Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric explained

Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric comprises themes, catchphrases, and slogans that have been used in order to demean lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people. Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric is widely considered a form of hate speech,[1] which is illegal in countries such as the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden.

Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric often consists of moral panic and conspiracy theories. LGBTQ movements and individuals are often portrayed as subversive and foreign, similar to earlier conspiracy theories targeting Jews and communists.[2] [3] [4]

As a foreign conspiracy

In 1969, the Greek junta exited the Council of Europe after being found in violation of the European Convention of Human Rights, judging that the European Commission of Human Rights was "a conspiracy of homosexuals and communists against Hellenic values".[5]

This discourse, promoted by the governments of Hungary and Poland, alleges that LGBTQ rights movements are controlled by foreign forces (such as the European Union) and are a threat to national independence and western civilization.[6] [7] [8] [9] Anti-government protests in Russia and the Euromaidan have also been portrayed by the Russian government as the work of an LGBTQ conspiracy. Furthermore, although Russia considers itself to be a European country, its government also considers its values as entirely different from those commonly seen within the European Union. More specifically, Russia used to protest against the common European Values in support of LGBTQ rights, however rather than complaining about these values, Russia has now chosen to openly express their own values, which are entirely against any support for LGBTQ rights.[10]

As an ideology

See also: Anti-gender movement.

In 2013, the conservative blog American Thinker published several articles using the phrase "LGBT ideology". The Italian Catholic philosopher used the phrase in a 2015 article, equating it with the earlier concept of "gender ideology". In his article he does not define either "LGBT ideology" or "gender ideology".[11] [12] In 2017, several conservative Islamic politicians in Malaysia and Indonesia denounced "LGBT ideology".[11] [13]

During a sermon on 1 August 2019, Polish Archbishop Marek Jędraszewski called "LGBT ideology" a "rainbow plague" and compared it to the "Red Plague" of Communism.[14] [15] Following this, the Czech cardinal Dominik Duka also commented on "LGBT ideology". However, because Czech society is secular and the Catholic Church has little influence on Czech politics, his comments had little impact.[11] In September 2019, Stanley Bill, a lecturer at Cambridge University who studies Poland, stated "Scaremongering about 'LGBT ideology' has almost become official policy in Poland with often nasty insinuations from members of the government and public media now the norm".[16]

In June 2020, Polish President Andrzej Duda drew international attention when he called LGBTQ an "ideology" and a form of "Neo-Bolshevism".[17] [18] Agreement Party MP Jacek Żalek stated in an interview that the LGBT community "are not people" and "it's an ideology", which led to the journalist asking him to leave the studio; the row caused controversy.[19] The next day, Duda said at a rally in Silesia: "They are trying to convince us that [LGBT] is people, but it is just an ideology."[20] He promised to "ban the propagation of LGBT ideology in public institutions", including schools, similar to the Russian gay propaganda law. On the same day, PiS MP Przemysław Czarnek said on a TVP Info talk show, regarding a photo of a naked person in a gay bar, "Let's defend ourselves against LGBT ideology and stop listening to those idiocies about human rights or equality. These people are not equal to normal people."[21]

In July 2020, the European Union announced that it will not provide funding to six Polish towns that have declared themselves "LGBT-free zones", after nearly 100 local governments, a third of Poland's territory, declared themselves "free from LGBT ideology."[22] On 1 August 2020, the anniversary of the Warsaw Uprising, ultranationalist Robert Winnicki compared LGBT to communist and Nazi ideology. He stated, "Every plague passes at some point. The German plague passed, which was consuming Poland for six years, the red plague passed, the rainbow plague is also going to pass."[23]

In August 2020, Justice Minister Zbigniew Ziobro announced a new program for "counteracting crimes related to the violation of freedom of conscience committed under the influence of LGBT ideology". From a government fund intended to help victims of crime, PLN 613,698 was awarded to a foundation to combat the alleged crimes of "LGBT ideology".[24] [25] [26] The project, among other things, explores a supposed connection between LGBT ideology and the Frankfurt School.[27] At the 16 August "Stop LGBT aggression" rally that year, Krzysztof Bosak said that even irreligious people are among opponents of "LGBT ideology" because it is "contrary to common sense and rational thinking". He also said that the LGBT community is "a lower form of social life".[28]

Criticism

According to Krakow Post, a Polish newspaper, "LGBT is not an ideology ... The phrase 'LGBT ideology' makes about as much sense as 'redhead ideology' or 'left-handed ideology. While the support of many LGBT people and their allies improved LGBT rights, they have differing political views. According to Notes from Poland, "attacks on 'LGBT ideology' – which often rely on exaggerated, distorted or invented claims – result in the marginalisation and demonisation of such people."[29] Center-right presidential candidate Szymon Hołownia, who is a practicing Catholic, stated, "there is no such thing as LGBT ideology, there are [LGBT] people". He said that anti-LGBT rhetoric from politicians could lead vulnerable people to suicide. In protest at the comments made by the president and Żalek, LGBT people have held pickets in various towns and cities in Poland, opposing the idea that LGBT is an ideology.[30] [31] [32] [33] Activists also created a film, "Ludzie, nie ideologia" (People, not ideology) showcasing the families of LGBT people.[34]

An article in OKO.press compared the anti-LGBT campaign to the 1968 "anti-Zionist" campaign: during the anti-Zionist campaign, people said that they were targeting Zionism as an ideology, but ended up targeting Jews as people. Many Jews were forced out of the country in 1968, and LGBT people are emigrating from Poland in 2020.[35] According to Polish historian Adam Leszczyński, "LGBT ideology" is

Dehumanization

Dehumanization is a frequent feature of anti-LGBT rhetoric, which may take the form of comparing LGBT people to animals or equating homosexual relationships with bestiality.[36] [37]

In 2025, the social media conglomerate Meta updated its hate speech policies to allow "allegations of mental illness or abnormality" based on sexual orientation or gender identity,[38] [39] which the LGBTQ magazine The Advocate said would allow "hateful and dehumanizing rhetoric" on Meta's platforms such as Facebook and Instagram.[40]

Slurs

According to one study, "homophobic epithets foster dehumanization and avoidance of gay people, in ways that other insults or labels do not."[41] Another study found that homophobia "results in substantial health and welfare effects".[42]

Calls for violence

Anti-LGBT rhetoric also includes calls for violence against LGBT people and suggestions that they should be killed or die,[43] such as in Cyprus,[44] Iran,[45] Russia,[46] the United States,[47] [48] Malawi,[49] and Uganda.

In Serbia, members of Obraz chanted "Death to faggots" (sr|Смрт педерима) and posted posters stating "we are waiting for you" (sr|чекамо вас) next to an image of a baseball bat. In 2012, the organization was banned by the Constitutional Court of Serbia due to extremism.[50] [51]

Anti-gay themes

Anti-gay activists claim that homosexuality goes against traditional family values, that homosexuality is a Trojan Horse, or that it destroys families and humankind[52] through homosexual which will lead to the extinction of humanity.[53]

Homosexuality as a cause of disasters

The argument that homosexuals cause natural disasters has been around for more than a thousand years, even before Justinian blamed earthquakes on "unchecked homosexual behavior" in the sixth century.[54] This trope was common in early modern Christian literature;[55] homosexuals were blamed for earthquakes, floods, famines, plagues, invasions of Saracens, and field mice. This discourse was revived by Anita Bryant in 1976 when she blamed homosexuals for droughts in California. In the U.S., right-wing religious groups including the Westboro Baptist Church continue to claim that homosexuals are responsible for disasters.[56] Homosexuals have been blamed for hurricanes, including Isaac, Katrina, and Sandy.[57] In 2020, various religious figures including Israeli rabbi Meir Mazuz have argued that the COVID-19 pandemic is divine retribution for same-sex activity or pride parades.[58]

Following the September 2001 attacks, televangelist Jerry Falwell blamed "the pagans, and the abortionists, and the feminists, and the gays and the lesbians who are actively trying to make that an alternative lifestyle, the ACLU, People for the American Way" for provoking the aggression of Islamic fundamentalists and causing God to withdraw his protection for America.[59] On the broadcast of the Christian television program The 700 Club, Falwell said, "You helped this happen". He later apologized and said, "I would never blame any human being except the terrorists".[60] [61]

In 2012, Chilean politician Ignacio Urrutia claimed that allowing homosexuals to serve in the Chilean military would cause Perú and Bolivia to invade and destroy his country.[62]

AIDS as punishment

An outgrowth of the discourse on homosexuality argues that HIV/AIDS is divine punishment for homosexuality.[63] [64] During the early years of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s, mainstream newspapers labeled it a "gay plague".[65] [66] [67] For a few years, the misleading technical name for the disease was gay-related immune deficiency.[68]

The slogan "AIDS Kills Fags Dead" (a pun on the commercial slogan for Raid insecticide "Raid Kills Bugs Dead") appeared during the early years of AIDS in the United States, when the disease was mainly diagnosed among male homosexuals and was almost invariably fatal. The slogan caught on quickly as a catchy truism, a chant, or simply something written as graffiti. It is reported that the slogan first appeared in public in the early 1990s, when Sebastian Bach, the former lead singer of the heavy metal band Skid Row, wore it on a t-shirt thrown to him by an audience member.[69] The slogan "AIDS cures fags" is used by the Westboro Baptist Church.[70] [71]

Homosexuality as unnatural

Describing homosexuality as unnatural dates back to Plato, Aristotle, and Thomas Aquinas. However, there is no single definition of "unnatural". Some of those who argue that homosexuality is unnatural in the sense of being absent from nature, an argument refuted by the presence of homosexuality in animals. Others mean that the genitals were created for reproduction (either by God or natural selection) and are not intended to be used for purposes they deem "unnatural". Proponents of this idea often argue that homosexuality is immoral because it is unnatural, but opponents argue that this argument makes an is–ought conflation. Some proponents of the "unnaturalness" thesis argue that homosexual behavior is the result of "" or willful sinfulness.[72]

Homosexuality as a disease

Nazi propaganda described homosexuality as a contagious disease[73] but not in the medical sense. Rather, homosexuality was a disease of the German: [[Volkskörper]] (national body), a metaphor for the desired national or racial community (German: [[Volksgemeinschaft]]). According to Nazi ideology, individuals' lives were to be subordinated to the German: Volkskörper like cells in the human body. Homosexuality was seen as a virus or cancer in the German: Volkskörper because it was seen as a threat to the German nation.[74] The SS newspaper Das Schwarze Korps argued that 40,000 homosexuals were capable of "poisoning" two million men if left to roam free.[75]

Some of those who called homosexuality, such as Traditional Values Coalition head and Christian right activist Louis Sheldon, said that if it were proven to be a biologically based phenomenon, it would still be diseased. The psychiatric establishment in the west once medicalized same-sex desire. In the United States, homosexuality was removed in 1973 as a mental disorder from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as it did not meet the criteria for a mental disorder.[76] [77] [78] The Catholic Church still officially teaches that "homosexual tendencies" are "objectively disordered".[79] In 2016, anti-LGBT rhetoric was increasing in Indonesia under the Twitter hashtag #TolakLGBT (#RejectLGBT), stating that LGBT is a disease.[80] In 2019, Archbishop Marek Jędraszewski said that a "rainbow plague" was threatening Poland.[81] In 2020, the education minister defended an official who warned that "LGBT virus" was threatening Polish schools, and was more dangerous than COVID-19.[82]

Homosexuality as a choice or lifestyle

Along with the idea of "homosexual recruitment", the idea of a "gay lifestyle" or "homosexual lifestyle" is used by social and religious conservatives in the United States to argue that non-heterosexual sexual orientations are consciously chosen.[83] [84] However, scientists favor biological explanations for sexual orientation, arguing that people typically feel no sense of control over their sexual orientation or attractions.[85] The term "gay lifestyle" may also be used disparagingly for a series of stereotyped behaviours.[86]

Christian right activists may worry that increasing LGBT rights will make the "gay lifestyle" more attractive to young people.[87] US media in the 1970s frequently used the term "alternative lifestyle" as a euphemism for homosexuality, and the term was employed in an anti-gay context by opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment, as well as supporters of California's Proposition 6, which would have barred openly gay teachers in public schools.[88] In 1977, while campaigning against a local ordinance protecting gay teachers against employment discrimination, anti-gay activist Anita Bryant stated, "A homosexual is not born, they are made".[89] US president Ronald Reagan described the gay rights movement in opposition to American culture, saying the movement was "asking for a recognition and acceptance of an alternative lifestyle which I do not believe society can condone".

Homosexuality as sinful or ungodly

Many conservative Christians consider homosexual acts to be inherently sinful based on common interpretations of scriptural passages such as ("You shall not lie with a male as with a woman; it is an abomination"), ("If a man lies with a male as with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination; they shall be put to death, their blood is upon them"), and 1 Corinthians 6:9–10 ("Do you not know that wrongdoers will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived! Fornicators, idolaters, adulterers, male prostitutes, sodomites, thieves, the greedy, drunkards, revilers, robbers—none of these will inherit the kingdom of God.") The story of Sodom and Gomorrah, two biblical cities which were burned down due to the sins of its inhabitants, is mostly portrayed as divine retribution for homosexual behavior.[90] [91]

Various inflammatory and controversial slogans, including some listed in the next section, have been used by opponent congregations and individuals, particularly by Fred Phelps, founder of the Westboro Baptist Church. These slogans have included "God Hates Fags", "Fear God Not Fags", and "Matthew Shepard Burns In Hell".[92]

Homosexuality is also frequently considered sinful in Islam. In some Middle Eastern countries, acts of homosexuality are punishable by death. Anti-LGBT rhetoric and political homophobia are growing in some Muslim countries.

Other religious leaders including Christians, Muslims, and Jews have denounced anti-LGBT rhetoric.

The slogan "God made Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve" alludes to a Bible-based argument that homosexuality is sinful and unnatural.[93] [94] A 1970 editorial in Christianity Today quoted a graffito in San Francisco that read, "If God had wanted homosexuals, he would have created Adam and Freddy."[95] In 1977, anti-gay activist Anita Bryant made a similar comment using the phrase "Adam and Bruce".[96] The version with "Adam and Steve" first appeared on a protest sign at a 1977 anti-gay rally in Houston, Texas, featuring Christian religious right figures such as Phyllis Schlafly and National Right to Life Committee founder Mildred Jefferson.[97] The slogan was also used in "The Gay Bar," a 1977 episode of the sitcom Maude. In 1979, Jerry Falwell used the "Adam and Steve" slogan in a press conference cited in Christianity Today. During the initial outbreak of HIV/AIDS in the United States in 1985, conservative congressman William E. Dannemeyer used the slogan to argue that gay men were a threat to public health.[98]

The phrase later acquired a certain notoriety, and, when used to name a pair of characters in a work of fiction, helps to identify them as members of a homosexual pair (as in Paul Rudnick's play The Most Fabulous Story Ever Told[99] and the 2005 film Adam & Steve). The phrase was used by Democratic Unionist MP David Simpson during a debate on the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 in the British House of Commons, although his slip of the tongue saying "in the Garden of Eden, it was Adam and Steve" initially caused laughter in the chamber.[100] [101] Zimbabwean presidential candidate Nelson Chamisa said in a 2019 interview that "[w]e must be able to respect what God ordained and how we are created as a people, there are a male and a female, there are Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve".[102] The phrase has been reclaimed by LGBT people and used in blogs, comics, and other media mocking the anti-gay message.[101]

Homosexuality as a Western ill

Homosexuality is sometimes claimed to be non-existent in some non-Western countries, or to be an evil influence imported from the West.

Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad of Malaysia employed anti-gay rhetoric as part of his "Asian values" program, describing homosexuality as one of several Western ills.[103] Mohamad used it for political advantage in the 1998 scandal involving the sacking and jailing of MP and former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim by Mohamad amidst accusations of sodomy that the Sydney Morning Herald termed a "blatantly political fix-up".[104] Anwar was subsequently subjected to two trials and sentenced to nine years imprisonment for corruption and sodomy.[105]

While in New York for a meeting of the United Nations, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was invited to speak at Columbia University in New York to give a lecture. When responding to a student question afterward, he said, speaking through an interpreter: "In Iran, we don't have homosexuals like in your country."[106] In his native Farsi, he used the slang equivalent of faggot, not the neutral term for a "homosexual".[107]

Claims that homosexuality is a Western disease have been observed in Vietnam,[108] China,[109] India,[110] Ethiopia[111] and other African nations,[112] as well as among many Muslims worldwide.[113]

Conflation with pedophilia

The claim that homosexuals sexually abuse children predates the current era, as it was leveled against pederasts even during antiquity.[114] Lawmakers and social commentators have sometimes expressed a concern that normalizing homosexuality would also lead to normalizing pedophilia, if it were determined that pedophilia too were a sexual orientation.[115] A related claim is that LGBT adoption is done for the purpose of grooming children for sexual exploitation.[116] The empirical research shows that sexual orientation does not affect the likelihood that people will abuse children.[117] [118] [119]

Others have made hoaxes intending to falsely associate pedophilia with the LGBT community by rebranding it as a sexual orientation, including claims that the "+" in "LGBT+" refers to "pedophiles, zoophiles, [and] necrophiles",[120] [121] as well as the invented terms "agefluid", "clovergender" (a hoax executed by users of the imageboard 4chan, whose logo is a stylized four-leaf clover), and "pedosexual".[122] [123] [124]

Starting in 2022, some conservatives, including Chaya Raichik of Libs of TikTok, started using the terms "grooming", "groomer" and "pro-pedophile" against their opponents and LGBT people over anti-LGBT legislation, such as laws restricting and banning discussion of sexual orientation and gender identity in schools. Critics say that these usages of the terms diminish the experiences of sexual assault survivors, smear the LGBT community, and are dangerous in general.[125]

"Gay agenda"

Recruitment

The charge of "homosexual recruitment" is an allegation by social conservatives that LGBT people engage in concerted efforts to indoctrinate children into homosexuality. In the United States, this dates back to the early post-war era.[126] Proponents were found especially among the New Right, as epitomized by Anita Bryant. In her Save Our Children campaign, she promoted a view of homosexuals recruiting youth. A common slogan is "Homosexuals cannot reproduce — so they must recruit" or its variants.[127] [128] Supporters of recruitment allegations point at "deviant"[129] and "prurient" sex education as evidence. They express concern that anti-bullying efforts teach that "homosexuality is normal, and that students shouldn't harass their classmates because they're gay", suggesting recruitment as the primary motivation.[130] Supporters of this myth cite the inability for same-sex couples to reproduce as a motivation for recruitment.[130] [131] [132]

Sociologists and psychologists describe such claims as an anti-gay myth,[133] [134] and a fear-inducing bogeyman.[135] Many critics believe the term promotes the myth of homosexuals as pedophiles:[136] [137]

Homosexual conspiracies

"Homintern"

During the Cold War, anti-queer commentators in the United States sought to link homosexuality and Communism, using the terms "homintern" and "homosexual mafia" as shorthand for a purported homosexual conspiracy in the arts. "Homintern" is a reference to the "Comintern", the Soviet-sponsored international organization of communist political parties. According to historian Michael S. Sherry, the term was probably used jokingly among artists and writers in England in the 1930s to mock the idea of a powerful cabal of queer artists. Coining of the term has been attributed to various writers including W. H. Auden, Cyril Connolly, Jocelyn Brooke, Harold Norse, and Maurice Bowra.[152]

Sherry coined the phrase "homintern discourse" to refer to mid–20th century American conspiracy theories targeting gay artists, many of whose works were prominently used as propaganda in the Cultural Cold War against the Soviet Union.[153] During the second Red Scare in the 1950s, the "homintern" was invoked by American Senator Joseph McCarthy, who used it to claim that the administrations of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman were set on destroying America from within.[154] According to Sherry, the "homintern discourse" began to decline with the growth of 1960s counterculture and skepticism about the United States' role in the Cold War and Vietnam War.

"Gaystapo"

The term "Gaystapo" (fr|link=no|Gestapette) was coined in France in the 1940s by political satirist Jean Galtier-Boissière for the Vichy education minister, Abel Bonnard. It was subsequently applied by National Front leader Jean-Marie Le Pen to Florian Philippot, whom he accused of being a bad influence on Marine Le Pen.[155] [156]

"Gay mafia"

The English critic Kenneth Tynan wrote to A.C. Spectorsky (editor of Playboy) in 1967 proposing an article on the "Homosexual Mafia" in the arts.[157] Spectorsky declined, although he stated that "culture hounds were paying homage to faggotismo as they have never done before". Playboy would subsequently run a panel on gay issues in April 1971.

The similar term, "velvet mafia," used to describe the influential gay crowd who supposedly ran Hollywood and the fashion industry in the late 1970s, was coined by New York Sunday News writer Steven Gaines in reference to the Robert Stigwood Organization, a British record company and management group.[158]

"Gay mafia" became more widely used in the US media in the 1980s and 1990s, such as the American daily New York Post. The term was also used by the British tabloid The Sun in 1998 in response to what it claimed was sinister dominance by gay men in the Labour Party Cabinet.[159] [160] [161] [162]

"Lavender mafia"

While the term "Lavender Mafia" has occasionally been used to refer to informal networks of gay executives in the US entertainment industry,[163] more generally it refers to Church politics. For example, a faction within the leadership and clergy of the Roman Catholic Church that allegedly advocates the acceptance of homosexuality within the Church and its teachings.[164]

"Gay lobby"

The term "homo lobby" or "gay lobby" is often used by opponents of LGBT rights in Europe. For example, the Swedish neo-Nazi party Nordic Resistance Movement runs a "crush the homo lobby" campaign.[165] According to the German newspaper Der Tagesspiegel, advocating for LGBT rights could accurately be called lobbying, but the term German: Schwulen-Lobby ('gay lobby') is insulting because it is used to suggest a powerful conspiracy which does not actually exist.[166]

In 2013, Pope Francis spoke about a "gay lobby" within the Vatican, and promised to see what could be done.[167] In July 2013, Francis went on to draw a distinction between the problem of lobbying and the sexual orientation of people: "If a person is gay and seeks God and has good will, who am I to judge?" "The problem", he said, "is not having this orientation. We must be brothers. The problem is lobbying by this orientation, or lobbies of greedy people, political lobbies, Masonic lobbies, so many lobbies. This is the worse problem."[168] [169]

Anti-transgender rhetoric

Misgendering

See also: Deadnaming.

Misgendering is the act of labelling others with a gender that does not match their gender identity.[170] Misgendering can be deliberate or accidental. It can involve using pronouns to describe someone that are not the ones they use,[171] calling a person "ma'am" or "sir" in contradiction to the person's gender identity,[172] and using a pre-transition name for someone instead of a post-transition one[173] (deadnaming).[174] [175]

Deception and masquerade

Some terms often considered to be anti-trans such as shemale, trap, and ladyboy are perceived to promote the belief that trans women are men masquerading as women. The concept of a person whose gender identity differs from their assigned birth sex has often been twisted into jokes about how repulsive such a person must be.[176] Transgender individuals are often perceived as more deceptive than sexual minorities.[177]

In feminism

See also: Womyn-born womyn. Some positions within feminist theory have used denialist rhetoric viewed as transphobic. Those that hold these positions are known as trans-exclusionary radical feminists, or "TERF" for short. This term was coined by feminist blogger Viv Smythe in 2008 as a value-neutral descriptor of feminists that engage in denialism.

In 1979, American radical feminist Janice Raymond published . In it, she wrote that, "All transsexuals rape women's bodies by reducing the real female form to an artifact, appropriating this body for themselves."[178] A common position in radical feminism maintain that trans women are not women in a literal sense and should not be in women-only spaces.[179]

Some second-wave feminists perceive trans men and women respectively as "traitors" and "infiltrators" to womanhood.[180] In a 1997 article, Australian lesbian feminist Sheila Jeffreys wrote that should be seen as a violation of human rights." Jeffreys also argued that by transitioning medically and socially, trans women are "constructing a conservative fantasy of what women should be. They are inventing an essence of womanhood which is deeply insulting and restrictive."[181]

Social contagion

Some anti-transgender rhetoric centers on the idea of transgender identity being due to indoctrination or social contagion. According to GLAAD, "Another prominent anti-LGBTQ trope includes the use of anti-trans buzzwords like 'gender ideology' and 'transgenderism' to claim that the LGBTQ+ community and its allies aim to indoctrinate or brainwash kids into identifying as transgender."[182] This is seen in some conservative publications arguing that peer pressure and social media causes teens, especially those assigned female at birth, to be influenced into becoming transgender; they argue this in results in harm to youth by leading them to undergo transition.[183] [184]

Social contagion rhetoric has seen use in the TERF and transmedicalism community with the term transtrender. This a pejorative term that implies some people, especially transgender youth and non-binary people, choose to be transgender due to a trend or social contagion.[185]

A scientifically unsupported hypothesis called rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) also incorporates the idea of social contagion.[186] The hypothesis is that people who identify as transgender in adolescence rather than before puberty do so as a result of social contagion. It is believed that that people assigned female at birth as well as people with mental health issues, neurodevelopmental disorders, or maladaptive coping mechanisms are particularly susceptible to ROGD.[187] Clinical data from transgender adolescents does not support an association between recent/rapid knowledge of one's gender and mental health issues, neurodevelopmental disorders, self-harm, depression symptoms or social support.

The term rapid-onset gender dysphoria was created in 2016 on 4thWaveNow, a blog against gender-affirming care.[188] Through 4thWaveNow, TransgenderTrend, and Youth Trans Critical Professionals, Lisa Littman found parents to participate in her study on ROGD. This study ended up being corrected after publication to make it clear it established a hypothesis, but did not prove it. Despite the correction, ROGD increased in use following the study.

ROGD has been used to argue against gender affirming care for minors and positive LGBT representation in schools.[189] According to a study in Pediatrics, "The deleterious effect of unfounded hypotheses stigmatizing TGD youth, particularly the ROGD hypothesis, cannot be overstated, especially in current and longstanding public policy debates. Indeed, the notion of ROGD has been used by legislators to prohibit TGD youth from accessing gender-affirming medical care". The Coalition for the Advancement and Application of Psychological Science calls for the elimination of the term due to its potential to limit and stigmatize gender-affirming care.[190]

Transgender as mental illness

See also: Transgender health care misinformation. Conservative groups and governments have classified transgender identities as a mental disorder or caused by mental illness. For instance, Peru passed a short-lived insurance law in 2024 categorizing transgender identities as a mental disorder.[191] The American College of Pediatricians, described as an anti-LGBT group by the Southern Poverty Law Center, says that "adolescents can embrace their bodies through counseling alone when it is directed toward underlying psychological issues."[192] [193] The belief that non-cisgender identity are mental disorders is an underlying assumption of conversion therapy.[194]

Legality and censorship

Hate speech against LGBT people, or incitement to hatred against them, is criminalized in some countries,[195] for example, the Netherlands,[196] Norway,[197] and Sweden.[198]

See also

Further reading

Kerwick, Freya, Turner, Jackie, Trans Justice Project (2024) The Anti-Trans Disinformation Handbook. Commons Social Change Library

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Hate Speech and Hate Crimes against LGBT Persons . European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights . 2009 . 17 March 2021.
  2. Book: Herdt, Gilbert . Herdt . Gilbert . Gilbert Herdt . Moral Panics, Sex Panics: Fear and the Fight Over Sexual Rights . 2009 . New York University Press . 163–164 . 978-0-8147-3723-1 . Gay Marriage: The Panic and the Right . During the heyday of rising anti-homosexual rhetoric, communism was frequently mentioned in the same narratives as sexual perversion. [...] The accusation of homosexuality was a de facto accusation of Communism pure and simple [...] It is remarkable that earlier capitalist and fascist rhetoric shared the common enemy of Communist/homosexual/Jew..
  3. Book: Klosowska . Anna . Román-Odio . C. . Sierra . M. . Transnational Borderlands in Women's Global Networks: The Making of Cultural Resistance . Palgrave Macmillan . New York . 978-0-230-11947-5 . Trouble in the Global Village: A Snapshot of LGBT Community in Eastern Europe . 2011 . 10.1057/9780230119475_9 . Comparative Feminist Studies . 188 . In the nation-states of Eastern Europe twenty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the discursive structures of paranoia and conspiracy theory applied to the LGBT community seem directly transferred from the anti-Semitic tradition of Jewish conspiracy strongly present in these countries..
  4. Book: Sherry, Michael S. . Gay Artists in Modern American Culture: An Imagined Conspiracy . Chapel Hill . University of North Carolina Press . 2007 . 56–57 . 978-0-8078-3121-2 . registration . Just when World War II raised the stature of psychiatry, they sought respectability, patriotic credentials, and professional power in their new land by attacking a despised group and linking it to erstwhile fascist or newfound communist enemies. [...] That [some psychoanalysts] attached to homosexuals the stereotypes inflicted on Jews was a grim irony compounded by the fact that many queer artists were Jewish. Their 'frequent ignorant portrayal of the sad and desperate lives of practicing homosexuals,' [Kenneth] Lewes asserts, derived from 'vicious stereotypes' that 'found their models in anti-Semitic and racist propaganda.'.
  5. Book: Madsen . Mikael Rask . Principled Resistance to ECtHR Judgments - A New Paradigm? . 2019 . Springer . 978-3-662-58986-1 . 35–52 . Resistance to the European Court of Human Rights: The Institutional and Sociological Consequences of Principled Resistance . Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht . 285 . 10.1007/978-3-662-58986-1_2 . 210655765.
  6. News: Poland will not let EU 'force' it into allowing gay marriages, says justice minister . 24 August 2020 . Reuters . 20 July 2020.
  7. Book: Ayoub . Phillip . Paternotte . David . LGBT Activism and the Making of Europe: A Rainbow Europe? . 20 October 2014 . Springer . 978-1-137-39176-6 .
  8. Ayoub . Phillip M. . With Arms Wide Shut: Threat Perception, Norm Reception, and Mobilized Resistance to LGBT Rights . Journal of Human Rights . 2014 . 13 . 3 . 337–362 . 10.1080/14754835.2014.919213 . 145577747.
  9. News: Harari . Yuval Noah . 50 years after Stonewall: Yuval Noah Harari on the new threats to LGBT rights . 25 August 2020 . The Guardian . 22 June 2019.
  10. Verpoest . Lien . 2017 . The End of Rhetorics: LGBT policies in Russia and the European Union . Studia Diplomatica . 68 . 4 . 3–20 . 26531664 . 0770-2965.
  11. News: Leszczyński . Adam . 'Ideologia LGBT'. Co mówi o niej Andrzej Duda, biskupi i islamiści? . 'LGBT ideology'. What do Andrzej Duda, bishops and Islamists say about it? . 20 August 2020 . OKO.press . pl . 17 June 2020.
  12. Book: Marchesini, Roberto . The Church and Same-Sex Attraction . Brambilla, Giorgia . Tham, Joseph . Sexuality, Gender & Education . 2018 . IF Press . Rome . 978-88-6788-141-3 . 206 .
  13. Book: Bosia . Michael J. . McEvoy . Sandra M. . Rahman . Momin . The Oxford Handbook of Global Lgbt and Sexual Diversity Politics . 2020 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-067374-1 . 455.
  14. News: Polish archbishop compares LGBTI community to 'red plague' . Scally . Derek . 2 August 2019 . The Irish Times . 2 August 2019.
  15. Web site: Arcybiskup mówił o 'tęczowej zarazie'. Powstańcy oburzeni . The Archbishop spoke of the 'rainbow plague'. The insurgents are outraged . TVN Warszawa . 9 August 2019 . TVN . pl . 12 August 2019.
  16. News: 28 September 2019 . Police fire tear gas and arrest dozens of far-right protesters attempting to disrupt LGBT+ march . The Independent . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/far-right-lgbt-poland-protesters-equality-lublin-law-justice-party-a9124696.html . 7 May 2022 . subscription . live . 9 August 2020.
  17. News: Hoffman . Steven . What is 'LGBT ideology,' and why are Polish people talking about it? . 5 August 2020 . The Krakow Post . 20 June 2020.
  18. News: Dellanna . Alessio . LGBT campaigners denounce President Duda's comments on 'communism' . 5 August 2020 . Euronews . 15 June 2020.
  19. News: Barejka . Piotr . Jacek Żalek wyjaśnia, czym jest 'ideologia LGBT'. I jak w 'imię wolności wyklucza' . Jacek Żalek explains what 'LGBT ideology' is. And as in 'in the name of freedom excludes' . 20 August 2020 . Wiadomosci.wp.pl . 13 June 2020 . pl.
  20. News: Poland's LGBT community speaks up: 'We are people, not an ideology' . 20 August 2020 . Kafkadesk . 24 June 2020.
  21. News: Przemysław Czarnek o zdjęciu z osobami LGBT: Ci ludzie nie są równi normalnym ludziom . Przemysław Czarnek about the photo with LGBT people: These people are not equal to normal people . pl . 21 August 2020 . Polska Times . 14 June 2020.
  22. News: Pronczuk . Monika . 30 July 2020 . Polish Towns That Declared Themselves 'L.G.B.T. Free' Are Denied E.U. Funds . The New York Times . limited.
  23. News: Santora . Marc . In Poland, the Rainbow Flag Is Wrapped Up in a Broader Culture War . 20 August 2020 . The New York Times . 6 August 2020 . limited.
  24. News: Kuriozalny projekt finansowany przez Fundusz Sprawiedliwości. Chodzi o przestępstwa 'popełniane pod wpływem ideologii LGBT' . A bizarre project financed by the Justice Fund. It's about crimes 'committed under the influence of LGBT ideology' . 20 August 2020 . Bezprawnik . 5 August 2020 . pl-PL.
  25. News: Powstanie książka o rzekomych przestępstwach popełnianych pod wpływem 'ideologii LGBT'. Zapłaci ministerstwo . There will be a book about alleged crimes committed under the influence of 'LGBT ideology'. The Ministry will pay . 20 August 2020 . TOK FM . pl.
  26. News: IBA – IBAHRI condemns LGBTQI+ rights crackdown in Poland . 20 August 2020 . Ibanet.org.
  27. News: Burnetko . Krzysztof . Strażnicy pamięci i resort Ziobry walczą z 'inwazją LGBT' . Memory guardians and Ziobro's resort are fighting the 'LGBT invasion' . 20 August 2020 . . 6 August 2020 . pl.
  28. News: Mazzini . Mateusz . Narodowcy zapowiadają ofensywę anty-LGBT . Nationalists announce an anti-LGBT offensive . 20 August 2020 . Polityka . 16 August 2020 . pl.
  29. News: Tilles . Daniel . Poland's anti-LGBT campaign explained: 10 questions and answers . 20 August 2020 . Notes From Poland . 17 June 2020.
  30. News: 'Nie jestem ideologią, jestem człowiekiem'. Pikieta środowisk LGBT. . 'I am not an ideology, I am a human being'. A picket of the LGBT community. . 20 August 2020 . Gazeta Dziennik Polonii w Kanadzie . pl . 18 June 2020.
  31. News: Wrocławski protest LGBT: 'Jestem człowiekiem, nie ideologią!' [ZDJĘCIA] ]. Wrocław LGBT protest: 'I am a human being, not an ideology!' [PHOTOS] . 20 August 2020 . Tuwroclaw.com . pl.
  32. News: 'LGBT to ludzie. Nie ideologia'. W sobotę manifestacja w Pile . 'LGBT are people. Not an ideology'. Demonstration in Piła on Saturday . 20 August 2020 . Asta24.pl . pl.
  33. News: Grabiec . Marta . Nie jestem 'ideologią', jestem człowiekiem. Protest LGBT+ pod lubelskim ratuszem. Zobacz zdjęcia . I am not 'ideology', I am human. LGBT+ protest in front of the Lublin City Hall. See photos . 20 August 2020 . Kurier Lubelski . 17 June 2020 . pl-PL.
  34. News: Seiler . Katarzyna . 'Kocham go, bo jest dobrym człowiekiem'. Bliscy osób LGBT+ bohaterami nowego filmu 'Ludzie, nie ideologia' . 'I love him because he is a good person.' LGBT + people's relatives as the heroes of the new film 'People, not ideology' . 20 August 2020 . . pl . 29 June 2020.
  35. News: Krawczyk . Stanisław . 'Ideologia LGBT' jak 'syjoniści' w 68. Tak PiS odczłowiecza mniejszość . 'LGBT ideology' like 'Zionists' in '68. This is how PiS dehumanises the minority . 20 August 2020 . OKO.press . pl . 16 June 2020.
  36. Book: Bender . Steven W. . Sexuality and Dehumanization: Homophobia in U.S. Law and Life . 2015 . 10.18574/nyu/9781479899623.003.0007 . Mea Culpa: Lessons on Law and Regret from U.S. History . 93–100 . New York University Press.
  37. Guerrero-Coral . Mario Andres . The Discursive Construction of Hate: A Comparative Analysis of the Marginalization and Dehumanization of Homosexuals in Nazi Germany and in Pre-Stonewall United States . 2019 . York University . Toronto . PhD . PDF . 10315/37472.
  38. News: Lavietes . Matt . Meta's new hate speech guidelines permit users to say LGBTQ people are mentally ill . 9 January 2025 . NBC News . 7 January 2025 . en.
  39. News: . Calling women 'household objects', saying LGBT individuals have 'mental illness' no longer prohibited on Meta . 9 January 2025 . The New Indian Express . 8 January 2025 . en.
  40. News: Wiggins . Christopher . What LGBTQ+ people should know about Meta’s new rules . 9 January 2025 . The Advocate . 7 January 2025 . en.
  41. Fasoli . Fabio . Paladino . Maria Paola . Carnaghi . Andrea . Jetten . Jolanda . Bastian . Brock . Bain . Paul G. . Not 'just words': Exposure to homophobic epithets leads to dehumanizing and physical distancing from gay men: Homophobic epithets and dehumanization . European Journal of Social Psychology . 2016 . 46 . 2 . 237–248 . 10.1002/ejsp.2148 . 10071/12705 . free.
  42. Plummer . David . Homophobia and health: Unjust, anti-social, harmful and endemic . Health Care Analysis . 1995 . 3 . 2 . 150–156 . 10.1007/BF02198224 . 10143359 . 34638623.
  43. Book: Duyvendak . Jan Willem . Geschiere . Peter . Tonkens . Evelien . The Culturalization of Citizenship: Belonging and Polarization in a Globalizing World . 30 June 2016 . Springer . 978-1-137-53410-1 . 123 .
  44. Baider . Fabienne . "Go to hell fucking faggots, may you die!" framing the LGBT subject in online comments . Lodz Papers in Pragmatics . 2018 . 14 . 1 . 69–92 . 10.1515/lpp-2018-0004 . 158928585.
  45. News: Walsh . Alistair . Iran defends execution of gay people . 12 June 2019 . 24 August 2020 . Deutsche Welle .
  46. News: Fitzsimons . Tim . Russian LGBTQ activist is killed after being listed on gay-hunting website . 26 August 2020 . NBC News . 23 July 2019.
  47. News: Alabama mayor suggested 'killing out' gay people . 24 August 2020 . BBC News . 4 June 2019.
  48. News: US church pastor and detective says LGBT people should be killed . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/church-pastor-lgbt-people-killed-death-grayson-fritts-baptist-a8958846.html . 7 May 2022 . subscription . live . 24 August 2020 . The Independent . 14 June 2019.
  49. News: Homosexuals should be killed - Malawi politician . 30 August 2020 . News24.
  50. News: Петровић . Александра . Образ" пред Уставним судом . 30 August 2020 . Politika Online . 14 December 2011.
  51. Web site: Ustavni sud Srbije zabranio "Obraz" . B92.net . 22 November 2017.
  52. Web site: Mills . Laura . Associated Press . Russia raises anti-LGBT rhetoric at home while softening message to West . CTV News . 27 November 2013 . 12 March 2014.
  53. Web site: President Mugabe: homosexuality will 'lead to extinction' . Mel . Spencer . 25 May 2012 . PinkNews.
  54. Book: Dynes . Wayne R. . Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: Volume II . Routledge . 978-1-317-36812-0 . 870 . Myths & Fabrications . 2016.
  55. Book: Greenberg . David F. . The Construction of Homosexuality . 15 August 1990 . University of Chicago Press . 978-0-226-30628-5 . 168 .
  56. Dominey-Howes . Dale . Gorman-Murray . Andrew . McKinnon . Scott . Queering disasters: on the need to account for LGBTI experiences in natural disaster contexts . Gender, Place & Culture . 2014 . 21 . 7 . 905–918 . 10.1080/0966369X.2013.802673 . 146478126 .
  57. News: Dowling . Tim . Superstorm Sandy and many more disasters that have been blamed on the gay community . 24 August 2020 . The Guardian . 30 October 2012.
  58. News: Religious figures blame LGBT+ people for coronavirus . 24 August 2020 . Reuters . 9 March 2020.
  59. News: Goodstein . Laurie . After the Attacks: Finding Fault; Falwell's Finger-Pointing Inappropriate, Bush Says . The New York Times . 15 September 2001 . A15 . 1058508513 . limited.
  60. Web site: Falwell apologizes to gays, feminists, lesbians . https://web.archive.org/web/20210412224306/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/09/14/Falwell.apology/ . 12 April 2021 . CNN . live.
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  64. Murphy . T F . Is AIDS a just punishment? . Journal of Medical Ethics . 1988 . 14 . 3 . 154–160 . 10.1136/jme.14.3.154 . 3184138 . 1375741 . free.
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  66. Book: Dowsett . Gary . Herdt . Gilbert . Moral Panics, Sex Panics: Fear and the Fight over Sexual Rights . 2009 . New York University Press . 978-0-8147-3732-3 . 130– . The "gay plague" revisited: AIDS and its enduring moral panic.
  67. Howard . Ken . . Magazine's HIV claim rekindles "gay plague" row . BMJ: British Medical Journal . 2003 . 326 . 7386 . 454 . 10.1136/bmj.326.7386.454 . 1125344 . 0959-8138.
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  69. Michael Musto. "La Dolce Musto", village voice, 2000. Web site: La Dolce Musto . 26 March 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070322195624/http://www.villagevoice.com/nyclife/0022%2Cmusto%2C15284%2C15.html . 22 March 2007.
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  72. Book: Hopkins . Patrick D. . Queer Philosophy . Brill Rodopi . 978-94-012-0835-2 . 1–9 . 10.1163/9789401208352_002 . Naturalizing homosexuality: biology, sexual orientation, and the nature/culture distinction . 2012.
  73. Book: Giles . Geoffrey J. . The Routledge History of the Holocaust . 2010 . . 978-0-203-83744-3 . The Persecution of Gay Men and Lesbians During the Third Reich . 385–396.
  74. Book: Clayton J. Whisnant

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  75. Zinn . Alexander . »Das sind Staatsfeinde« Die NS-Homosexuellenverfolgung 1933–1945 . "They are enemies of the state": The Nazi persecution of homosexuals 1933–1945 . Bulletin des Fritz Bauer Instituts . 12 . 2020 . 1868-4211.
  76. Drescher . Jack . 4 December 2015 . Out of DSM: Depathologizing Homosexuality . Behavioral Sciences . 5 . 4 . 565–575 . 10.3390/bs5040565 . 2076-328X . 4695779 . 26690228 . free.
  77. Web site: Gay Is Okay With APA (American Psychiatric Association) . https://web.archive.org/web/20100324080417/http://www.soulforce.org/article/642 . dead . 24 March 2010 . 24 March 2010.
  78. Web site: Case No. S147999 in the Supreme Court of the State of California, In re Marriage Cases Judicial Council Coordination Proceeding No. 4365(...) – APA California Amicus Brief — As Filed . 21 December 2010.
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  81. News: Liberals fear unrest as Poland Catholic Church doubles down on anti-gay rhetoric . 20 August 2020 . Reuters . 2 August 2019.
  82. News: Tilles . Daniel . Education minister defends official who warned "LGBT virus" threatens Polish schools . 25 August 2020 . Notes From Poland . 25 August 2020.
  83. Mutz . Larry . A Fairy Tale: The Myth of the Homosexual Lifestyle in Anti-Gay-and-Lesbian Rhetoric . Women's Rights Law Reporter . Spring 2006 . 27 . 2 . 69– . 0085-8269.
  84. Book: LeVay, Simon . Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation . Oxford University Press . 2017 . 978-0-19-029737-4 . 2nd . 22 . Simon LeVay . registration.
  85. Bailey . J. Michael . Vasey . Paul L. . Diamond . Lisa M. . Breedlove . S. Marc . Vilain . Eric . Epprecht . Marc . 2016 . Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science . Psychological Science in the Public Interest . 17 . 2 . 45–101 . 10.1177/1529100616637616 . 27113562 . 42281410 . free.
  86. Book: Crooks . Robert L. . Baur . Karla . Our Sexuality . 2010 . Cengage Learning . 978-0-495-81294-4.
  87. Book: Barton . Bernadette . Pray the Gay Away: The Extraordinary Lives of Bible Belt Gays . 2012 . New York University Press . 978-0-8147-2442-2 . 194.
  88. Book: Ryan . Maureen E. . Lifestyle Media in American Culture: Gender, Class, and the Politics of Ordinariness . 2018 . Routledge . 978-1-315-46495-4 . New York . 43–44.
  89. Book: Spitko . E. Gary . Antigay Bias in Role-Model Occupations . 2017 . University of Pennsylvania Press . 978-0-8122-4870-8 . 89.
  90. Pitt . Richard N. . "Killing the Messenger": Religious Black Gay Men's Neutralization of Anti-Gay Religious Messages . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion . 2010 . 49 . 1 . 56–72 . 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01492.x.
  91. Gnuse . Robert K. . Seven Gay Texts: Biblical Passages Used to Condemn Homosexuality . Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture . 2015 . 45 . 2 . 68–87 . 1945-7596 . 10.1177/0146107915577097 . 170127256.
  92. News: What If God Were Gay? . https://web.archive.org/web/20050414025838/http://portlandmercury.com/2000-09-14/city.html . 14 April 2005 . Dunn . Katia . Portland Mercury . 14 September 2000 . 1 . 16 . 427389475.
  93. Book: Smith . Ralph R. . Windes . Russel R. . Progay/Antigay: The Rhetorical War Over Sexuality . Rhetoric & Society . 2000 . SAGE Publications . Thousand Oaks, Calif. . 978-1-4522-6372-4 . 63 .
  94. Clarke . Victoria . What about the children? arguments against lesbian and gay parenting . Women's Studies International Forum . 0148-0685 . 24 . 5 . 555–570 . 10.1016/S0277-5395(01)00193-5 . September–October 2001 . 24 June 2019 . 21 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190624012824/http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/21177/ . dead.
  95. Book: Toulouse, Mark G. . Balch . David L. . Homosexuality, Science, and the "Plain Sense" of Scripture . 2000 . William B. Eerdmans Publishing . Grand Rapids, Mich. . 978-0-8028-4698-3 . 22 . Muddling Through: The Church and Sexuality/Homosexuality.
  96. Book: Carroll, Peter N. . It Seemed Like Nothing Happened: America in the 1970s . 2000 . first published 1982 . Rutgers University Press . New Brunswick, N.J. . 978-0-8135-1538-0 . 291 . 183352949.
  97. News: Klemesrud . Judy . Judy Lee Klemesrud . Equal Rights Plan and Abortion Are Opposed by 15,000 at Rally . The New York Times . 20 November 1977 . 32 . 23 November 2024 . limited.
  98. Book: Clendinen . Dudley . Nagourney . Adam . Out For Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America . 2001 . Simon & Schuster . New York . 978-0-684-86743-4 . 519.
  99. News: Hurwitt . Robert . Adam and Steve's adventures in paradise . San Francisco Chronicle . E4 . 21 May 2001 .
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  102. Web site: MDC's Nelson Chamisa speaks on Cde Mugabe's legacy . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200718031839/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7eqbvO0s08 . 18 July 2020 . 6 March 2024 . YouTube . video . ZBC News . 6 September 2019.
  103. Book: Shah, Shanon . The Making of a Gay Muslim: Religion, Sexuality and Identity in Malaysia and Britain . Palgrave Studies in Lived Religion and Societal Challenges. . 17 October 2017 . Springer International Publishing . Cham, Switzerland . 978-3-319-63130-1 . 130 . 1027079609.
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  106. News: Goldman . Russell . Ahmadinejad: No Gays, No Oppression of Women in Iran . 24 September 2007 . . 26 August 2020.
  107. Book: Martel . Frédéric . Bronski . Michael . Global Gay: How Gay Culture is Changing the World . 9 April 2019 . MIT Press . Cambridge, Mass. . 978-0-262-53705-6 . 203– . 8. "In Iran, There Are No Homosexuals" . 1001431180 . Baudoin . Patsy . 1st pub. Flammarian, Paris 2013 . The former President of Iran evaded an American student's question on the execution of homosexuals by saying, 'In Iran, we don't have homosexuals like in your country. This does not exist in our country. In Iran we do not have this phenomenon. I do not know who told you that we have.' (Note that in this speech, Ahmadinejad used the Farsi term hamjensbaz, 'faggot', not the more neutral term hamjensgara, 'homosexual'.).
  108. Web site: Lam . Charles . UCI Anthropologist Out To Prove Gay People Exist ... In Vietnam . 28 October 2013 . OC Weekly . 31 August 2020.
  109. News: Bay Area Reporter . Huang . Wen . Gayness as a Western disease . 4 January 2001 . 31 . 1 . Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research . 31 August 2020.
  110. Web site: Bedi . Rahul . Indian minister claims homosexuality is Western 'disease' . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8617425/Indian-minister-claims-homosexuality-is-Western-disease.html . 12 January 2022 . limited . live . 5 July 2011 . The Daily Telegraph . 31 August 2020.
  111. Web site: Baker . Katie J. M. . Ethiopia's War on Homosexuals . Newsweek . 13 December 2013 . 31 August 2020.
  112. Book: Luirink . Bart . Maurick . Madeleine . Chambers . Christopher . Homosexuality in Africa: A Disturbing Love . 2016 . Aspekt . Soesterberg . 978-94-6338-082-9 . 1148475814.
  113. Sanjakdar . Fida . Sex Education . 2013 . 13 . 1 . 16–29 . 10.1080/14681811.2011.634154 . Educating for sexual difference? Muslim teachers' conversations about homosexuality . 1468-1811 . 50451119 . Taylor & Francis . 145417308.
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  117. Web site: Herek . Gregory M. . Gregory M. Herek . Facts About Homosexuality and Child Molestation . Lgbpsychology.org . 2 June 2022.
  118. Web site: Lamb . Michael . Michael Lamb (psychologist) . Affidavit of Michael Lamb, Ph.D. . United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts . Civil Action No. 1:09-cv-10309 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161121221049/http://www.glad.org/uploads/docs/cases/gill-v-office-of-personnel-management/2009-11-17-doma-aff-lamb.pdf . 21 November 2016 . 2009 . Glad.org.
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  120. News: Santora . Marc . Poland's Populists Pick a New Top Enemy: Gay People . 26 August 2020 . The New York Times . 7 April 2019 . limited.
  121. News: What does the plus in 'LGBT+' mean? . 26 August 2020 . The Arizona State Press.
  122. News: Link . Devon . Fact check: 'Clovergender' isn't part of the LGBTQ community . 26 August 2020 . USA TODAY . 30 July 2020.
  123. News: Caldera . Camille . Fact check: LGBTQ community rejects false association with pedophiles . 26 August 2020 . USA TODAY . 30 July 2020.
  124. News: Evon . David . Are Pedophiles Claiming to be 'Age Fluid'? . 26 August 2020 . Snopes.com . 27 July 2020.
  125. Web site: Keveney . Bill . 2 May 2022 . Weaponized grooming rhetoric is taking a toll on LGBTQ community and child sex abuse survivors . 23 May 2022 . Phys.org.
  126. Book: Murray, Heather . Not in This Family: Gays and the Meaning of Kinship in Postwar North America . 10 February 2012 . University of Pennsylvania Press . 978-0-8122-0740-8.
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  129. News: Like Hitler, LGBT Activists Are Recruiting Children, Peter LaBarbera Claims . Wong . Curtis M. . 24 March 2015 . Huffington Post . 29 October 2017.
  130. News: The gay recruit . Posner . Sarah . 9 February 2007 . . 2 May 2012.
  131. News: Rep. Steve Cookson defends 'don't say gay' legislation . https://web.archive.org/web/20130419172112/http://voices.kansascity.com/entries/rep-steve-cookson-defends-dont-say-gay-legislation/ . dead . 19 April 2013 . Shelly . Barb . 30 April 2012 . . 2 May 2012.
  132. Book: Witt . Lynn . Thomas . Sherry . Marcus . Eric . Out in All Directions: The Almanac of Gay and Lesbian America . 1 September 1995 . Hachette Digital, Inc. . 978-0-446-51822-2 . 353–.
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  134. Book: Harris, W. C. . Queer externalities: hazardous encounters in American culture . 2009 . State University of New York Press . Albany . 978-1-4384-2752-2 . registration . 4 February 2011 . 8.
  135. Book: Sears, James T. . Rebels, rubyfruit, and rhinestones: queering space in the Stonewall South . 2001 . Rutgers University Press . New Brunswick, N.J. . 978-0-8135-2964-6 . 239.
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  138. News: Andreeva . Nellie . Kit . Borys . HBO eyes biopic about anti-gay activist Bryant . 2 June 2022 . Reuters . 2 February 2010 . As a mother, I know that homosexuals cannot biologically reproduce children; therefore, they must recruit our children..
  139. Boucai . Michael . 22 December 2010 . Gay Rights and Moral Panic: The Origins of America's Debate on Homosexuality (Book review) . . https://web.archive.org/web/20140611123516/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-248907019.html . dead . 11 June 2014 . 30 April 2012.
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  144. News: Ugandan gay rights activist murdered weeks after court victory . Xan . Rice . 27 January 2011 . The Guardian.
  145. News: The New York Times . 27 January 2011 . 29 January 2011 . Ugandan Who Spoke Up for Gays Is Beaten to Death . Jeffrey . Gettleman . limited.
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  147. Book: Marinucci, Mimi . Kaye . Sharon M. . The Onion and Philosophy: Fake News Story True Alleges Indignant Area Professor . 1 December 2010 . Open Court Publishing . 978-0-8126-9687-5 . 102.
  148. News: 29 July 1998 . '98 Homosexual-Recruitment Drive Nearing Goal . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150428015713/https://theonion.com/articles/98-homosexualrecruitment-drive-nearing-goal,536/ . 28 April 2015 . 30 April 2012 . The Onion.
  149. Book: Broderick . James F. . Miller . Darren W. . Consider the Source: A Critical Guide to 100 Prominent News and Information Sites on the Web . registration . 30 April 2012 . 12 June 2007 . Information Today, Inc. . 978-0-910965-77-4 . 267 ff.
  150. News: Satire lost on antigay group . https://web.archive.org/web/20140611121804/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-117422015.html . dead . 11 June 2014 . 25 May 2004 . The Advocate . 30 April 2012.
  151. News: Award-Winning Local Journalists Reflect Own Self-Hatred Back on Nightmarish World . Schillinger . Liesl . March 1999 . . 30 April 2012.
  152. Book: A Queer Reader: 2500 Years of Male Homosexuality . Patrick . Higgins . The New Press . New York . 1993 . 287 . 978-1-56584-210-6 . Anthony Powell suggested that his friend Jocelyn Brooke invented the term that Harold Norse tells us Auden stole from him. Whoever invented it provided us with a splendid word to explain the social and cultural power of homosexuality, the ability of this sexual allegiance to create networks and establish loyalties that do much to shape the imagination of the West. . registration.
  153. News: Montanarelli . Lisa . They're here, queer and art pioneers in Sherry's 'Gay Artists' . SFGate.com . San Francisco Chronicle . 25 November 2007 . 12 December 2023.
  154. Book: Blumenthal . Max . Republican Gomorrah: Inside the Movement that Shattered the Party . 2010 . Nation Books . 978-1-56858-417-1 . 205 . reprint.
  155. Book: Perreau . Bruno . Queer Theory: The French Response . 2016 . Stanford University Press . 978-1-5036-0046-1 .
  156. Book: Tin . Louis-Georges . The Dictionary of Homophobia: A Global History of Gay & Lesbian Experience . 2008 . Arsenal . 978-1-55152-314-9 .
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  158. Web site: Drugs, Disco, and a Dead Body: Five Outrageous Studio 54 Stories . . 31 August 2023 . 14 May 2021.
  159. Web site: 'Sun' rejects outing and sacks Parris sacks Parris and rejects outing . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/sun-rejects-outing-and-sacks-parris-sacks-parris-and-rejects-outing-1184294.html . 7 May 2022 . subscription . live . The Independent . 12 November 1998 . 29 December 2014.
  160. Web site: BBC News – UK – Sun changes mind over gays . News.bbc.co.uk . 29 December 2014.
  161. Web site: House of Commons Hansard Debates for 07 Apr 2010 (pt 0001) . Publications.parliament.uk . 29 December 2014.
  162. News: Buerkle . Tom . A 'Gay Mafia' in Whitehall? Sex Is Back in the Headlines in Britain . 11 November 1998 . The New York Times . 29 December 2014 . limited.
  163. Book: De Stefano . George . An offer we can't refuse : the Mafia in the mind of America . 2006 . Faber and Faber . New York . 978-0-571-21157-9.
  164. Gould, Peter (28 November 2005). "Vatican fuels gay clergy debate". BBC News. Retrieved 8 August 2007.
  165. News: . 6 July 2018 . Swedish neo-Nazi Party Attends Biggest Political Event in Sweden . Haaretz . 9 June 2021.
  166. News: Lange . Nadine . 20 September 2016 . Gibt es eine Homo-Lobby? . Der Tagesspiegel . 9 June 2021 . de.
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  168. Web site: Pope Francis signals openness towards gay priests . Lizzie . Davies . The Guardian . 29 July 2013.
  169. News: Pope Francis: Who am I to judge gay people? . 27 August 2013 . BBC News . 29 July 2013.
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  171. Ansara . Gavriel . Misgendering in English language contexts: Applying non-cisgenderist methods to feminist research . International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches . 2013 . 7 . 2 . 160–177 . 1834-0814 . 10.5172/mra.2013.7.2.160 . 145494832.
  172. Book: DeCecco, John . Looking Queer: Body Image and Identity in Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay, and Transgender Communities (Haworth Gay & Lesbian Studies) . Routledge . 2012 . 978-0-7890-0463-5 . New Jersey.
  173. Book: Bender-Baird, Kyla . Transgender Employment Experiences: Gendered Perceptions and the Law . State University of New York Press . 2011 . 978-1-4384-3676-0 . 5–24.
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  175. Web site: Fae . Jane . Changing your name should be a joyous moment, but for many it's a nightmare . Comment is Free . 8 July 2015 . 19 May 2015.
  176. Web site: Jefferson . Cord . 1 July 2011 . Good.is . How I Learned to Hate Transgender People . 28 December 2022.
  177. Totton . Rebecca . Rios . Kimberly . Predictors of anti-transgender attitudes: Identity-confusion and deception as aspects of distrust . Self and Identity . 19 May 2021 . 20 . 4 . 496–514 . 10.1080/15298868.2019.1621928 . 1529-8868.
  178. Book: Raymond, Janice G. . The transsexual empire . Beacon Press . Boston, Massachusetts . 1979 . 978-0-8070-2164-4 . 134.
  179. Goldberg . Michelle . Michelle Goldberg . What Is a Woman? . . 4 August 2014 . 0028-792X . 320541675 . . 20 November 2015.
  180. Book: Erickson-Schroth . Laura . Trans Bodies, Trans Selves: A Resource for the Transgender Community . 12 May 2014 . . 978-0-19-932535-1 . 568–569 . Some feminists have perceived transmasculine people as traitors—that is, as women who identify politically with men. When inclusive of trans men, these feminists have often gendered them as women. Conversely, these feminists have tended to perceive transfeminine people as infiltrators of womanhood and of women's space..
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  183. Web site: Eckert . Jared . Tech and Trans Confusion . 10 December 2024 . The Heritage Foundation . en.
  184. Web site: Lowry . Rich . 29 March 2023 . Lowry: Kids facing transgender peer pressure . 10 December 2024 . Boston Herald . en-US.
  185. Web site: 1 December 2023 . Transtrender: Definition, Meaning, and Origin in Anti-LGBTQ Hate GLAAD . 24 November 2024 . glaad.org.
  186. Turban . Jack L. . Dolotina . Brett . King . Dana . Keuroghlian . Alex S. . 1 September 2022 . Sex Assigned at Birth Ratio Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Adolescents in the United States . Pediatrics . 150 . 3 . 10.1542/peds.2022-056567 . 35918512 . 0031-4005.
  187. Bauer . Greta R. . Lawson . Margaret L. . Metzger . Daniel L. . 1 April 2022 . Do Clinical Data from Transgender Adolescents Support the Phenomenon of "Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria"? . The Journal of Pediatrics . 243 . 224–227.e2 . 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.11.020 . 0022-3476 . free . 34793826.
  188. Ashley . Florence . 2020 . A critical commentary on 'rapid-onset gender dysphoria' . The Sociological Review . 68 . 4 . 779–799 . 10.1177/0038026120934693 . 0038-0261.
  189. Web site: Foundations of the Contemporary Anti-LGBTQ+ Pseudoscience Network . 24 November 2024 . Southern Poverty Law Center.
  190. Web site: ROGD Statement . 24 November 2024 . Coalition for the Advancement & Application of Psychological science.
  191. News: 26 June 2024 . Peru to stop labeling transgender people as mentally ill . Reuters.
  192. Web site: Deconstructing Transgender Pediatrics . American College of Pediatricians.
  193. Web site: American College of Pediatricians . 10 December 2024 . Southern Poverty Law Center . en.
  194. Web site: 2022 . Sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts (so-called "conversion therapy") . American Medical Association.
  195. Web site: Hate crime & hate speech . . 22 August 2020 . 27 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200827190958/https://www.ilga-europe.org/what-we-do/our-advocacy-work/hate-crime-hate-speech . dead.
  196. Web site: Dutch penal code – article 137c . 17 March 2021.
  197. Web site: Norwegian Penal code, Straffeloven, section 135 a. . 17 March 2021.
  198. News: Lag om hets mot folkgrupp innefattar homosexuella - DN.SE . https://archive.today/20120724173853/http://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/lag-om-hets-mot-folkgrupp-innefattar-homosexuella . 24 July 2012 . 24 July 2012 . Dagens Nyheter . 17 March 2021 . Morén . Kristoffer.

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