List of Antarctic expeditions explained

This list of Antarctica expeditions is a chronological list of expeditions involving Antarctica. Although the existence of a southern continent had been hypothesized as early as the writings of Ptolemy in the 1st century AD, the South Pole was not reached until 1911.

Pre-exploration theories

• 600 BC – 300 BC – Greek philosophers theorize Spherical Earth with North and South Polar regions.
• 150 AD – Ptolemy published Geographia, which notes Terra Australis Incognita.

Pre-19th century

• 7th century – Ui-te-Rangiora is claimed to have sighted southern ice fields.
• 13th century – Polynesians settle Auckland Islands (50° S)^{[1] [2] [3] [4]}
• 1501–1502 – Gonçalo Coelho and Amerigo Vespucci possibly sail to (52° S)
• 1522 – Juan Sebastián de El Cano – first circumnavigation Fernando de Magallanes discovers Strait of Magellan (54° S)
• 1526 – Francisco de Hoces reportedly blown south from Strait of Magellan to (56° S). He discovers the Drake Passage or Mar de Hoces.
• 1578 – Francis Drake claims to have discovered an ocean south of South America and "Elizabeth Island" (57° S)^[5]
• 1599 – Dirk Gerritsz – potentially sails to (64° S)
• 1603 – Gabriel de Castilla – potentially sails to (64° S)
• 1615 – Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten first to sail around Cape Horn cross (56° S)
• 1619 – García de Nodal expedition – circumnavigate Tierra del Fuego and discover Diego Ramírez Islands (-56.5°N -111°W)
• 1643 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia – northerly winds push the expedition as far south as 61°59 S where icebergs were abundant. The expedition disproves beliefs that Isla de los Estados was part of Terra Australis.^{[6] [7] [8]}
• 1675 – Anthony de la Roché discovers South Georgia (-54.25°N -36.75°W), the first ever land discovered south of the Antarctic Convergence
• 1698–1699 – Edmond Halley sails to (52° S)^[9]
• 1720 – George Shelvocke – sails to (61° 30′ S)
• 1739 – Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier – discovers Bouvet Island (-54.4333°N 27°W)
• 1771 – James Cook – HM Bark Endeavour expedition
• 1771–1772 – Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec discovers Kerguelen Islands (-49.25°N 104°W)
• 1772–1775 – James Cook – sails crossing Antarctic Circle in January 1773 and December 1773. On 30 January 1774 he reaches 71° 10′ S, his Farthest South, coming within about 75round=5NaNround=5 of the Antarctic mainland without seeing it.

19th century

• 1780s to 1839 – American and British whalers and sealers make incidental discoveries.
• 1819 – William Smith discovers South Shetland Islands (-62°N -58°W), the first land discovered south of 60° south latitude.
• 1819 – San Telmo is wrecked in the Drake Passage off Livingston Island.
• 1819–1821 – Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev, future Admirals of Russian Imperial Navy, during Russian circumnavigation expedition, on 27 January 1820 were stopped by impassable ice in 50nmi of Princess Martha Coast that later became known as the floating fragments of Fimbul Ice Shelf (-69.35°N -17°W). Bellingshausen and Lazarev became the first explorers to see and officially discover Alexander Island and Peter I Island in Antarctica in 21–28 January 1821.
• 1820 – Edward Bransfield with William Smith as his pilot – on 30 January 1820, sight Trinity Peninsula (-63.6167°N -78°W).
• 1820 – Nathaniel Palmer sights Antarctica on 17 November 1820
• 1821 – George Powell, a British sealer, and Nathaniel B. Palmer, an American sealer, discover the South Orkney Islands. Powell annexes them for the British.
• 1821 – John Davis – on 7 February 1821 disputed claim of setting foot on Antarctica at Hughes Bay (-64.2167°N -81°W)
• 1823–1824 – James Weddell discovers the Weddell Sea; – on 20 February 1823 his ship Jane (160 tons) reached a new Farthest South of 74° 15′ S (-74.25°N -42°W)
• 1829-1831 - Palmer–Pendleton Expedition
• 1830–1833 – Southern Ocean Expedition led by John Biscoe, an English sealer; circumnavigates the continent, sets foot on Anvers Island, names and annexes Graham Land, discovers Biscoe Islands, Queen Adelaide Island (-67.25°N -98°W) and sights Enderby Land (-67.5°N 53°W)
• 1837–1840 – First French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jules Dumont d'Urville; discovers Adélie Land and sets foot on an islet of Géologie Archipelago (-66.6°N 144°W) 4 km from the mainland to take mineral and animal samples (66° S)
• 1838–1839 – John Balleny discovers Balleny Islands (-66.9167°N 208°W)
• 1838–1842 – United States Exploring Expedition – led by Charles Wilkes to Antarctic Peninsula (-69.5°N -65°W) and eastern Antarctica; discovers "Termination Barrier" ("Shackleton Ice Shelf")
• 1839–1843 – James Clark Ross's expedition of 1839 to 1843 discovered the Ross Ice Shelf, Ross Sea, Mount Erebus, Mount Terror and Victoria Land; extended his Farthest South to 78° 10′ S on 23 January 1842
• 1851–1853 – Mercator Cooper landed on what is now known as Oates Coast in what is probably the first adequately documented landing on the mainland of Antarctica.
• 1872–1876 – under Capt. George S. Nares, becomes the first steamship to cross the Antarctic Circle; reopens the study of oceanography in the region after a 30-year gap.^[10]
• 1892–1893 – Carl Anton Larsen led the first Norwegian expedition to Antarctica aboard the ship Jason. Larsen became the first person to ski in Antarctica where the Larsen Ice Shelf was named after him.
• 1892–1893 – Dundee Whaling Expedition discover Dundee Island (-63.5°N -110°W)
• 1893–1894 – Carl Anton Larsen led the second Norwegian expedition to Antarctica
• 1893–1895 – Henryk Bull, Carstens Borchgrevink and Alexander von Tunzelmann – set foot on Antarctica at Cape Adare
• 1897–1899 – Belgian Antarctic Expedition – led by Adrien de Gerlache; first to winter South of the Antarctic Circle.
• 1898–1900 – Southern Cross Expedition, Carsten Borchgrevink – sails to Cape Adare, winters on Antarctica and takes Farthest South on 16 February 1900 at 78° 50′ S

20th century

• 1901–1904 – Discovery Expedition – led by Robert Falcon Scott, on 30 December 1903, reached (82° 17′S)
• 1902 - First balloon flight over Antarctica by Robert Falcon Scott ^[11]
• 1901–1903 – Gauss expedition (or First German Antarctic Expedition) – led by Erich von Drygalski
• 1901–1903 – Swedish Antarctic Expedition – led by Otto Nordenskjöld with captain Carl Anton Larsen
• 1902–1904 – Scottish National Antarctic Expedition – led by William Speirs Bruce
• 1903–1905 – Second French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jean-Baptiste Charcot
• 1907–1909 – Nimrod Expedition – On 9 January 1909, Ernest Shackleton reached 88° 23 ′S (Farthest South), and on 16 January 1909, Professor Edgeworth David reached the South Magnetic Pole at (-72.4167°N 171°W) (mean position)
• 1908–1910 – Third French Antarctic Expedition – led by Jean-Baptiste Charcot
• 1910–1912 – Japanese Antarctic Expedition – led by Nobu Shirase
• 1910–1912 – Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition – On 14 December 1911, reached the South Pole (90° S)
• 1910–1913 – Terra Nova Expedition – On 17 January 1912, Robert Falcon Scott, reached the South Pole (90° S)
• 1911–1913 – Second German Antarctic Expedition – led by Wilhelm Filchner
• 1911–1914 – Australasian Antarctic Expedition – led by Douglas Mawson
• 1914–1916 – Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition – led by Ernest Shackleton
• 1914–1917 – Ross Sea party – led by Aeneas Mackintosh
• 1920–1922 – British Graham Land Expedition – a British expedition to Graham Land led by John Lachlan Cope
• 1921–1922 – Shackleton–Rowett Expedition – led by Ernest Shackleton – the last expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
• 1924–1951 – Discovery Investigations
• 1928 - First aeroplane flight over Antarctica by Hubert Wilkins and Carl Ben Eielson ^[11]
• 1929–1931 – British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) – led by Douglas Mawson
• 1928–1930 – Richard Evelyn Byrd – First expedition
• 1931 – H. Halvorsen – discovered Princess Astrid Coast
• 1931 – Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen – flew over Antarctica, discovered Kronprins Olav Kyst
• 1933–1935 – Richard Evelyn Byrd – Second expedition
• 1933–1939 – Lincoln Ellsworth – Aircraft expedition
• 1934–1937 – British Graham Land Expedition (BGLE) – led by John Riddoch Rymill
• 1936 – Lars Christensen – dropped Norwegian flag over Prince Harald Coast
• 1938 – German Antarctic Expedition (1938–1939), (New Swabia claimed for Nazi Germany) – led by Capt. Alfred Ritscher
• 1939–1941 – United States Antarctic Service Expedition – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd (Byrd's third expedition)
• 1943–1945 – Operation Tabarin – led by Lieutenant James Marr
• 1946–1947 – Operation Highjump – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd (Byrd's fourth expedition)
• 1947 – First Chilean Antarctic Expedition
• 1947–1948 – Operation Windmill – led by Commander Gerald Ketchum
• 1947–1948 – Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition – led by Finn Ronne
• 1948–1949 – Fourth French Antarctic Expedition (ship Commandant Charcot) – led by André-Frank Liotard
• 1949–1951 – Fifth French Antarctic Expedition : Port Martin Station established in Adélie Land – led by André-Frank Liotard
• 1949–1952 – Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition – led by John Giaever
• 1950–1952 – Sixth French Antarctic Expedition – led by Michel Barré
• 1951-1953 – Seventh French Antarctic Expedition : Petrel Island Station established in Adélie Land – led by Mario Marret
• 1953 – Esperanza Base established
• 1954 – Mawson Station established
• 1955–1956 – Operation Deep Freeze – led by Richard Evelyn Byrd (Byrd's fifth expedition)
• 1955–1957 – Falkland Island Dependency Aerial Survey led by P G Mott
• 1955–1957 – 1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Mikhail Somov
• 1956 – Dumont d'Urville Station established
• 1956 – Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station established
• 1956 - McMurdo Station established
• 1956–1958 – Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition – led by Vivian Fuchs
• 1956–1958 – 2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Aleksei Treshnikov
• 1957–1958 – International Geophysical Year
• 1957–1958 – New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition
• 1957 – Scott Base established
• 1957–1958 – Luncke Expedition
• 1957–1959 – 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Yevgeny Tolstikov
• 1958–1959 – New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition
• 1958–1960 – 4th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Aleksandr Dralkin
• 1959– 1960 – New Zealand Alpine Club Antarctic Expedition - led by Robert Cawley (see NZAJ 1960 p. 253–)
• 1959–1961 – 5th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Yevgeny Korotkevich
• 1960 – South African National Antarctic Expedition
• 1960–1962 – 6th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Driatsky
• 1961–1963 – 7th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Aleksandr Dralkin
• 1962–1962 – Vostok traverse – led by Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE)
• 1962–1963 – New Zealand Federated Mountain Clubs Antarctic Expedition – Led by John M. Millen
• 1962–1964 – 8th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Mikhail Somov
• 1963–1965 – 9th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Mikhail Somov and Pavel Senko
• 1964–1965 – South Pole—Queen Maud Land Traverse I
• 1964–1966 – 10th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by M. Ostrekin, I. Petrov
• 1965–1966 – South Pole—Queen Maud Land Traverse II
• 1965–1967 – 11th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, Leonid Dubrovin
• 1965–1965 – Operación 90 – Terrestrial Argentine Expedition to the South Pole Led by Coronel D. Jorge Leal.
• 1966–1968 – 12th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Pavel Senko and Vladislav Gerbovich
• 1966–1967 – New Zealand Antarctic Research Programme Mariner Glacier Northern Party Expedition – led by John E S Lawrence
• 1967–1968 – South Pole—Queen Maud Land Traverse III
• 1967–1969 – 13th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Aleksei Treshnikov
• 1968–1970 – 14th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, Ernst Krenkel
• 1969 – Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva established
• 1969–1970 – New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition
• 1969–1971 – 15th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Pavel Senko and Vladislav Gerbovich
• 1970–1972 – 16th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by I. Petrov and Yury Tarbeyev
• 1971–1973 – 17th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Yevgeny Korotkevich, V. Averyanov
• 1972–1974 – 18th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Pavel Senko
• 1973–1975 – 19th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, V. Ignatov
• 1974–1976 – 20th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Serdyukov, N. Kornilov
• 1975–1977 – 21st Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by O. Sedov, G. Bardin
• 1976–1978 – 22nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Tyabin, Leonid Dubrovin
• 1977–1979 – 23rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Serdyukov, O. Sedov
• 1978 – Fortín Sargento Cabral established
• 1978–1980 – 24th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by A. Artemyev, O. Sedov
• 1979 – Air New Zealand Flight 901 – airplane crash
• 1979–1980 – 25th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Kornilov, N. Tyabin
• 1980–1981 – Transglobe Expedition – led by Ranulph Fiennes
• 1980–1982 – 26th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Serdyukov, V. Shamontyev
• 1981–1983 – 27th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, R. Galkin
• 1981–1982 – First Indian Expedition to Antarctica – led by Dr. Sayed Zahoor Qasim
• 1982 – Falkland Islands War
• 1982–1983 – First Brazilian Expedition to Antarctica –
• 1982–1983 – Second Indian Expedition to Antarctica – led by V. K. Raina
• 1982–1984 – 28th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Kornilov, A. Artemyev
• 1984 – Villa Las Estrellas established
• 1983–1985 – 29th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Tyabin, L. Bulatov
• 1983–1985 – Third Indian Expedition to Antarctica
• 1984–1987 – In the Footsteps of Scott – led by Robert Swan
• 1984–1985 – 1st Uruguayan Antarctic Expedition – Antarkos I Led by Lt. Col. Omar Porciúncula
• 1984–1986 – 30th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by D. Maksutov, R. Galkin
• 1985–1987 – 31st Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N. Tyabin, V. Dubovtsev
• 1986–1988 – 32nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V. Klokov, V. Vovk
• 1987 – Iceberg B-9 calves and carries away Little Americas I – III
• 1987–1989 – 33rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by N.A. Kornilov, Yu.A. Khabarov
• 1987–1988 – First Bulgarian Antarctic Expedition – St. Kliment Ohridski Base established
• 1988–1990 – 34th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by S.M. Pryamikov, L.V. Bulatov
• 1988–1989 – South Pole Overland. Patriot Hills to South Pole. First commercial Ski expedition to South Pole. 1200 km, 50 days – led by Martyn Williams^[12]
• 1989–1990 – Antarctic crossing on foot by Reinhold Messner and Arved Fuchs. 2800 km. 92 days^[13]
• 1989–1990 – 1990 International Trans-Antarctica Expedition – led by American Will Steger and Frenchman Jean-Louis Étienne, first un-mechanized crossing – 6,021 km, 220-days^[14]
• 1989–1991 – 35th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by V.M. Piguzov
• 1990 – 1st North Korean Antarctic Expedition^[15]
• 1990 – Snotsicle Traverse Ski expedition – South Pole to Ross Sea inland edge via Scott Glacier. 9 611 km in 35 days– led by Martyn Williams^[16]
• 1990–1991 – 2nd North Korean Antarctic Expedition^[15]
• 1991 – Serap Z. Tilav, a US Antarctic Program field team member, became the first Turkish woman at the South Pole.^[17]
• 1991–1992 – 36th Soviet Antarctic Expedition – led by Lev Savatyugin
• 1992–1993 – American Women's Antarctic Expedition- AWE. First team of women to ski to the South Pole: Ann Bancroft, Sunniva Sorby, Anne DalVera, Sue Giller- 67 days
• 1992–1993 – British Polar Plod – led by Ranulph Fiennes with Mike Stroud (physician), first unassisted expedition crossing the continent by ski, (2,173 km in 95 days)
• 1992–1993 – Erling Kagge (Norway), first unassisted, and first solo expedition to the South Pole by ski, (1,310 km in 53 days)
• 1992–1993 – Antarctic Environmental Research Expedition – led by Kenji Yoshikawa
• 1994 – Liv Arnesen (Norway), first unassisted woman to the South Pole by ski, (1,200 km in 50 days)
• 1994 – Cato Zahl Pedersen (Norway) becomes the first person with no arms to ski to the South Pole (1400 km from Berkner Island), together with Lars Ebbesen and Odd Harald Hauge
• 1995 – "A Pole at the Poles" – Marek Kamiński solo expedition to the South Pole from Berkner Island (1,400 km in 53 days);
• 1995–1996 – Bernard Voyer and Thierry Pétry unassisted expedition to the South Pole by ski
• 1996 – Lake Vostok discovered
• 1996–1997 – "Solo TransAntarctica" – Marek Kamiński attempted solo crossing of Antarctica (1,450 km);
• 1996–1997 – Børge Ousland (Norway) first person to travel across Antarctica solo. The crossing went from coast to coast, from Berkner Island to the Ross Sea, and was unsupported (without resupplies). He used a kite as traction for parts of the expedition. 63 days, 3,000 km
• 1997–1998 – Peter Treseder, Keith Williams & Ian Brown become the first Australians to ski unsupported (no sail) to the South Geographic Pole, 1317 km in 59 days from Berkner Island, 2Nov-31Dec, flown out by ANI.^[18]
• 1998–1999 – Eric Philips, Jon Muir and Peter Hillary pioneer a new route from Ross Island to the South Pole through the Transantarctic Mountains via the Shackleton then Zaneveld glaciers. The expedition covers 1425 km in 84 days setting off 4 November 1998 and arriving 26 January 1999. The team were not able to complete their original objective of completing the first unassisted return journey to the South Pole.

21st century

• 2000–2001– Norwegian Liv Arnesen and the American Ann Bancroft crossed Antarctica on ski-sail from Blue 1 Runaway 13 November reaching after 94 days of expedition McMurdo Station, passing through the South Pole.^[19]
• 2001–2002 – First and longest sea kayak expedition by New Zealanders Graham Charles, Marcus Waters and Mark Jones paddle unsupported from Hope Bay to Adelaide Island in 35 days.
• 2004 – Scot100 First ever Scottish Expedition to South Pole^[20] began in October 2004 – a century after a historic expedition led by William Speirs Bruce, Edinburgh's "unknown" explorer, who Craig Mathieson views as "truly the greatest polar explorer of all time".
• 2004 – Together to the Pole – a Polish four-man expedition led by Marek Kamiński, with Jan Mela (a teenage double amputee, who in the same year reached also the North Pole)
• 2004–2005 – Chilean South Pole Expedition.
• 2004–2005 – Tangra 2004/05 created Camp Academia.
• 2005 – Ice Challenger Expedition travelled to the South Pole in a six-wheeled vehicle.^[21]
• 2005–2006 – Spanish Trans-Antarctic Expedition, led by Ramon Larramendi, reached the Southern Pole of Inaccessibility using kite-sleds.^[22]
• 2005-2006 – Construction of the South Pole Traverse completed
• 2006 – Hannah McKeand sets coast-to-pole solo/unsupported record of 39 days, 9 hours and 33 minutes
• 2006–2007 – Jenny and Ray Jardine 57-day ski trek to South Pole^[23]
• 2007 – Pat Falvey leads an Irish team to reach the South Pole, skiing 1140 km only weeks after completing an unsupported Ski traverse of the Greenland Ice Cap in August 2007 in honour of Irish Polar Explorers such as Ernest Shackleton and Tom Crean. Clare O'Leary becomes the first Irish female to reach the South Pole.
• 2007-2008 - First African unsupported and unassisted walk to the South Pole. South Africans Alex Harris and Sibusiso Vilane spent 65 days walking from Hercules Inlet.
• 2007–2008 – Norwegian-U.S. Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica.^[24]
• 2007–2008 – British Army Antarctic Expedition 2007–2008^[25]
• 2007–2008 – Verden Vakreste Skitur. Randi Skaug, Kristin Moe-Krohn and Anne-Mette Nørregaard skied unsupported from Patriot Hills across The Sentinel range to Vinson Massif to climb Mount Vinson^[26]
• 2008 – Todd Carmichael sets coast-to-pole solo/unsupported record of 39 days, 7 hours and 49 minutes
• 2008 – First Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
• 2008–2009 – The Antarctica Challenge – Canada-US International Polar Year documentary film production expedition led by Mark Terry.^[27]
• 2008–2009 – Impossible 2 Possible (i2P) unsupported South Pole quest by Ray Zahab, Kevin Vallely and Richard Weber.^[28]
• 2009 – Azerbaijan Scientific Expedition, Huseyngulu Baghirov and Tarlan Ramazanov became the first Muslims and Turks to reach the South Pole on foot.^{[29] [30]}
• 2009 – Kaspersky Commonwealth Antarctic Expedition, largest and most international group of women to ski to South Pole.
• 2009 – Second Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
• 2009–2010 – Unsupported/Unassisted Antarctica Ski Traverse from Berkner Island to South Pole to Ross Sea by Cecilie Skog and Ryan Waters.
• 2010 – Moon Regan Transantarctic Crossing, first wheeled transantarctic crossing and first bio-fuelled vehicle to travel to the South Pole.^[31]
• 2010 – Third Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
• 2011 – Fourth Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
• 2011–2012 – From Novolazarevskaya to Pole of Inaccessibility to South Pole to Hercules inlet by Sebastian Copeland and Eric McNair Landry by kites and skis.^[32]
• 2011–2012 – Scott Amundsen Centenary Race – Henry Worsley and Louis Rudd ski 800miles unsupported along the original route of Amundsen from the Bay of Whales up the Axel Heiberg to the SP racing against Mark Langridge, Vic Vicary and Kev Johnson completing Capt Scott's original route.
• 2011–2012 – British Services Antarctic Expedition 2012^[33]
• 2011–2012 – Expedition by Ramon Hernando de Larramendi, by Inuit WindSled.^[34]
• 2012 – Felicity Aston becomes the first person to ski alone across Antarctica using only personal muscle power, as well as the first woman to cross Antarctica alone.^{[35] [36]} Her journey began on 25 November 2011, at the Leverett Glacier, and continued for 59 days and a distance of 1744km (1,084miles).^[37]
• 2012 – Fifth Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
• 2012–2013 – Aaron Linsdau becomes the second American to ski solo from the Hercules Inlet to the South Pole. His original plan was to make a round trip but through a series of problems, like all other expeditions this year, was unable to make the return journey.^[38]
• 2012 – Eric Larsen attempts a bicycle ride from coast to South Pole. Completes a quarter of the distance.
• 2012 – Grant Korgan becomes the first person with a spinal cord injury to literally "push" himself to the geographic South Pole!^{[39] [40] [41] [42] [43]}
• 2012–2013 – Shackleton's centenary re-enactment expedition of the journey of the James Caird aboard the replica Alexandra Shackleton. Six British and Australian Explorers completed the "double journey" on 10 February 2013 after the 800miles journey from Elephant Island to South Georgia and the mountain crossing.
• 2013 – Sixth Venezuelan Scientific Expedition to Antarctica.
• 2013–2014 – Ben Saunders and Tarka L'Herpiniere make the first ever completion of the Terra Nova Expedition first taken by Robert Falcon Scott in January 1912. Their 1801order=flipNaNorder=flip, 105-day return journey to the South Pole is the longest ever polar journey on foot.^[44]
• 2013 – Parker Liautaud and Douglas Stoup attempt in December 2013 the Willis Resilience Expedition^[45] to set a "coast to Pole" speed record^[46] by reaching the geographical South Pole on skis in the fastest journey ever recorded from an interior of continent start while being followed by a support vehicle.
• 2013 – Antony Jinman will walk to the South Pole solo for the 2013 ETE Teachers South Pole Mission, during which he will be in daily contact with schoolchildren from across the United Kingdom and will make films using the world's first drone flights at the South Pole.
• 2013 – Maria Leijerstam becomes the first person to cycle from the Antarctic coast to South Pole. She also set the human powered speed record in 10 days, 14 hours and 56 minutes.
• 2013–2014 – Lewis Clarke (aged 16 years and 61 days) guided by Carl Alvey (aged 30) became the youngest person to trek from the Antarctic coast at Hercules Inlet to the South Pole. His expedition was in support of the Prince's Trust and his achievement is recognised by Guinness World Records.
• 2013–2014 – Married couple Christine (Chris) Fagan and Marty Fagan became the first American married couple (and second married couple in history) to complete a full unguided, unsupported, unassisted ski from the Antarctic coast to the South Pole. They join just over 100 people in history who have traveled to the South Pole in this manner. Their expedition took 48 days. Their achievement is recognized by Guinness World Records.
• 2013–2014 – Daniel P. Burton completes the first bicycle ride from coast to the South Pole.
• 2013–2014 – Chris Turney led an expedition, entitled "Spirit of Mawson", aimed at highlighting the decline in sea ice due to climate change. The expedition was abandoned when its Russian ship became stuck in unusually large amounts of sea ice.
• 2013 – In December 2013 the Expeditions 7 Team led by Scott Brady made a successful east-to-west crossing in four-wheel drive vehicles from Novolazarevskaya to the Ross Ice Shelf via the Scott-Amundsen South Pole Station. Expeditions 7's logistic plan included providing assistance to the Walking With The Wounded expedition, which was required at latitude 88°S. From the Ross Ice Shelf the Expeditions 7 team returned to Novolazarevskaya via the same route.
• 2014 – Turkish scientist Yakup Çelik became the first citizen representing Türkiye to reach the South Pole.^[47]
• 2015–2016 – Luke Robertson (UK) becomes the first Scot – and the first person with an artificial pacemaker – to ski solo, unsupported (no resupply) and unassisted (no kiting) from the coast of Antarctica (Hercules Inlet) to the South Pole.^[48]
• 2015–2016 – Henry Worsley died while attempting to complete the first solo and unaided crossing of the Antarctic.^[49]
• 2016 – First Homeward Bound expedition, then the largest all-women expedition to Antarctica.^[50]
• 2016–2017 – Malgorzata Wojtaczka – 52 years old Polish, after 69 days completes solo-unaided-unsupported expedition from Hercules Inlet to the South Pole.
• 2016–2017 – Spear17, a six-man team from the British Army Reserves successfully completed a full traverse of Antarctica. They set off on 16 November from Hercules Inlet, arrived at the South Pole on Christmas Day, and completed a full traverse reaching Ross Ice Shelf on 20 January 2017. The aim of the expedition was to raise the profile of the army reservists, and to honour the memory of fellow explorer Henry Worsley. The team was led by Captain Louis Rudd, MBE^{[51] [52]}
• 2016–2017 – Eric Philips (guide), Keith Tuffley and Rob Smith ski a new route to the South Pole from the Ross Ice Shelf through the Transantarctic Mountains following the Reedy Glacier. The expedition covers 605 km in 33 days setting off 8 December 2017 and arriving 10 January 2017.
• 2016–2017 – On 7 February Mike Horn completes first ever solo, unsupported north-to-south traverse of Antarctica from the Princess Astrid Coast (lat −70.1015 lon 9.8249) to the Dumont D'urville Station (lat −66.6833 lon 139.9167) via the South Pole. He arrived at the pole on 7 February 2017. A total distance of 5100 km was covered utilizing kites and skis in 57 days.^[53]
• 2016–2017 – Eric Philips (guide), Heath Jamieson (guide), Jade Hameister, Paul Hameister and Ming D'Arcy ski a new route to the South Pole from the Ross Ice Shelf through the Transantarctic Mountains following the Reedy Glacier then Kansas Glacier. The expedition covers 605 km in 33 days, setting off 6 December 2017 and arriving 11 January 2018.
• 2017–2018 – Astrid Forhold (Norway), supported by Jan Sverre Sivertsen, skies the longest part of the original Roald Amundsen route from Bay of Whales to the South Pole.
• 2018 – Colin O'Brady (USA) completed an unsupported (no resupplies or supply drops) solo crossing of Antarctica (not including the ice shelves). He started inland at the end of the Ronne Ice Shelf on 3 November 2018, passed through the South Pole and arrived inland at the start of the Ross Ice Shelf on 26 December 2018.^{[54] [55] [56]} Louis Rudd (UK), who started on the same day as Brady and took a similar route, completed his unsupported solo trek two days later, arriving at Ross Ice Shelf on 28 December 2018^[57]
• 2018–2019 – On 13 January, Matthieu Tordeur (France) becomes the first French and youngest in the world (27 years and 40 days) to ski solo, unsupported (no resupply) and unassisted (no kiting) from the coast of Antarctica (Hercules Inlet) to the South Pole.^[58]
• 2019 – SD 1020, an unmanned surface vehicle (USV) designed by British engineer Richard Jenkins of Saildrone, Inc. in Alameda, CA, completed the first autonomous circumnavigation of Antarctica, sailing 22000km (14,000miles) through the Southern Ocean in 196 days, from 19 January 2019 to 3 August 2019. The vehicle was deployed and retrieved from Bluff, New Zealand.^[59]
• 2019 – The first human-powered transit (by rowing) across the Drake Passage was accomplished on 25 December 2019, by captain Fiann Paul (Iceland), first mate Colin O'Brady (US), Andrew Towne (US), Cameron Bellamy (South Africa), Jamie Douglas-Hamilton (UK) and John Petersen (US).^[60]
• 2019–2020 – Anja Blacha completes the longest solo, unsupported, unassisted polar expedition by a woman, skiing from Berkner Island to the South Pole^{[61] [62]}
• 2019-2020 Wendy Searle becomes the seventh woman to ski solo unsupported from the Hercules Inlet to the pole ^[63]
• 2019–2020 – Mollie Hughes skied from Hercules Inlet to the pole, travelling 702order=flipNaNorder=flip.^[64]
• 2021–2022 – Preet Chandi, a British Sikh army officer, became the first woman of colour to reach the south pole unassisted.^[65]

Agreements

• 1959 – Antarctic Treaty System
• 1964 – Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
• 1978 – Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals
• 1982 – Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
• 1988 – Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities
• 1998 – Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

See also

• European and American voyages of scientific exploration
• Farthest South
• Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
  • List of Antarctic exploration ships from the Heroic Age, 1897–1922
• History of Antarctica
• History of research ships
• List of Arctic expeditions
• List of polar explorers
• List of Russian explorers
• Research stations in Antarctica

References

• Book: Savatyugin. L. M. . Preobrazhenskaya . M. A. . ru:Российские исследования в Антарктике. ru. Russian Exploration of Antarctica. 1999 . Gidrometeoizdat, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of Russian Federation (Roshydromet) . Saint Petersburg . 5-286-01265-5 .
• 1958–1974 . Soviet Antarctic Expedition . Information Bulletin . Amsterdam. Elsevier Pub. Co . 0038-5271.
• 'Extreme South' Struggles & triumph of the first Australian team to the Pole by Ian Brown, Published by Australian Geographic 1999. .

Further reading

See main article: Bibliography of Antarctica.

• Headland, Robert K. (2009). A Chronology of Antarctic Expeditions. A synopsis of events and activities from the earliest times until the International Polar Years, 2007-09. Bernard Quaritch Ltd.
• Landis, Marilyn J. (2003). Antarctica: Exploring the Extreme: 400 Years of Adventure. Chicago Review Press.

External links

• Fram.museum.no, map of Antarctic Expeditions 1772 – 1931 at The Fram Museum (Frammuseet)
• SPRI.cam.ac.uk, index to Antarctic Expeditions at the Scott Polar Research Institute's website
• Antarctic Expeditions, information about some of them from the British Antarctic Survey
• Antarctic-circle.org, Chronologies and Timelines of Antarctic Exploration
• Antarctic Exploration Timeline, animated map of Antarctic exploration and settlement
• Listen to Ernest Shackleton describing his 1908 South Pole Expedition, and read more about the recording on [australianscreen online].
• The recording describing Shackleton's 1908 South Pole Expedition was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia Registry in 2007
• Before she’s lost to decay on the West Coast, former Antarctica researchers in Maine want to save their storied 'Hero' . Portland Magazine. 8 November 2012

Notes and References

1. O'Connor, Tom Polynesians in the Southern Ocean: Occupation of the Auckland Islands in Prehistory in New Zealand Geographic 69 (September–October 2004): 6–8
2. Book: Atholl Anderson. Anderson. Atholl. Gerard R.. O'Regan . To the Final Shore: Prehistoric Colonisation of the Subantarctic Islands in South Polynesia. Australian Archaeologist: Collected Papers in Honour of Jim Allen. Canberra. Australian National University. 2000. 440–454.
3. [Atholl Anderson|Anderson, Atholl]
4. [Atholl Anderson|Anderson, Atholl]
5. Martinic B.. Mateo . Mateo Martinic . 2019 . Entre el mito y la realidad. La situación de la misteriosa Isla Elizabeth de Francis Drake. Between myth and reality. The situation of the mysterious Elizabeth Island of Francis Drake . . 47 . 1 . 5–14. 10.4067/S0718-22442019000100005 . 21 December 2019. es . free .
6. Book: Barros Arana, Diego. Historia general de Chile. Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. Alicante. http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-general-de-chile-tomo-cuarto--0/html/ff2f1efc-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_67.html. Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000. Tomo cuarto. es. Capítulo XI. Diego Barros Arana. 280.
7. Book: Lane, Kris E. . Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas 1500–1750 . 1998 . M.E. Sharpe . Armonk, N.Y. . 978-0-76560-256-5. 88.
8. Web site: Robbert. Kock. Dutch in Chile. Colonial Voyage.com. 23 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20160229232448/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/dutch-chile/. 29 February 2016. dead.
9. Halley, Edmund . 12 . 856 . Agnes Mary . Clerke . Agnes Mary Clerke.
10. Book: McGonigal, David. Antarctica: Secrets of the Southern Continent. Frances Lincoln . 2009. 288–289 . 978-0-7112-2980-8.
11. Web site: Antarctic Aerial Exploration .
12. Web site: First NGA ski trip to Pole from Hercules Inlet.
13. Web site: Antarctica.
14. Book: 978-0897328968. Crossing Antarctica. Steger. Will. Bowermaster. Jon. 2 March 2010. Menasha Ridge Press .
15. Book: Hoare, James E.. Historical Dictionary of Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Antarctic Exploration. https://books.google.com/books?id=rh5h4bZgkhEC&pg=PA44. 2012. Scarecrow Press. Lanham. 978-0-8108-7987-4. 44.
16. Book: The Snotsicle Traverse: A True Antarctic Adventure. January 1993. Frandorson .
17. Web site: Agency . Anadolu . 2019-02-01 . Turkey's Antarctic expeditions open new chapter in science . 2023-10-27 . Daily Sabah . en-US.
18. Book: Brown, Ian . 'Extreme South' Struggles & triumph of the first Australian team to the Pole . Australian Geographic . 1999.
19. Book: No Horizon is so far: Two women and their historic journey across Antarctica. Liv . Arnesen. Ann. Bancroft . Cheryl. Dahle. Penguin Books.
20. Web site: Polar Challenges / UK / Expeditions / Arctic Expeditions – Archives. Michel. Brent. v1.explorapoles.org.
21. http://www.icechallenger.co.uk/ IceChallenger.co.uk
22. http://www.tierraspolares.es/transantartica_ing.php Tierraspolared.es
23. Web site: Skiing to the South Pole in 59 days : Ray & Jenny Jardine. Ray. Jardine. www.rayjardine.com.
24. http://traverse.npolar.no/ Traverse.npolar.no
25. http://elements.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/reprint/4/5/354.pdf Conor J. Ryan Joys and Hardships of Antarctic Fieldwork, retrieved 2011 Aug 24
26. Web site: forsideverdensvakresteskitur.com . www.verdensvakresteskitur.com . 10 March 2022.
27. Web site: 11 August 2009. The Antarctica Challenge: A Global Warning. 21 November 2020. The GATE. en-US.
28. http://www.southpolequest.com/ Southpolequest.com
29. http://wu.edu.az/index.php?sid=176&lang=en The expedition team from Azerbaijan has planted the state flag on the South Pole!
30. Web site: 2009-01-27 . Azerbaijani team erects state flag in Antarctica . 2023-10-27 . Trend.Az . en.
31. http://www.transantarcticexpedition.com/ Moon Regan transantarctic crossing
32. Web site: ExWeb interview Sebastian Copeland and Eric McNair-Landry (part 1/2): The battle of body and gear across 2 South Poles. www.explorersweb.com.
33. http://www.bsae2012.co.uk/ BSAE 2012 – Spirit of Scott
34. Web site: 2011-2012 WINDSLED Acciona Antarctica Expedition. Inuit WindSled.
35. Web site: Long Day's Journey into White | Adventure . Reader's Digest Asia . 28 January 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150705035343/http://www.rdasia.com/long-days-journey-into-white/ . 5 July 2015 . dead .
36. Web site: Michael Warren . First woman to cross Antarctica solo sets two records . The Globe and Mail. 28 January 2012.
37. Web site: British adventurer Felicity Aston caps first ski crossing of Antarctica by woman . ESPN . 23 January 2012 . 28 January 2012.
38. Book: Amazon.com: Antarctic Tears: Determination, adversity, and the pursuit of a dream at the bottom of the world eBook: Aaron Linsdau: Kindle Store. www.amazon.com. 6 July 2014 . Sastrugi Press .
39. Web site: The Push Documentary – A Film About Overcoming Adversity With Love. Push.
40. Web site: Sit-skier Grant Korgan has pushed his way across Antarctica. espn.com. 14 December 2016. 20 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161220164844/http://xgames.espn.com/xgames/skiing/article/9926125/sit-skier-grant-korgan-pushed-way-antarctica. dead.
41. Web site: Paralyzed Nevada man Grant Korgan reaches South Pole – NY Daily News. Associated Press. nydailynews.com. 19 January 2012 .
42. Web site: Paralyzed athlete Grant Korgan achieves polar goal. 29 January 2012. sfgate.com.
43. Web site: Korg Movement – Choose Positivity Now. Korg Movement.
44. Web site: The Scott Expedition.
45. Web site: Willis Resilience Expedition.
46. News: Explorersweb . Breaking news: Christian Eide bags the South Pole solo speed ski world record . explorersweb.com . 13 January 2011 . 13 January 2011.
47. Web site: 2014-01-31 . Turkish scientist at the South Pole . 2023-10-27 . Daily Sabah . en-US.
48. News: Scots explorer Luke Robertson achieves South Pole first: Final Recap. BBC News. 14 January 2016. 16 January 2016.
49. News: Explorer dies in Antarctic crossing. BBC News. 3 December 2018.
50. News: Largest all-women expedition heads to Antarctica. BBC. 1 December 2016. 13 December 2020.
51. Web site: SPEAR17. 1 April 2018. Louis Rudd MBE. en-GB. 24 February 2019.
52. Web site: 一括査定を活用してバイクの買取を依頼するメリットとデメリット. www.spear17.org.
53. Web site: Mike Horn a dompté l'Antarctique en solitaire – L'illustré. https://web.archive.org/web/20170213205338/http://www.illustre.ch/news/mike-horn-dompte-lantarctique-en-solitaire. dead. 13 February 2017. 13 February 2017.
54. Web site: O'Brady's Antarctic Crossing: Was It Really Unassisted?. Explorersweb. 27 December 2018. 24 February 2019.
55. Web site: An Impossible First: Colin O'Brady Completes Solo Trek Across Antarctica – GlacierHub %. January 2019. Maria Dombrov22. 22 January 2019. GlacierHub. en-US. 24 February 2019.
56. Web site: Explorer completes historic Antarctic trek. https://web.archive.org/web/20181226230954/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/2018/12/explorer-completes-historic-antarctic-trek/. dead. 26 December 2018. 26 December 2018. Exploration & Adventure. 24 February 2019.
57. Web site: Second explorer completes Antarctic crossing. https://web.archive.org/web/20181229115753/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/2018/12/second-explorer-louis-rudd-crosses-antarctica/. dead. 29 December 2018. 28 December 2018. Exploration & Adventure. 24 February 2019.
58. Web site: Antarctica 2018–2019: Final Recap. Explorersweb. 18 January 2019. 11 June 2019.
59. Web site: Saildrone Completes First Autonomous Circumnavigation of Antarctica. www.saildrone.com. 5 August 2019.
60. Web site: First row across the Drake Passage. Guinness World Records. en-GB. 10 January 2020.
61. News: How three British women overcame ferocious storms and 'polar thigh' to conquer Antarctica on skis. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/antarctica/articles/female-solo-expeditions-south-pole/ . 12 January 2022 . subscription . live. Stephens. Rebecca. The Telegraph. 5 February 2020 . en-GB. 29 March 2020.
62. Web site: Anja Blacha nach Expedition zum Südpol: "Männerdomänen sind für Frauen erreichbar". 10 February 2020. Frankfurter Rundschau. de. 29 March 2020.
63. Web site: southpole2020 . 2023-05-08 . southpole2020 . en-US.
64. News: Woman is youngest to ski solo to South Pole. 10 January 2020. 20 January 2020. en-GB.
65. News: British Sikh Army officer becomes first woman of color to ski solo to the South Pole . . Laura Smith-Spark . Francesca Street . 4 January 2022 . 5 January 2022.