www.bloggang.com/data/real-ghost/picture/1220969448.gif Comic Vignette
73. http://uc.exteenblog.com/yochi/images/ptoon/T1_P4.png Comic page
74. http://www.letcomic.com/2011/webboard/stocks/attach/ba1c8ef98aca81c958707a40cb777c8d.jpg Let Comic - Krasue leaving her body
75. http://www.thairath.co.th/content/ent/36769 Comedian with Krasue costume
76. https://archive.today/20130421174641/http://img256.imageshack.us/img256/4045/img6556res.jpg Krasue doll
77. http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_6vvd1Dwa1VU/TUrCsUb9YeI/AAAAAAAAAAg/1YPAQUVHExE/s1600/102_1314.gif Krasue keyholder
78. http://moohin.com/trips/bangkok/sanghee/300/42.jpg Krasue lamp
79. Web site: Eyes: The Horror Game for Nintendo Switch - Nintendo Game Details. 2021-01-06. www.nintendo.com. en-US.