Anti-American sentiment in Russia explained

Anti-American sentiment has been present in Russia for a long time, dating back to the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. Relations were frozen until 1933, when the US President Franklin Roosevelt decided to establish diplomatic relations with the USSR. The US and the USSR fought alongside each other in World War II, but following the end of the war, the United States was opposed to the Soviet Union's military occupation and domination of Eastern Europe. As tensions grew into the Cold War, relations became hostile with large-scale war plans, but no direct war took place.

Tensions between the two states were briefly relaxed in the 1970s owing to the detente, but relations took a turn for the worse again in the early 1980s with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. By 1989, the communist governments in the Eastern European Soviet satellite states were overthrown, and in 1991, the USSR itself was dissolved, leading to a brief era of cooperation between the US and the newly-formed Russian Federation. With the advent of the 21st century, relations gradually turned hostile, and the situation remains the same as of the writing of this article.

In the recent Russian polls, the United States and its allies have consistently topped the list of Russia's greatest enemies.[1] [2]

History

In 1912, future leader of Soviet Russia Vladimir Lenin described the American two-party system (that is, the Republican and Democratic Parties) as "meaningless duels between the two bourgeois parties".[3] The proposed alternative was the so-called dictatorship of the proletariat where the ruling communist vanguard party is the only allowed political entity.[4] [5]

As early as in 1919, Lenin was recorded addressing Red Army soldiers where he claimed that "capitalists of England, France and America are waging war against Russia". The image of Uncle Sam was also used by the Bolsheviks to portray White Russian forces as foreign-sponsored.[6] [7]

After World War II, the political contradictions between United States and Soviet Union started to grow. As a result, there have been growing anti-American sentiments driven by state media.

Cold War era politics

As early as the late 1940s, there had been decrees and orders issued by Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party to promote anti-American sentiments within the Soviet public.
For instance, Central Committee document #148 of 1949 read:[8]

Article-1

1. In print news media such as "Pravda", "Izvestiya", "Trud", "Literaturnaya Gazeta", "Komsomolskaya Gazeta", "Bolshevik" and others, organize systematic publications of materials, articles and pamphlets, unmasking aggressive plans of American imperialism, inhumane character of social and political order of the U.S., debunking American propaganda "fables" about American "prosperity", showcasing deep controversies in US economy, mendaciousness of bourgeois democracy, the idiocy of modern American bourgeois culture and morals.

Article-15

15. The following themes should provide the basis for anti-American propaganda in press, radio and movies:
...
Capitalistic monopolies of US inspirators of aggression policy ...
US stronghold of colonial enslavement and colonial wars ...
Monopolies feed fascism on American soil ...
Democracy in US hypocritical coverup for absolute rule of capital ...
Myth of high standards of living for all social classes in US...
Myth of universal equality and equal opportunities for everyone in US...
Degeneration of American culture...
Decay of cinematography in US...
Corrupt American press...
Crime in US...
...

Decaying West

"Decaying West" or "Rotting West" (rus: "Загнивающий запад") was the term used in the Soviet era to refer to the social order and moral norms in the United States and other Western countries, which were allegedly corrupt and rapidly eroding. The phrase also meant to emphasize the "imminent collapse of capitalism", although in the end it was the Soviet Union that collapsed.

Barack Obama

In mid-2016, after tensions rose between the U.S. and Russia, a Tatarstan ice cream factory produced "Obamka" (little Obama) ice cream with packaging showing a black child wearing an earring; the move was seen as an illustration of both anti-Americanism in Russia and enduring, Soviet-era racism in the country.[9] [10] [11] The company, which stated that the ice cream was not intended to be political, halted production of the line shortly after the controversy arose.[12]

Polls

List of Greatest Enemies according to latest Russian population polls.

"Public Opinion" Fund (2011)"Levada" Analytical Center (2012)"Levada" Analytical Center (2013)[13]
Rank Country/Region %
1 26%
2 13%
3 5%
4 3%
5 2%
Rank Country/Region %
1 41%
2 35%
3 26%
4 25%
5 23%
6 15%
7 8%
Rank Country/Region %
1 38%
2 33%
3 21%
4 17%
5 16%

A December 2017 survey conducted by the Chicago Council and its Russian partner, the Levada Center, showed that:

Survey results published by the Levada-Center indicate that, as of August 2018, Russians increasingly viewed the United States positively following the Russia–U.S. summit in Helsinki in July 2018.[14] However, only 14% of Russians expressed net approval of Donald Trump's policies in 2019.[15] According to the Pew Research Center, "57% of Russians ages 18 to 29 see the U.S. favorably, compared with only 15% of Russians ages 50 and older."[16]

US and Russian domestic politics

After the color revolutions of the 2000s took place in former Soviet states with tacit support of the US, the political climate and processes in Russia have intensified as well. Those revolutions were perceived extremely negatively in Moscow.[17]

US and political opposition in Russia

According to Russian media (especially major federal TV networks), the current Russian opposition has strong ties to the US and its allies. Furthermore, many government channels systematically broadcast documentaries, TV programs and journalistic researches, which claim that many opposition leaders are directly funded and supported by the US government, with an ultimate goal to destabilize the political and constitutional order in Russia.

Accusations have intensified during and after 2011 Russian legislative election, as well as 2012 Russian presidential election, which resulted in 2011–2013 Russian protests by the opposition.

In 2012, the major Russian national TV network NTV, created a series of documentaries called Anatomy of Protest (rus: Анатомия протеста) claiming that 2011–2013 Russian protests, organized by the opposition leaders, were carefully watched and influenced by some Western nations and the US in particular.

Some Russian officials interviewed in the film openly state that the US is actively working on bringing extremist groups to power in Russia, which would allow it to discredit Russia on the global stage and even to justify a military strike on the country.[18] [19]

On November 19, 2021, two members of the U.S. Congress said the United States should cease to recognize Vladimir Putin as president of Russia after 2024; the Kremlin denounced it as an attempt to meddle in its domestic affairs.[20]

"Foreign Agents" and "Undesirable Organizations"

In July 2012, the Russian foreign agent law was introduced. It requires nonprofit organizations that receive foreign donations and engage in "political activity" to be labeled as "foreign agents", which carries, in Russian, strong associations with Cold War-era espionage.[21] Organizations are obliged to mark all their publications and begin each oral statement with a disclosure that it is being given by a foreign agent.[22] They are subject to inspections and raids. Several US-based organizations have been targeted including Human Rights Watch.

In September 2012, Russian authorities demanded the end of operations of the United States Agency for International Development. According to officials, some activities conducted by the organization were hostile and undermined Russian sovereignty.[23] [24]

In May 2015, the Russian undesirable organizations law was introduced. Russian prosecutors are able to target foreign groups whose "undesirable activities" are deemed to threaten "state security" or the "basic values of the Russian state". Given a notice from the prosecutors, such organizations have to disband.

Violators face fines or prison terms of up to six years. People cooperating with such entities are subject to fines and can be banned from entering Russia.[25] Duma deputy Aleksandr Tarnavsky, one of the legislation's coauthors, stated, "I do not think that there is a particular company that has to fall under this list. But if a company suddenly starts causing a lot of trouble, starts acting arrogantly and impudently, then in theory it could fall under the list of undesirable organizations."[26] The law was used to target the National Endowment for Democracy and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.

Geopolitical views and theories

The following views and theories are common in Russian mainstream national media. Some of them are voiced by top government officials and supported by major Russian think tanks and academia:

Centuries-long standoff between the West and Russia

According to some popular Russian political writers and scientists, there is a centuries-long geopolitical standoff between Russia and the Western nations, especially with the Anglo-Saxon states such as the US and the UK, which have been openly and covertly working on destroying Russia by any means since the times of the Great Game.

Imminent war between West and Russia

There are some political writers, active and retired military officers as well as other public figures in Russia, who openly claim that war with the US or the NATO is imminent.[34] [35] [36] [37] Believers include:

Biological, weather, and other unconventional warfare against Russia

Many Russian top government officials and experts believe that the US will or has already conducted acts of non-conventional warfare against Russia.

Information warfare against Russia

In modern Russia, there is a common and widespread notion that Western nations (especially the US and UK) have been and still are actively engaged in an information assault on Russia. Many public figures openly state that the West is using a wide range of means to discredit the nation on a global stage.

US as global social and economic parasite

According to many Russian scholars, government officials as well as media, economic prosperity and wellbeing of United States is solely based on unfair advantages gained from US dollar's reserve currency status, dollarization of other countries economies, along with neocolonial wars for resources and predatory macroeconomic behavior. Proponents of this view include:
Top government officials

Media

Academia

Imminent dissolution of United States

The imminent disintegration of the United States is a widespread belief in Russia since the Bolshevik takeover in 1917. According to the theory, the United States is torn by deep controversies in politics, economy, ethnic relations and overall society. This theory gained high popularity after the 2012 state petitions for secession.

Prominent believers:

Conspiracy theories

9/11

9/11 conspiracy theories are popular in Russia. According to many, the terror attacks were well planned and conducted by the US to justify the wars for oil in the Middle East.[67] [68] [69]

Dulles Plan

See main article: Dulles' Plan. The Dulles Plan or the Dulles Doctrine (Russian: План Даллеса or Доктрина Даллеса) is the central document of a conspiracy theory according to which the CIA chief Allen Dulles had developed a plan for United States to destroy the Soviet Union during the Cold War by covertly corrupting the cultural heritage and moral values of the Soviet nation. The plan was first published in Russia shortly after the dissolution of the USSR and was often quoted by prominent Russian politicians, journalists and writers.

Harvard Project

The Harvard Project (rus: Гарвардский Проект) or Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System was a 1950s research project funded by the USAF and conducted by Harvard University to study the economic and political order of Soviet society. However, some Russian political scientists and writers strongly believe that the main purpose of the project was to develop psychological and other means of influence over the Soviet people. According to believers, this research led the US to develop psychological and information warfare techniques, intensively used against the Soviet Union to destroy it.[71] Some believe that those techniques are still being heavily used against Russia, with the purpose of destroying and partitioning the country into several parts, which will be eventually annexed by the US and its allies.[72]

Moon landing

Moon landing conspiracy theories are widely spread in Russia. According to 2011 polls conducted by Russian Public Opinion Center, 40% of Russians do not believe that US astronauts have ever landed on the moon.[73]

Pindos

Russian-speakers may use the term "Pindos" or "Pendos" (rus: Пиндос) as a derogatory ethnic slur for Americans. Used from the 19th century to demean native Northern Pontic Greeks on the northern coast of the Black Sea, the Russian term came to refer to US military servicemen, and then gradually became a universal disparaging term to refer to all Americans. Related slur terms can refer to the United States ─ such as Pindosiya, Pindostan (rus: Пиндосия, Пиндостан) and United States of Pindosiya. Some sources claim that the usage originated among Russian military servicemen during the Kosovo War of 1998-1999, where they allegedly heard this term. According to Russian soldiers, it was a perfect fit for an "armed to the teeth and coward American soldier".[74] [75]

According to Andrey Piontkovsky, "Eternal Pindos—is our Wandering Jew. We need him not as an enemy defeated, trampled and lowered but as heavily armed guy in a pith helmet who dismembers our core Eurasian world, steals our unique nanotechnology and corrupts our highest spirituality."[76]

Recent events

Russo–Georgian War

After the Rose Revolution, the ex-Soviet Republic of Georgia changed its geopolitical preferences and started cooperating much more closely with NATO and the United States. That led the US and NATO to conduct very close cooperative work on the issues of military training and equipment with Georgia, which had unresolved territorial disputes, including South Ossetia.

In August 2008, those disputes resulted in a five-day Russia–Georgia war. The conflict spurred wave of anti-American sentiments in Russia. According to Putin, the war was directly related to presidential elections in the US.[77] The official Russian position was that the US and its allies deliberately armed Georgia.[78] Some Russian officials called the war a genocide, accusing the US of supporting such inhumane actions.[79]

Shortly after the conflict, media producer and member of State Duma, Konstantin Rykov, created a documentary called War 08.08.08. Art of Betrayal. He claims that Georgia was trained and led by the U.S. into war with South Ossetia and Russia. The reason being that the US (then under George W. Bush) was interested in increasing presidential candidate John McCain's ratings, and demonizing Russia as an aggressor was key to it.[80] The documentary had over a million views in first five days after being published online.[81]

Ukraine

Starting with 2014, the events following the Euromaidan, the international response to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine spurred a wave of anti-American sentiments in Russia.

At a government-organized "Anti-Maidan" demonstration in February 2015 gathering 35,000 people, the Maidan unrests were attributed to the United States. "Die, America" banners were on display and a speech stated, "Maidan is the smile of the American ambassador who, sitting in his penthouse, is happy to see how brother is killing brother."[82] [83] [84] In July 2015, Putin's top security adviser Nikolai Patrushev stated that "the US themselves started the conflict in Ukraine."[31]

According to polls by the independent Levada Center, in January 2015, 81 percent of Russians held negative views of the United States, a number that had nearly doubled over the previous year and that was by far the highest negative rating since it started tracking those views in 1988.[85] [86]

Criticism

Within Russia

According to some Russian experts, anti-American sentiments are driven largely by domestic political climate and has little relationship to US foreign policy.[87]

In response to the growing anti-Americanism after the South Ossetia War in the Russian intellectual-political class, the director of the Institute of Globalization and Social Movements, Boris Kagarlitsky, said, "Ironically, one of the dominant trends here is that we are anti-American because we want to be exactly like America. We are angry that Americans are allowed to invade minor nations and we are not."[88]

In 2013, journalist Vladimir Posner shared his opinion that the anti-Americanism is "harmful for Russia" and has solely irrational reasons. One is that Russian people have still not forgiven United States for "winning the Cold War" (in his opinion, the Cold War, which is not thought by Russians to be lost on the surface, is felt by them lost deep in their minds and is lost in fact). He considers the anti-American rhetoric by Vladimir Putin made to be approved by the nation.[89]

According to Moscow Carnegie Center Director Dmitriy Trenin, anti-Americanism in Russia is becoming the basis for official patriotism. Further researcher states that the Russian ruling elite have now stopped pretending that it follows the West and cherishes its declared values. Now, Moscow openly states that its values are not completely common with modern Western values in such fields as democracy, human rights, national sovereignty, role of government, the church, and the nature of family.[90]

Outside Russia

The Heritage Foundation cites that anti-American rhetoric is currently a standard feature of the majority of Russian mass media broadcasts[91] and argues that, "The Kremlin is using anti-Americanism as a strategic tool for pursuing domestic and foreign policy goals. Through media controlled or owned by the state, the Russian government is deliberately spreading poisonous anti-U.S. propaganda at home and abroad, blaming many of Russia's problems on the West, particularly the United States. The partial success of this policy exposes a number of serious failures in U.S. public diplomacy, which has been in decline since the end of the Cold War."[92]

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. http://fom.ru/globe/10096 ФОМ: Старый враг лучше новых двух
  2. http://www.levada.ru/press/2009061001.html Левада-центр: Друзья и враги России
  3. Web site: Lenin: The Results and Significance of the U.S. Presidential Elections.
  4. https://www.outono.net/elentir/2020/04/22/lenin-numbers-data-and-images-of-the-crimes-of-the-first-communist-dictator/ He used terror, torture and murder to impose his totalitarian regime
  5. https://web.archive.org/web/20210222175025/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/red-terror-set-macabre-course-soviet-union
  6. Web site: Ленин – Обращение к Красной Армии. Lenin – Address to the Red Army. 27 May 2023.
  7. Web site: Антанта. Entente. 27 May 2023.
  8. http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/69577 "План мероприятия по усилению антиамериканской пропаганды на ближайшее время". Документ агитпропа ЦК
  9. Web site: Obama banana 'jokes' show Soviet-era racism remains alive in Russia. Wilson. Jennifer. 12 May 2016. the Guardian. 15 June 2016.
  10. News: Russian firm milks chilly US-Kremlin ties with 'Little Obama' ice cream. 6 May 2016. Reuters.
  11. Web site: A Russian company has released a chocolate-flavoured ice cream called 'Little Obama'. 7 May 2016. International Business Times UK. 15 June 2016.
  12. https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/russian-company-halts-little-obama-ice-cream-production-52820 Russian Company Halts 'Little Obama' Ice Cream Production
  13. http://www.levada.ru/18-06-2013/levada-tsentr-glavnym-vragom-rossiyane-schitayut-ssha «Левада-Центр»: главным врагом россияне считают США
  14. News: Anti-Americanism Wanes in Russia After Putin-Trump Summit, Survey Says . . August 2, 2018.
  15. News: Few in other countries approve of Trump's major foreign policies, but Israelis are an exception . Pew Research Center . 3 February 2020.
  16. News: How people around the world see the U.S. and Donald Trump in 10 charts . Pew Research Center . 8 January 2020.
  17. http://www.kremlin.ru/appears/2004/12/23/1414_type63380type82634_81691.shtml Стенограмма пресс-конференции В. В. Путина на сайте kremlin.ru
  18. http://www.ntv.ru/video/peredacha/296996/ НТВ: Анатомия протеста
  19. http://www.ntv.ru/video/354142/ НТВ: Анатомия протеста - 2
  20. Web site: Kremlin Slams U.S. Bid Not to Recognize 'Autocrat' Vladimir Putin as President after 2024. Newsweek. 19 November 2021. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20211119173905/https://www.newsweek.com/russia-vladimir-putin-kremlin-peskov-steve-cohen-joe-wilson-congress-dictator-1651261 . 2021-11-19 .
  21. News: 0362-4331. Barry. Ellen. Russia Introduces Law Limiting Aid for Nonprofits. The New York Times. 2013-06-01. 2012-07-02.
  22. Web site: Harassed and shunned, the Russians labelled foreign agents by Kremlin. the Guardian. 2015-07-10. Kate. Lyons. Mark. Rice-Oxley. 26 April 2015.
  23. http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/19/world/europe/russia-usaid-expulsion CNN: Russia boots out USAID
  24. https://archive.today/20130412041629/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-09-18/world/35497800_1_russian-activists-usaid-golos Washington Post: Russia boots out USAID
  25. News: Russia draws criticism over law targeting 'undesirable' NGOs. ABC News. 24 May 2015.
  26. Web site: 'Pure pragmatism—nothing personal' 'Meduza' interviews the author of Russia's new law against 'undesirable' organizations.
  27. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYKAUsl94cw Кургинян: Строят мировую колониальную империю
  28. http://nstarikov.ru/blog/17383 Стариков: Большая игра продолжается
  29. http://nstarikov.ru/blog/8792 Стариков: Америка строила планы захватить Россию 60 лет назад. Планирует и теперь...
  30. http://nstarikov.ru/books/154 Стариков: "Кто финансирует развал России - от декабристов до моджахедов"
  31. Web site: Terrorism, Ukraine and the American threat: the view from Russia. the Guardian. 2015-07-17. Nikolai. Patrushev. Elena Chernenko for. Kommersant. 15 July 2015.
  32. News: Putin Cites Claim About U.S. Designs on Siberia Traced to Russian Mind Readers. The New York Times. 2014-12-18. 2015-07-17. 0362-4331. Robert. Mackey.
  33. Web site: How hallucinations of eccentric KGB psychic influence Russian policy. the Guardian. 2015-07-17. Oleg Kashin in. Moscow. 15 July 2015.
  34. http://newsland.com/news/detail/id/566260/ Военный захват России - дело времени
  35. http://www.aif.ru/politics/article/23967 АИФ: В США разработали "гуманный" сценарий уничтожения России. ПОДРОБНЫЙ ПЛАН
  36. http://www.km.ru/v-rossii/2011/10/06/vneshnyaya-politika-rossii/ssha-prodolzhayut-kholodnuyu-voinu-protiv-rossii КМ: США продолжают холодную войну против России
  37. http://www.kp.ru/daily/25661.3/822829/ КП: Сайт WikiLeaks: Американцы создают систему ПРО в Европе, чтобы ударить по русским?
  38. http://vlasti.net/news/139984 США вынашиваются планы ядерной бомбардировки России
  39. http://www.kp.ru/radio/stenography/36320/ Комсомольсая Правда: Мир стоит на грани войны. У России нет альтернативы, как быть готовой к ней
  40. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnCyJBfSq60 Кургинян: добьют Сирию, Иран, а через два года за Россию
  41. http://www.aif.ru/politics/article/23967 Секретный план США: после газовой войны начнётся Третья мировая
  42. http://www.rnd.cnews.ru/reviews/index_science.shtml?2012/04/26/487254 Пентагон отрепетировал нападение на Россию и Китай. Часть I
  43. http://www.rnd.cnews.ru/reviews/index_science.shtml?2012/04/26/487254_2 Пентагон отрепетировал нападение на Россию и Китай. Часть II
  44. Web site: Ежедневная деловая газета РБК - главные новости дня в России и в мире.
  45. http://svpressa.ru/war21/article/75766/?aam=1 Вирусы на службе Пентагона
  46. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aeT0dZbGkzc Специальный корреспондент с Мамонтовым: Провокаторы
  47. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrqpbuItPB0 Специальный корреспондент с Мамонтовым: Провокаторы-2
  48. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwk-v5j-wRk Специальный корреспондент с Мамонтовым: Провокаторы-3
  49. Web site: Putin, Russian Prime Minister, Calls U.S. Parasite On The Global Economy . Huffington Post . 2011-08-01 . 2014-03-07.
  50. http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xrng9q_yyyyyy-yyyyyyyyyy-yyyyyy-yyyyyyyyyyyy_people#.URh8YKW7Png Андрей Годзинский: Россия оккупирована!
  51. http://www.1tv.ru/videoarchive/41533 Первый Канал: Большая американская дырка - 1. 1 серия
  52. http://www.1tv.ru/videoarchive/41599 Первый Канал: Большая американская дырка - 1. 2 серия
  53. http://www.1tv.ru/anons/id=158671 Первый Канал: Большая американская дырка - 2. 1 серия
  54. http://www.1tv.ru/anons/id=158672 Первый Канал: Большая американская дырка - 2. 2 серия
  55. http://www.1tv.ru/documentary/fi7380/sn1 Первый Канал: Большая американская дырка - 3. 1 серия
  56. http://www.1tv.ru/documentary/fi7380/sn2 Первый Канал: Большая американская дырка - 3. 2 серия
  57. http://www.1tv.ru/documentary/fi7380/sn3 Первый Канал: Большая американская дырка - 3. 3 серия
  58. http://www.1tv.ru/documentary/fi7380/sn4 Первый Канал: Большая американская дырка - 3. 4 серия
  59. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gxfSvo38ck "Бесценный Доллар"
  60. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DCEWbi-JXg "Бесценный Доллар 2"
  61. http://www.ras.ru/news/shownews.aspx?id=3c383f0a-77c4-4a82-9208-d67c625e7d32 Всероссийская научно-общественная конференция «Глобальный социальный паразитизм (к 100-летию Федеральной Резервной Системы США)»
  62. http://rusrand.ru/important/19-dekabrja-vserossijskaja-nauchno-obschestvennaja-konferentsija-globalnyj-sotsialnyj-parazitizm 19 декабря. Всероссийская научно-общественная конференция "Глобальный социальный паразитизм"
  63. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-otO_wJjxOY Глобальный социальный паразитизм
  64. Web site: КРИЗИС США – КРИЗИС РФ | U.S. Crisis - Russian Crisis . Maxpark.com . 2014-03-07.
  65. http://vz.ru/opinions/2012/11/14/607062.html Распад США неизбежен
  66. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hItONa9JCDQ Военная Тайна - Крах США
  67. http://www.km.ru/world/2012/09/10/prazdnichnye-dni-i-pamyatnye-daty-v-mire/691854-11sentyabrya-2001-goda-taina-amerik КМ: 11 сентября 2001 года: тайна американской трагедии
  68. http://www.km.ru/spetsproekty/2012/09/12/prazdnichnye-dni-i-pamyatnye-daty-v-mire/692070-zagadki-amerikanskoi-tragedi КМ: «Загадки американской трагедии 11 сентября 2001 года»
  69. http://www.km.ru/spetsproekty/2011/05/27/dvoinye-standarty-i-izderzhki-demokratii-ssha/provokatsii-na-sluzhbe-politik КМ: «Провокации на службе политики США»
  70. http://svpressa.ru/society/article/14016/ Свободная Пресса: 09/11: мировая трагедия и глобальная провокация
  71. http://www.stoletie.ru/territoriya_istorii/garvardskij_projekt_2010-03-26.htm Гарвардский проект: Из истории информационно-психологической войны против СССР
  72. http://dokumentika.org/ekonomicheskoe-oruzhie/garvardskiy-i-chiustonskiy-proekti Гарвардский и Хьюстонский проекты
  73. Web site: Автор статьи: РБК daily . Почти половина россиян не верит, что американцы побывали на Луне - РБК daily . Rbcdaily.ru . 2014-03-07.
  74. http://old.computerra.ru/offline/2004/559/35857/ Про пони и кино
  75. http://txt.newsru.com/world/17Sep2003/tolst.html Уэсли Кларк едва не разжег Третью мировую войну, утверждает британский генерал
  76. News: Пионтковский, Андрей. Вечный Пиндос. Радио Свобода. Radio Liberty. ru. 2 July 2014.
  77. http://korrespondent.net/world/russia/568434-putin-schitaet-chto-vojna-v-gruzii-nachalas-iz-za-vyborov-v-ssha Путин считает, что война в Грузии началась из-за выборов в США
  78. http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1495411 Владимир Путин: даю вам честное партийное слово
  79. http://www.aif.ru/politics/article/20782 АИФ: Как России финансово наказать США за поддержку геноцида
  80. Web site: War 08.08.08. The Art of Betray . War080808.com . 2014-03-07.
  81. http://www.vz.ru/society/2008/11/5/226093.html Взгляд: «Война» перешагнула границы
  82. Web site: Mills. Laura. 'Die, America!' banners on view as Russians protest. 22 February 2015 . The Independent (Ireland). 1 April 2015.
  83. Web site: Ведущие на "Антимайдане": "Майдан — это эмбрион Геббельса, фестиваль смерти под песенки макаревичей". TV Rain. 21 February 2015 .
  84. Web site: Azar. Ilya. Russia's pissed off patriots. Meduza reports from the 'Anti-Maidan' march in Moscow. Meduza. 1 April 2015.
  85. Web site: Международные отношения. Levada Center. 9 February 2015.
  86. News: Birnbaum. Michael. Russia's anti-American fever goes beyond the Soviet era's. Washington Post. 1 April 2015. 8 March 2015.
  87. http://www.snob.ru/profile/11778/blog/50815 Сноб: Путинская аномалия. Об антиамериканизме в России
  88. Neave Barker, 26 October 2008, Al Jazeera Little love from Russia for US,
  89. http://vladimirpozner.ru/?p=10854 Владимир Познер: Жители России до сих пор не могут простить США проигранную с треском холодную войну
  90. http://www.kommersant.ru/doc-rss/2127333 ДМИТРИЙ ТРЕНИН:Основой официального патриотизма становится антиамериканизм
  91. http://blog.heritage.org/2012/04/23/from-russia-with-hate-anti-americanism-rampant-in-putins-kremlin/ From Russia with Hate: Anti-Americanism Rampant in Putin’s Kremlin
  92. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/02/russian-anti-americanism-a-priority-target-for-us-public-diplomacy Russian Anti-Americanism: A Priority Target for U.S. Public Diplomacy

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Anti-American sentiment in Russia".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.