Woke Explained

Woke is an adjective derived from African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) originally meaning alertness to racial prejudice and discrimination.[1] Beginning in the 2010s, it came to be used as slang for a broader awareness of social inequalities such as racial injustice, sexism, and denial of LGBT rights. Woke has also been used as shorthand for some ideas of the American Left involving identity politics and social justice, such as white privilege and reparations for slavery in the United States.

The phrase stay woke has been present in AAVE since the 1930s. In some contexts, it referred to an awareness of social and political issues affecting African Americans. The phrase was uttered in recordings from the mid-20th century by Lead Belly and, post-millennium, by Erykah Badu.

The term woke gained further popularity in the 2010s. Over time, it became increasingly connected to matters beyond race such as gender and identities perceived as marginalized. During the 2014 Ferguson protests, the phrase was popularized by Black Lives Matter (BLM) activists seeking to raise awareness about police shootings of African Americans. After the term was used on Black Twitter, woke was increasingly used by white people, who often used it to signal their support for BLM; some commentators criticized this usage as cultural appropriation. The term became popular with millennials and members of Generation Z. As its use spread internationally, woke was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2017.

By 2019, the term was being used sarcastically as a pejorative among many on the political right and some centrists in Western countries targeting various leftist and progressive movements. Subsequently, terms such as woke-washing and woke capitalism emerged to criticize organizations who advertise their commitment to social justice for financial gain, also referred to as "performative activism".

Origins and usage

In some varieties of African-American English, woke is used in place of woken, the usual past participle form of wake. This has led to the use of woke as an adjective equivalent to awake, which has become mainstream in the United States.

While it is not known when being awake was first used as a metaphor for political engagement and activism, one early example in the United States was the paramilitary youth organization the Wide Awakes, which formed in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1860 to support the Republican candidate in the 1860 presidential election, Abraham Lincoln. Local chapters of the group spread rapidly across northern cities in the ensuing months and "triggered massive popular enthusiasm" around the election. The political militancy of the group also alarmed many southerners, who saw in the Wide Awakes confirmation of their fears of northern, Republican political aggression. The support among the Wide Awakes for abolition, as well as the participation of a number of black men in a Wide Awakes parade in Massachusetts, likely contributed to such anxiety.[2] [3]

20th century

Among the earliest uses of the idea of wokeness as a concept for black political consciousness came from Jamaican philosopher and social activist Marcus Garvey, who wrote in 1923, "Wake up Ethiopia! Wake up Africa!"

A 1923 collection of aphorisms, ideas, and other writing by Garvey also adopts this metaphor in the following epigram: "Wake up Ethiopia! Wake up Africa! Let us work towards the one glorious end of a free, redeemed and mighty nation. Let Africa be a bright star among the constellation of nations."

Black American folk singer-songwriter Huddie Ledbetter, a.k.a. Lead Belly, used the phrase "stay woke" as part of a spoken afterword to a 1938 recording of his song "Scottsboro Boys", which tells the story of nine black teenagers and young men falsely accused of raping two white women in Alabama in 1931. In the recording, Lead Belly says he met with the defendant's lawyer and the young men themselves, and "I advise everybody, be a little careful when they go along through there (Scottsboro)best stay woke, keep their eyes open."[4] Aja Romano writes at Vox that this usage reflects "black Americans' need to be aware of racially motivated threats and the potential dangers of white America."

By the mid-20th century, woke had come to mean 'well-informed' or 'aware',[5] especially in a political or cultural sense. The Oxford English Dictionary traces the earliest such usage to a 1962 New York Times Magazine article titled "If You're Woke You Dig It" by African-American novelist William Melvin Kelley, describing the appropriation of black slang by white beatniks.[6]

Woke had gained more political connotations by 1971 when the play Garvey Lives! by Barry Beckham included the line: "I been sleeping all my life. And now that Mr. Garvey done woke me up, I'm gon' stay woke. And I'm gon help him wake up other black folk."[7] [8]

2008–2014: #Staywoke hashtag

Through the late 2000s and early 2010s, woke was used either as a term for literal wakefulness, or as slang for suspicions of infidelity. The latter meaning was used in singer Childish Gambino's 2016 song "Redbone".[9] In the 21st century's first decade, the use of woke encompassed the earlier meaning with an added sense of being "alert to social and/or racial discrimination and injustice".

This usage was popularized by soul singer Erykah Badu's 2008 song "Master Teacher",[10] via the song's refrain, "I stay woke". Merriam-Webster defines the expression stay woke in Badu's song as meaning, "self-aware, questioning the dominant paradigm and striving for something better"; and, although within the context of the song, it did not yet have a specific connection to justice issues, Merriam-Webster credits the phrase's use in the song with its later connection to these issues.[10] [11]

Songwriter Georgia Anne Muldrow, who composed "Master Teacher" in 2005, told Okayplayer news and culture editor Elijah Watson that while she was studying jazz at New York University, she learned the invocation Stay woke from Harlem alto saxophonist Lakecia Benjamin, who used the expression in the meaning of trying to "stay woke" because of tiredness or boredom, "talking about how she was trying to stay up – like literally not pass out". In homage, Muldrow wrote stay woke in marker on a T-shirt, which over time became suggestive of engaging in the process of the search for herself (as distinct from, for example, merely personal productivity).[12]

According to The Economist, as the term woke and the #Staywoke hashtag began to spread online, the term "began to signify a progressive outlook on a host of issues as well as on race".[13] In a tweet mentioning the Russian feminist rock group Pussy Riot, whose members had been imprisoned in 2012,[14] [15] Badu wrote: "Truth requires no belief. Stay woke. Watch closely. #FreePussyRiot".[16] [17] [18] This has been cited by Know Your Meme as one of the first examples of the #Staywoke hashtag.[19]

2014–2015: Black Lives Matter

Following the shooting of Michael Brown in 2014, the phrase stay woke was used by activists of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement to urge awareness of police abuses. The BET documentary Stay Woke, which covered the movement, aired in May 2016.[20] Within the decade of the 2010s, the word woke (the colloquial, passively voiced past participle of wake) obtained the meaning 'politically and socially aware' among BLM activists.

2015–2019: Broadening usage

While the term woke initially pertained to issues of racial prejudice and discrimination impacting African Americans, it came to be used by other activist groups with different causes. While there is no single agreed-upon definition of the term, it came to be primarily associated with ideas that involve identity and race and which are promoted by progressives, such as the notion of white privilege or slavery reparations for African Americans.[21] Voxs Aja Romano writes that woke evolved into a "single-word summation of leftist political ideology, centered on social justice politics and critical race theory". Columnist David Brooks wrote in 2017 that "to be woke is to be radically aware and justifiably paranoid. It is to be cognizant of the rot pervading the power structures."[22] Sociologist Marcyliena Morgan contrasts woke with cool in the context of maintaining dignity in the face of social injustice: "While coolness is empty of meaning and interpretation and displays no particular consciousness, woke is explicit and direct regarding injustice, racism, sexism, etc."[23]

The term woke became increasingly common on Black Twitter, the community of African American users of the social media platform Twitter.[9] André Brock, a professor of black digital studies at the Georgia Institute of Technology, suggested that the term proved popular on Twitter because its brevity suited the platform's 140-character limit.[9] According to Charles Pulliam-Moore, the term began crossing over into general internet usage as early as 2015.[24] The phrase stay woke became an Internet meme, with searches for woke on Google surging in 2015.[25]

The term has gained popularity amid an increasing leftward turn on various issues among the American Left; this has partly been a reaction to the right-wing politics of U.S. President Donald Trump, who was elected in 2016, but also to a growing awareness regarding the extent of historical discrimination faced by African Americans.[26] According to Perry Bacon Jr., ideas that have come to be associated with "wokeness" include a rejection of American exceptionalism; a belief that the United States has never been a true democracy; that people of color suffer from systemic and institutional racism; that white Americans experience white privilege; that African Americans deserve reparations for slavery and post-enslavement discrimination; that disparities among racial groups, for instance in certain professions or industries, are automatic evidence of discrimination; that U.S. law enforcement agencies are designed to discriminate against people of color and so should be defunded, disbanded, or heavily reformed; that women suffer from systemic sexism; that individuals should be able to identify with any gender or none; that U.S. capitalism is deeply flawed; and that Trump's election to the presidency was not an aberration but a reflection of the prejudices about people of color held by large parts of the U.S. population.[26] Although increasingly accepted across much of the American Left, many of these ideas were nevertheless unpopular among the U.S. population as a whole and among other, especially more centrist, parts of the Democratic Party.[26]

The term increasingly came to be identified with millennials[9] and members of Generation Z.[27] In May 2016, MTV News identified woke as being among ten words teenagers "should know in 2016".[28] [9] The American Dialect Society voted woke the slang word of the year in 2017.[29] [30] [31] In the same year, the term was included as an entry in Oxford English Dictionary. By 2019, the term woke was increasingly being used in an ironic sense, as reflected in the books Woke by comedian Andrew Doyle (using the pen name Titania McGrath) and Anti-Woke by columnist Brendan O'Neill.[32] By 2022, usage of the term had spread beyond the United States, attracting criticism by right-wing political figures in Europe.

2019–present: as a pejorative

By 2019, opponents of progressive social movements were using the term mockingly or sarcastically, implying that "wokeness" was an insincere form of performative activism.British journalist Steven Poole comments that the term is used to mock "overrighteous liberalism".[33] In this pejorative sense, woke means "following an intolerant and moralising ideology".

United States

Among American conservatives and some centrists, woke has come to be used primarily as an insult.[34] Members of the Republican Party have been increasingly using the term to criticize members of the Democratic Party, while more centrist Democrats use it against more left-leaning members of their own party; such critics accuse those on their left of using cancel culture to damage the employment prospects of those who are not considered sufficiently woke.[35] Perry Bacon Jr. suggests that this "anti-woke posture" is connected to a long-standing promotion of backlash politics by the Republican Party, wherein it promotes white and conservative fear in response to activism by African Americans as well as changing cultural norms.[21] [36] Such critics often believe that movements such as Black Lives Matter exaggerate the extent of social problems.[37]

Among the uses by Republicans is the Stop WOKE Act, a law that limits discussion of racism in Florida schools. A program of eliminating books by LGBT and black authors from schools was conducted by the Florida government and by vigilantes calling themselves "woke busters".[38]

Linguist and social critic John McWhorter argues that the history of woke is similar to that of politically correct, another term once used self-descriptively by the left which was appropriated by the right as an insult, in a process similar to the euphemism treadmill.[39] Romano compares woke to canceled as a term for political correctness' gone awry" among the American right wing.Attacking the idea of wokeness, along with other ideas such as cancel culture and critical race theory,[40] became a large part of Republican Party electoral strategy. Former President Donald Trump stated in 2021 that the Biden administration was "destroying" the country "with woke", and Republican Missouri senator Josh Hawley used the term to promote his upcoming book by saying the "woke mob" was trying to suppress it. According to USA Today, the term woke has been "co-opted by GOP activists".[41]

is a neologism popular with right-leaning and conservative commentators, especially in the United States. The term is used to refer to anything which is perceived to be closely connected to left-wing politics, with emphasis on actions or ideas believed to threaten freedom of speech.[42] The term was first popularized in 2021 when Elon Musk began using it on Twitter.[43] [44] Florida governor and former presidential candidate Ron DeSantis has frequently used the term.[45] [46]

Asia

In India, the term is used as a pejorative by Hindutva activists and Hindu nationalists to refer to the critics of the Hindu nationalist ideology who are deemed as "anti-Hindu" by the Hindu nationalist organizations such as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.[47] [48] The term is also synonymous with leftism in news headlines[49] and is commonly used in social media circles by critics of secularism in India.[50]

Canada

The term is widely used in Canada as in the United States to describe overly progressive politics.[51] During a debate in 2023 on the Law Society of Alberta's 2020 adoption of a rule which made certain Continuing Professional Development (CPD) training courses on Indigenous Canadian history obligatory, a lawyer from the Justice Centre for Constitutional Freedoms wrote an op-ed arguing that the course was a form of "wokeness".[52] [53]

France

The phenomenon French: le wokisme (sometimes translated 'wokeism'[54]) has also seen use in French politics, particularly since the 2022 French presidential election.[55] [56] [57] [58] Much of the opposition to French: le wokisme sees it as an American import, incompatible with French values. Then-education minister Jean-Michel Blanquer established an "anti-woke think tank" in opposition to what is perceived as an export from the English-speaking world.[59] According to French sociologist and political scientist, the term "woke" which originated from African American communities to describe awareness of social injustices, has been used pejoratively by French politicians from the former republican left, the right and the far right to label individuals engaged in anti-racist, feminist, LGBT, and environmental movements.[60] This derogatory usage gave rise to the noun "wokisme", suggesting a homogeneous political movement propagating an alleged "woke ideology".[61] [62]

French philosopher Pierre-Henri Tavoillot characterizes "wokeism" as a corpus of theories revolving around "identity, gender and race", with the core principle of "revealing and condemning concealed forms of domination", positing that all aspects of society can be reduced to a "dynamic of oppressor and oppressed", with those oblivious to this notion deemed "complicit", while the "awakened (woke)" advocate for the "abolition (cancel) of anything perceived to sustain such oppression", resulting in practical implementations such as adopting inclusive language, reconfiguring education or deconstructing gender norms.[63]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, anti-wokeness discourse is driven primarily by Conservative Party politicians and right-wing media outlets.[64] Conservative papers such as The Daily Telegraph and Daily Mail commonly publish articles critical of what they deem to be "woke". The Mail on Sunday publishes an annual "Woke List" criticising public figures for perceived "virtue signalling".[65] The right-wing television channel GB News was proclaimed at its founding to be explicitly "anti-woke". Its onetime chairman Andrew Neil has presented a regular segment on the channel entitled "Wokewatch", which aims to be a counter-voice to "woke warriors".[66]

The term "woke" is often used as a pejorative by conservative figures.[67] During the run-up to the 2024 general election, the governing Conservative Party attracted criticism for attempting to create a culture war based on the woke concept.[68] While promoting her book The Abuse of Power in 2023, former Conservative prime minister Theresa May declared herself to be woke, in the sense of "somebody who recognizes that discrimination takes place".[69] [70]

In a survey by YouGov, 73% of Britons who used the term said they did so in a disapproving way, 11% in an approving way and 14% neither used it in an approving or disapproving way.[71] Columnist Zoe Williams writes in The Guardian that public discourse around cycling has become "the perfect microcosm of the wokeness split in all its forms", with anti-cycling voices portraying cyclists as a "lunatic fringe".[72]

Europe

In Hungary, Hungarian politician Balázs Orbán stated that "we [Hungary] will not give up fighting against woke ideology".[73]

In Switzerland, politicians from and supporters of the right-wing Swiss People's Party criticized Swiss bank UBS for "woke culture".[74]

Latin America

In Brazil the term "woke", gained force during and after the 2022 Brazilian general election won by the leftist leader Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva with the Bolsonaristas – supporters of the former right-wing president Jair Bolsonaro – and parts of the Brazilian center-right accusing the left of "forcing the woke agenda in Brazil" with progressive policies such as taxing YouTubers, diversity policies, women's reproductive rights and ideological patrolling by the Brazilian left, called Lulistas.[75] [76]

Oceania

During the 2022 Australian federal election campaign, both Scott Morrison, then-prime minister and leader of the centre-right Liberal-National Coalition, and Anthony Albanese, the current prime minister and leader of the centre-left Australian Labor Party, insisted they were not "woke".[77] Peter Dutton, current Opposition Leader and leader of the Coalition, has also used the term several times before.[78] [79] Members of minor right-wing parties, especially Pauline Hanson's One Nation and the United Australia Party, also frequently use the term.

In New Zealand, former deputy prime minister and leader of the New Zealand First Party, Winston Peters, referred to the government led by Jacinda Ardern and the New Zealand Labour Party as a "woke guilt industry".[80] Thenopposition leader Judith Collins also referred to Ardern as "woke".[81]

At the 2024 Queensland local government elections, "Say NO to WOKE" was registered as a group for the Toowoomba Regional Council. It ran two candidates but did not win any seats.[82]

Reception and legacy

Scholars Michael B. McCormack and Althea Legal-Miller argue that the phrase stay woke echoes Martin Luther King Jr.'s exhortation "to stay awake, to adjust to new ideas, to remain vigilant and to face the challenge of change".[83]

In March 2021, Les Echos listed woke among eight words adopted by Generation Z that indicate "French: un tournant sociétal" ("a societal turning point") in France.[84]

Criticism

Writer and activist Chloé Valdary has stated that the concept of being woke is a "double-edged sword" that can "alert people to systemic injustice" while also being "an aggressive, performative take on progressive politics that only makes things worse". Social-justice scholars Tehama Lopez Bunyasi and Candis Watts Smith, in their 2019 book Stay Woke: A People's Guide to Making All Black Lives Matter, argue against what they term as "Woker-than-Thou-itis: Striving to be educated around issues of social justice is laudable and moral, but striving to be recognized by others as a woke individual is self-serving and misguided."[85] [86] [87] Essayist Maya Binyam, writing in The Awl, ironized about a seeming contest among players who "name racism when it appears" or who disparage "folk who are lagging behind".

Linguist Ben Zimmer writes that, with mainstream currency, the term's "original grounding in African-American political consciousness has been obscured". The Economist states that as the term came to be used more to describe white people active on social media, black activists "criticised the performatively woke for being more concerned with internet point-scoring than systemic change". Journalist Amanda Hess says social media accelerated the word's cultural appropriation, writing, "The conundrum is built in. When white people aspire to get points for consciousness, they walk right into the cross hairs between allyship and appropriation." Hess describes woke as "the inverse of 'politically correct' ... It means wanting to be considered correct, and wanting everyone to know just how correct you are".[88]

The impact of "woke" sentiment on society has been criticised from various perspectives. In 2018, the British political commentator Andrew Sullivan described the "Great Awokening", describing it as a "cult of social justice on the left, a religion whose followers show the same zeal as any born-again Evangelical [Christian]" and who "punish heresy by banishing sinners from society or coercing them to public demonstrations of shame". In 2021, the British filmmaker and DJ Don Letts suggested that "in a world so woke you can't make a joke", it was difficult for young artists to make protest music without being accused of cultural appropriation.[89]

Woke-washing and woke capitalism

By the mid-2010s, language associated with wokeness had entered the mainstream media and was being used for marketing.[90] Abas Mirzaei, a senior lecturer in branding at Macquarie University, says that the term "has been cynically applied to everything from soft drink to razors".[25] In 2018, African-American journalist Sam Sanders argued that the authentic meaning of woke was being lost to overuse by white liberals and co-option by businesses trying to appear progressive (woke-washing), which would ultimately create a backlash.

The term woke capitalism was coined by writer Ross Douthat for brands that used politically progressive messaging as a substitute for genuine reform.[91] According to The Economist, examples of "woke capitalism" include advertising campaigns designed to appeal to millennials, who often hold more socially liberal views than earlier generations.[92] These campaigns were often perceived by customers as insincere and inauthentic and provoked a backlash summarized by the phrase "get woke, go broke".[25]

Cultural scientists Akane Kanai and Rosalind Gill describe "woke capitalism" as the "dramatically intensifying" trend to include historically marginalized groups (currently primarily in terms of race, gender, and religion) as mascots in advertisement with a message of empowerment to signal progressive values. On the one hand, Kanai and Gill argue that this creates an individualized and depoliticized idea of social justice, reducing it to an increase in self-confidence; on the other hand, the omnipresent visibility in advertising can also amplify a backlash against the equality of precisely these minorities. These would become mascots not only of the companies using them, but of the unchallenged neoliberal economic system with its socially unjust order itself. For the economically weak, the equality of these minorities would thus become indispensable to the maintenance of this economic system; the minorities would be seen responsible for the losses of this system.[93]

Further reading

Notes and References

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  2. Grinspan . Jon . 'Young Men for War': The Wide Awakes and Lincoln's 1860 Presidential Campaign . The Journal of American History . 2009 . 96 . 2 . 357–378 . 10.1093/jahist/96.2.357.
  3. Web site: Wills . Matthew . June 29, 2020 . Abolitionist 'Wide Awakes' Were Woke Before 'Woke' . JSTOR Daily . en-US . July 2, 2020 . July 2, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200702151434/https://daily.jstor.org/abolitionist-wide-awakes-were-woke-before-woke/ . live.
  4. Outrage Channeled in Verse . Matheis . Frank . August 2018 . Living Blues . 4 . 49 . 15 . 0024-5232 . September 5, 2018 . September 6, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180906014048/http://digital.livingblues.com/publication/?i=515680&p=17 . live.
  5. Book: Krouse . Tonya . O'Callaghan . Tamara F. . Introducing English Studies . 2020 . Bloomsbury Academic . London . 978-1-350-05542-1 . 135.
  6. Web site: New words notes June 2017 . 16 June 2017 . Oxford English Dictionary . August 28, 2020 . June 27, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210627082707/https://public.oed.com/blog/june-2017-update-new-words-notes/ . live.
  7. News: Zimmer . Ben . 14 April 2017 . 'Woke', From a Sleepy Verb to a Badge of Awareness . The Wall Street Journal . Word on the Street . subscription . March 1, 2021 . June 10, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210610154025/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/woke-from-a-sleepy-verb-to-a-badge-of-awareness-1492183857 . live.
  8. Book: Beckham, Barry . Garvey Lives!: A Play . 1972 . 19687974.
  9. Web site: Marsden . Harriet . 25 November 2019 . Whither 'woke': What does the future hold for word that became a weapon? . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20210415174718/https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/brexit-news/future-for-woke-word-became-a-weapon-62988 . 15 April 2021 . 8 April 2021 . The New European.
  10. Web site: Stay Woke: The new sense of 'woke' is gaining popularity . Words We're Watching . Merriam-Webster . n.d. . December 26, 2016 . January 4, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170104090724/https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/woke-meaning-origin . live.
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  12. Web site: Watson . Elijah C. . The Origin Of Woke: How Erykah Badu And Georgia Anne Muldrow Sparked The 'Stay Woke' Era . 27 February 2018 . Okayplayer . April 2, 2021 . February 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210225043857/https://www.okayplayer.com/originals/georgia-muldrow-erykah-badu-stay-woke-master-teacher.html . live.
  13. News: How has the meaning of the word 'woke' evolved? . The Economist . The Economist explains . 30 July 2021 . limited . September 13, 2021 . September 13, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210913034136/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2021/07/30/how-has-the-meaning-of-the-word-woke-evolved . live.
  14. News: Parker . Suzi . Pussy Riot should continue their mission even if freed . The Washington Post . 14 September 2012 . limited . April 8, 2021 . July 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230715071258/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/post/russian-punk-rockers-should-continue-their-mission-even-if-freed/2012/09/14/24ebeb2c-fea0-11e1-98c6-ec0a0a93f8eb_blog.html . live.
  15. News: Parker . Suzi . What American women could learn from Pussy Riot, a Russian punk rock girl band . The Washington Post . 21 April 2012 . limited . April 8, 2021 . March 16, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316093453/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/post/what-american-women-could-learn-from-pussy-riot-a-russian-punk-rock-girl-band/2012/04/21/gIQAYr42XT_blog.html . live.
  16. Web site: The Origin Of Woke: How The Death Of Woke Led To The Birth Of Cancel Culture . Elijah C. . Watson . 25 February 2020 . Okayplayer . April 8, 2021 . January 23, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005858/https://www.okayplayer.com/culture/woke-cancel-culture-meaning.html . live.
  17. Web site: Holloway . James . Obama warns against social media call-out culture . 31 October 2019 . New Atlas . April 8, 2021 . April 19, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210419055709/https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/obama-woke-culture/ . live.
  18. Erykah . Badu . fatbellybella . Truth requires no belief. Stay woke. Watch closely. #FreePussyRiot. . August 8, 2012 . 233215131876724736.
  19. Richardson . Elaine . Ragland . Alice .
    1. StayWoke: The Language and Literacies of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement
    . Community Literacy Journal . 12 . 2 . Spring 2018 . 27–56 . 1555-9734 . 10.25148/clj.12.2.009099 . free.
  20. Web site: Holliday . Nicole . How 'Woke' Fell Asleep . November 16, 2016 . . OxfordWords . https://web.archive.org/web/20161227055631/https://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2016/11/woke/ . unfit . December 27, 2016.
  21. News: Bacon . Perry Jr. . Why Attacking 'Cancel Culture' And 'Woke' People Is Becoming The GOP's New Political Strategy . March 17, 2021 . FiveThirtyEight . But in culture and politics today, the most prominent uses of “woke” are as a pejorative — Republicans attacking Democrats, more centrist Democrats attacking more liberal ones and supporters of the British monarchy using the term to criticize people more sympathetic to Prince Harry and Meghan Markle. . March 23, 2021 . October 29, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211029062415/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-attacking-cancel-culture-and-woke-people-is-becoming-the-gops-new-political-strategy/ . live.
  22. News: Brooks . David . 2017-07-25 . Opinion How Cool Works in America Today . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . limited . November 20, 2021 . November 20, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211120200653/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/25/opinion/how-cool-works-in-america-today.html . live. Quoted in
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  27. https://sponsored.chronicle.com/Generation-Z-The-Woke-Generation/ Generation Z: The Woke Generation
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  30. News: King . Georgia Frances . The American Dialect Society's word of the year is 'dumpster fire' . Quartz . 7 January 2017 . limited . April 2, 2021 . March 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210304164405/https://qz.com/880501/2016s-word-of-the-year-is-dumpster-fire-beating-out-post-truth-deplorables-cuck-woke-and-slay-for-the-american-dialect-societys-title/ . live.
  31. Metcalf . Allan . 2016 Word of the Year is dumpster fire, as voted by American Dialect Society . January 6, 2017 . American Dialect Society . April 2, 2021 . March 3, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210303212451/http://www.americandialect.org/wp-content/uploads/2016-Word-of-the-Year-PRESS-RELEASE.pdf . live.
  32. News: Shariatmadari . David . October 14, 2019 . Cancelled for sadfishing: the top 10 words of 2019 . The Guardian . July 5, 2021 . July 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183048/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/oct/14/cancelled-for-sadfishing-the-top-10-words-of-2019 . live.
  33. News: Poole . Steven . From woke to gammon: buzzwords by the people who coined them . The Guardian . December 25, 2019 . July 5, 2021 . July 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191326/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/dec/25/woke-to-gammon-buzzwords-by-people-coined-them . live.
  34. News: Smith . Allan . Kapur . Sahil . Republicans are crusading against 'woke' . NBC News . May 2, 2021 . September 7, 2021 . September 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210909011954/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/republicans-are-crusading-against-woke-n1264811 . live.
  35. Web site: Luk . Johnny . Why 'woke' became toxic . 2023-09-28 . www.aljazeera.com . en . September 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230928020733/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/6/24/what-is-woke-culture-and-why-has-it-become-so-toxic . live.
  36. Web site: Kilgore . Ed . Is 'Anti-Wokeness' the New Ideology of the Republican Party? . limited . Intelligencer . Vox Media . 19 March 2021 . 23 October 2022 . March 27, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210327025754/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/03/is-anti-wokeness-the-new-ideology-of-the-republican-party.html . live.
  37. Web site: Butterworth . Benjamin . 21 January 2021 . What does 'woke' actually mean, and why are some people so angry about it? . inews.co.uk . March 16, 2021 . March 28, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328221144/https://inews.co.uk/news/uk/woke-what-mean-meaning-origins-term-definition-culture-387962 . live.
  38. Why some Florida schools are removing books from their libraries . Charles . Bethea . February 7, 2023 . The New Yorker . March 20, 2023 . March 20, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230320042300/https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-south/why-some-florida-schools-are-removing-books-from-their-libraries . live.
  39. News: McWhorter . John . Opinion How 'Woke' Became an Insult . The New York Times . 17 August 2021 . limited . September 7, 2021 . September 7, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210907011738/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/17/opinion/woke-politically-correct.html . live.
  40. News: Anderson . Bryan . Associated Press . 2021-11-02 . Critical race theory is a flashpoint for conservatives, but what does it mean? . 2021-11-03 . PBS NewsHour . November 3, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211103184838/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/education/so-much-buzz-but-what-is-critical-race-theory . live.
  41. News: Guynn . Jessica . 'Woke mind virus'? 'Corporate wokeness'? Why red America has declared war on corporate America . 4 January 2023 . 2024-04-24 . USA TODAY . en-US.
  42. Web site: Franklin . Ellise Shafer,McKinley . Shafer . Ellise . Franklin . McKinley . 2023-04-29 . Elon Musk Talks Twitter, Censorship and the 'Woke Mind Virus' on 'Real Time With Bill Maher' . 2024-04-24 . Variety . en-US.
  43. Web site: Liles . Jordan . 2023-01-29 . Did Elon Musk Warn that 'Woke Mind Virus' Is Destroying Civilization? . 2024-04-24 . Snopes . en.
  44. Web site: Warzel . Charlie . 2023-05-23 . Twitter Is a Far-Right Social Network . 2024-04-24 . The Atlantic . en.
  45. Web site: DeSantis pledges to fight 'woke mind virus' . 2024-07-29 . . en-US.
  46. News: Montanero . Domenico . 21 July 2023 . Republicans can't stop using the word 'woke'. But what does it really mean? . 29 July 2024 . NPR.
  47. News: Shishir . Arya . Cultural Marxists, 'Woke People' Spoiling India's Ethos: RSS Chief Mohan Bhagwat . The Times of India . 25 October 2023 . 25 October 2023 . October 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231025052631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/cultural-marxists-woke-people-spoiling-indias-ethos-rss-chief/amp_articleshow/104681467.cms . live.
  48. News: Cultural Marxists, woke using media, spoiling country's education and culture: Mohan Bhagwat . Press Trust of India . October 25, 2023 . October 27, 2023 . October 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231027070832/https://www.ptinews.com/news/national/cultural-marxists-woke-using-media-spoiling-country%E2%80%99s-education-and-culture-mohan-bhagwat/676236.html . live.
  49. News: The woke vs right-winger battle . India Today . November 2, 2021 . October 27, 2023 . October 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231027072143/https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion-columns/story/woke-vs-right-winger-battle-sabyasachi-ad-mangalsutra-1872301-2021-11-02#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16983894541677&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fopinion-columns%2Fstory%2Fwoke-vs-right-winger-battle-sabyasachi-ad-mangalsutra-1872301-2021-11-02 . live.
  50. News: RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat mentions 'woke' in speech: What does the word mean? . The Indian Express . October 24, 2023 . October 27, 2023 . October 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231027011028/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/rss-mohan-bhagwat-woke-speech-meaning-explained-8997724/#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16983894541677&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fexplained-culture%2Frss-mohan-bhagwat-woke-speech-meaning-explained-8997724%2F . live.
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  53. News: Alberta lawyers launch petition against mandatory course on Indigenous history . Omar . Mosleh . 31 January 2023 . Toronto Star . 5 February 2023 . February 5, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230205205033/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2023/01/31/alberta-lawyers-launch-petition-against-mandatory-course-on-indigenous-history.html . live.
  54. News: Schofield . Hugh . 2021-12-13 . France resists US challenge to its values . BBC News . 2022-10-21 . October 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221021132121/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-59584125 . live.
  55. Sastre, Peggy (April 9, 2021). "Le wokisme, une idéologie atomisée ". Le Point.
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  58. Mamane, Eliott (March 14, 2023). "«Aux États-Unis, l'élection présidentielle pourrait être déterminée par le clivage entre “woke” et “anti-woke”» ". Le Figaro.
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  60. Policar, Alain, "De woke au wokisme : anatomie d'un anathème", Raison présente, 2022/1 (N° 221), pp. 115–118. . Read Online
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  71. Web site: Smith . Matthew . Most Britons now know what 'woke' is . September 26, 2022 . YouGov . 2022-10-21 . October 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221021170106/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/09/26/most-britons-now-know-what-woke . live.
  72. Web site: Williams . Zoe . Opinion Why is the right at war with cyclists? We’re not ‘wokerati’ – we’re just trying to get around . The Guardian . 12 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240529095527/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/mar/25/why-is-the-right-at-war-with-cyclists-were-not-wokerati-were-just-trying-to-get-around . 29 May 2024 . 25 March 2024 . live.
  73. Web site: 29 November 2022 . Orbán Balázs: Nem adjuk fel a woke ideológia elleni harcot . January 23, 2023 . January 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230123140241/https://magyarnemzet.hu/kulfold/2022/11/orban-balazs-nem-adjuk-fel-a-woke-ideologia-elleni-harcot . live.
  74. Web site: UBS Targeted by Swiss Populist Party for 'Woke' Culture . January 23, 2023 . January 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230123140658/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/bloomberg/ubs-targeted-by-swiss-populist-party-for--woke--culture/47790240 . live.
  75. Web site: Movimento “woke” no Brasil. “Woke” movement in Brazil. ig.com.br. 26 July 2024. 20 August 2024. pt.
  76. Web site: Lula quer taxar youtubers e forçar “agenda woke” com novo tributo, diz Kim. Lula wants to tax YouTubers and force “woke agenda” with new tax, says Kim. gazetadopovo.com.br. 14 May 2024. 20 August 2024. pt.
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  80. News: Dimitrof . Stefan . Winston Peters tells Aussie TV about New Zealand's 'woke guilt industry' . 7 January 2023 . Te Ao Māori News . 29 September 2022 . January 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230103061930/https://www.teaomaori.news/winston-peters-tells-aussie-tv-about-new-zealands-woke-guilt-industry . live.
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  82. Web site: 2024 local government elections . 22 March 2024 . Electoral Commission of Queensland.
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  86. Book: Bunyasi . Tehama Lopez . Stay Woke: A People's Guide to Making All Black Lives Matter . Smith . Candis Watts . 2019 . NYU Press . 978-1-4798-3648-2 . 202.
  87. Web site: Spinelle . Jenna . 19 June 2020 . Take Note: Authors Of 'Stay Woke' On Structural Racism, Black Lives Matter & How To Be Anti-Racist . WPSU . February 28, 2021 . April 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210421054119/https://radio.wpsu.org/post/take-note-authors-stay-woke-structural-racism-black-lives-matter-how-be-anti-racist-1 . live.
  88. News: Earning the 'Woke' Badge . limited . Amanda . Hess . 19 April 2016 . The New York Times Magazine . 0028-7822 . April 23, 2017 . April 7, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170407044527/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/24/magazine/earning-the-woke-badge.html . live.
  89. News: Thomas . Tobi . March 16, 2021 . 'Woke' culture is threat to protest songs, says Don Letts . The Guardian . July 5, 2021 . July 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191054/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/mar/16/woke-culture-is-threat-to-protest-songs-says-don-letts . live.
  90. Francesca . Sobande . Woke-washing: 'Intersectional' femvertising and branding 'woke' bravery . 2019 . . 54 . 11 . 2723–2745 . 0309-0566 . PDF . ResearchGate . 10.1108/EJM-02-2019-0134 . 213469381 . The adverts span from 2015–2018, which reflects the point at which the language of 'woke(ness)' entered mainstream media and marketing spheres.
  91. Web site: Lewis . Helen . How Capitalism Drives Cancel Culture . The Atlantic . 14 July 2020 . limited . July 14, 2020 . July 14, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200714173131/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/07/cancel-culture-and-problem-woke-capitalism/614086/ . live.
  92. News: . Woke, not broke . Bartleby . limited . The Economist . 9127 . 430 . 26 January 2019 . 0013-0613 . 65 . March 24, 2021 . May 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210514170137/https://www.economist.com/business/2019/01/26/companies-can-appeal-to-workers-and-consumers-with-liberal-messages . live.
  93. Kanai . A. . Gill . R. . 2020 . Woke? Affect, neoliberalism, marginalised identities and consumer culture . New Formations: A Journal of Culture, Theory & Politics . 102 . 102 . 10–27 . 10.3898/NewF:102.01.2020 . 234623282 . 0950-2378 . April 21, 2021 . February 27, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210227212723/https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/25176/ . live.

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