Anisakidae Explained

The Anisakidae are a family of intestinal nematodes (roundworms). The larvae of these worms can cause anisakiasis when ingested by humans, in raw or insufficiently cooked fish.

Anisakidae worms can infect many species of fish, birds, mammals and even reptiles.^[1]

They have some traits that are common with other parasites. These include: spicules, tail shapes and caudal papillae.^[2]

This family of parasites have a complex life cycle, meaning that they come in contact with more than one host throughout the duration of their life. Adult Anisakidae worms lay eggs in the gut of many species of marine mammals, and then these eggs are excreted from the host via fecal matter. Once these hatched larvae are in open water, they can be ingested by krill or other crustaceans. At this stage, the prevalence, or proportion of infected hosts, is rather low. The infected crustaceans can then be eaten by fish and cephalopods, where the parasite then furthers its development. Once the fish obtains the parasite, it then can reach the definitive host, or final host, through the consumption of the infected fish.^[3]

The prevalence of this parasite in humans is higher in places that regularly consume raw fish, such as Japan, France, Spain, and other European countries. There have been reported incidents of this parasites worldwide, but not as prevalent as the above-mentioned countries.

List of genera

List of genera according to the World Register of Marine Species:^[4]

• Acanthocheilus Molin, 1858
• Anisakis Dujardin, 1845
• Brevimulticaecum Mozgovoi, 1951 ^[5]
• Contracaecum Railliet & Henry, 1912
• Euterranova Moravec & Justine, 2020
• Goezia Zeder, 1800
• Neoterranova Moravec & Justine, 2020
• Phocanema Myers, 1959
• Phocascaris Höst, 1932
• Pseudoterranova Mozgovoi, 1951
• Terranova Leiper & Atkinson, 1914 ^[6] Taxon inquirendum ^[7]

Notes and References

1. Web site: Anisakidae - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life. www.eol.org. 27 April 2018. en.
2. Mattiucci S, Cipriani P, Webb SC, Paoletti M, Marcer F, Bellisario B, Gibson DI, Nascetti G . Genetic and morphological approaches distinguish the three sibling species of the Anisakis simplex species complex, with a species designation as Anisakis berlandi n. sp. for A. simplex sp. C (Nematoda: Anisakidae) . The Journal of Parasitology . 100 . 2 . 199–214 . April 2014 . 24224764 . 10.1645/12-120.1 . 31440191 .
3. Book: 10.1016/B978-1-78242-332-4.00008-4 . Foodborne nematodes . Foodborne Parasites in the Food Supply Web . 165–199 . 2015 . Pozio E . 9781782423324 .
4. Bezerra, T.N.; Decraemer, W.; Eisendle-Flöckner, U.; Hodda, M.; Holovachov, O.; Leduc, D.; Miljutin, D.; Mokievsky, V.; Peña Santiago, R.; Sharma, J.; Smol, N.; Tchesunov, A.; Venekey, V.; Zhao, Z.; Vanreusel, A. (2020). Anisakidae Skrjabin & Karokhin, 1945. In: Web site: NeMys: World Database of Free-Living Marine Nematodes . World Register of Marine Species . 2020-11-30 .
5. Mozgovoy AA. 1951. Ascaridata of mammals in the USSR (Anisakoidea). Trudy Gel’mintologicheskoy Laboratorii Akademii Nauk SSSR, 5, 14–22. [in Russian]
6. Leiper RT, Atkinson EL. 1914. Helminths of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910–1913. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pp. 222–226
7. Moravec. František. Justine. Jean-Lou. Erection of Euterranova n. gen. and Neoterranova n. gen. (Nematoda, Anisakidae), with the description of E. dentiduplicata n. sp. and new records of two other anisakid nematodes from sharks off New Caledonia. Parasite. 27. 2020. 58. 1776-1042. 10.1051/parasite/2020053. 33186094 . free.