Animal-free agriculture explained

Animal-free agriculture, also known as plant agriculture, plant-based agriculture, veganic agriculture, stockfree farming, plant farming or veganic farming, consists of farming methods that do not use animals or animal products.^{[1] [2] [3]}

Animal-free growers do not keep domesticated animals and do not use animal products such as farmed animal manures or animal parts (bone meal, blood meal, fish meal) to fertilize their crops.^[4] Emphasis is placed on using green manures and plant-based compost instead.^{[5] [6]}

Methods

Animal-free farming may use organic or non-organic farming methods. However, most detailed discussions of animal-free agriculture currently focus on animal-free organic variants. In the European Union, farmers have a financial incentive to use manure instead of animal-free fertilisers, since manure is subsidised. However, organic manure is not subsidised.^[7]

Industrial agriculture with synthetic fertilizers is animal-free. In the United States, few industrial farms use manure. Of all U.S. cropland, only 5% was manured in 2006.^[8]

Vegan organic farming

Vegan organic farming methods do not use animal products or by-products, such as blood meal, fish products, bone meal, feces, or other animal-origin matter because the production of these materials is viewed as either harming animals directly, or as associated with the exploitation and consequent suffering of animals.^{[1] [9] [10]} Some of these materials are by-products of animal husbandry, created during the process of cultivating animals for the production of meat, milk, skins, furs, entertainment, labor, or companionship. The sale of such by-products decreases expenses and increases profit for those engaged in animal husbandry and therefore helps support the animal husbandry industry, an outcome vegans find unacceptable.^[9]

Vegan organic growers maintain soil fertility using green manures, cover crops, green wastes, composted vegetable matter, and minerals. Some vegan gardeners may supplement this with human urine from vegans (which provides nitrogen) and 'humanure' from vegans, produced from compost toilets.^[9]

Veganic organic farmers take measures such as refraining from making large disturbances in the soil of the land and cultivating a variety of plants in the ground. This form of farming "encompasses a respect for the animals, the environment, and human health." Some of the plant-based techniques used in veganic agriculture include mulch, compost, chipped branched wood, crop rotation and others.^{[9] [11]}

Farms certified as biocyclic vegan use preventative methods to manage insects. If these fail, however, the label allows them to use insecticides^[12] such as Bacillus thuringiensis,^[13] which starves larvae to death.^[14]

Vegan organic farming is much less common than organic farming. In 2019, there were 63 self-declared vegan organic farms in the United States,^[15] and 16,585 certified organic farms.^[16]

Timeline

2006

• The World Conservation Union's Red List of Threatened Species reports that most of the world's threatened species are experiencing habitat loss as a result of livestock production conducted through animal agriculture.^[17]
• Center for Science in the Public Interest releases Six Arguments for a Greener Diet that found that a plant-rich diet "leads to much less food poisoning, water pollution, air pollution, global warming."

2016

• Research published in the journal Nature Communications finds that vegan diets have the best land use and are the only way to feed the global population by 2050.^[18]
• The World Resources Institute published the report: Shifting Diets for a Sustainable Food Future which showed that if people who consume large amounts of meat and dairy changed to diets with more plant-based meals could reduce agriculture's pressure on the environment.^[19]

2017

• University of Edinburgh researchers find that animal farming is the leading cause of food waste as it is responsible for the most losses of all harvested crops on Earth (40%) due to secondary consumption.^{[20] [21]}
• Forbes magazine publishes a compilation of recent vegan and plant-based business successes noting that vegan living is becoming more a norm because of its positive impact on sustainability.^[22]

2018

• Research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences find that a vegan shift would increase the US food supply by a third, eliminating all of the losses due to food waste and feeding all Americans as well as roughly 390,000,000 more.^[23]
• A Harvard study found that shifting all beef production in the U.S. to pastured, grass-fed systems would require 30% more cattle, increase beef's methane emissions by 43%, and would require much more land than is available.^[24]

2019

• A report from the Humane Party determines that vegan-organic agriculture can be 4,198% more productive than animal-based agriculture in the amount of food produced per acre.^[25]
• Veganic farmer Will Bonsall told The Guardian that most vegetables are "very un-vegan" due to being grown using inputs of animal-based products.^[26]

Advantages

Livestock in the United States produce 230,000 pounds of manure per second, and nitrogen from these wastes is converted into ammonia and nitrates which leach into ground and surface water causing contamination of wells, rivers and streams. Mature compost of plant-based origins, used in animal-free agriculture, can reduce leaching of nitrate which leads to an improvement in groundwater quality and counteracts the eutrophication of surface waters.^[27]

Animal free agriculture has the potential to prevent illnesses like influenza from spreading. Experts agree that most strains of the influenza virus that infect human beings came from contact with other animals. Farm animals on factory farms may be genetically similar therefore making them more susceptible to specific parasites. Infection among animals is more easily spread because of their close proximity to one another.^[28] Animal-free agriculture does not contribute to the spread of influenza through animals.

Current use

Vegan France Interpro in collaboration with the Biocyclic Vegan Network created an interactive map that lists all-vegan organic projects across Europe. This list primarily includes agricultural operations but also trading and processing companies, online shops, network organizations as well as certification bodies that certify farms according to the Biocyclic Vegan Standard.^[29]

There is a similar map in North America that conducts the same concept and locates vegan farms around North America.^[30]

The Biocyclic Vegan Standard is an IFOAM-accredited organic standard for vegan organic farms.^{[31] [32]} It is awarded by BNS Biocyclic Network Services Ltd (a Cypriot company), and has accredited 19 farms in Europe .^[33] The German Environment Agency awarded the German biocyclic vegan association some 60,000 euros for the promotion of the biocyclic vegan standard from 2021 to 2022.^[34]

, 18 farms in the United Kingdom and Ireland are certified vegan organic by the Stockfree Organic label. Farms wanting to obtain the label are certified by the Soil Association, and the label's requirements are determined by the Vegan Organic Network.^{[35] [36]}

See also

• Forest gardening
• Livestock's Long Shadow
• Vegan organic agriculture

References

1. Web site: 2014-09-20. Introduction to veganics. 2020-06-06. Veganic Agriculture Network. en.
2. Web site: Stock-free farming gives MPs food for thought. 2021-07-23. Vegan Society. en. ‘Stock-free’ farming avoids any use of domesticated animals, including animal manures and slaughterhouse by-products..
3. Web site: Jasiunas . Lukas . 2019-11-14 . Veganic Farming: Food Without Manure . 2022-08-31 . Faunalytics . en-US.
4. News: Glenza. Jessica. 2019-12-24. Are vegetables vegan? The man taking aim at animal products in organic farming. en-GB. The Guardian. 2020-06-06. 0261-3077.
5. News: 2008-06-21. 'Green manure' keeps these farmers happy. MSNBC. 2020-06-06.
6. News: Barkham . Patrick . 2019-01-12 . 'We're humus sapiens': the farmers who shun animal manure . The Guardian . 2022-08-31.
7. Web site: 2018-02-10 . Why we are better off without animal manure . 2021-07-23 . The Green Vegans . en-GB.
8. Web site: MacDonald. James M.. Ribaudo. Marc. Livingston. Michael. Beckman. Jayson. Huang. Wen-yuan. Manure Use for Fertilizer and for Energy: Report to Congress. 2021-01-06. www.ers.usda.gov. 7. en.
9. Web site: Growing without cruelty - the vegan organic approach. The Vegan Society. 2011-11-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20111104101126/http://www.vegansociety.com/lifestyle/home-and-garden/vegan-organic-gardening.aspx. 2011-11-04. dead.
10. Schmutz. U.. Foresi. L.. 2017. Vegan organic horticulture – standards, challenges, socio-economics and impact on global food security. Acta Horticulturae. 1164. 475–484. 10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1164.62. 0567-7572. 2021-07-28. 2021-07-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20210726100936/https://www.actahort.org/books/1164/1164_62.htm. dead.
11. https://veganorganic.net/composting-woodchips/ "Composing Woodchips"
12. Web site: 9 October 2017. Biocyclic-Vegan Standards. Version 1.02. BNS Biocyclic Network Services Ltd. 32. Only in case that the prophylactic and holistic measures taken have not been able to prevent the development of a situation critical to the crop (disease) and self-produced preparations are either not available or did not achieve a satisfactory result, the use of certain crop-treatment products as they are mentioned in the Green List can be permitted..
13. Web site: The Biocyclic Vegan Standard. Annex B. Green List. 5 January 2021. Biocyclic Vegan Standard. BNS Biocyclic Network Services Ltd. 1–5.
14. Web site: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) General Fact Sheet. 2021-01-04. npic.orst.edu.
15. Web site: Seymour. Mona. 2019. Map of North American Veganic Farms. 2021-01-04. www.arcgis.com.
16. Web site: 2019 Organic Survey. 2021-01-04. www.nass.usda.gov.
17. Web site: Timeline. 2021-03-09. Truth or Drought. en-US.
18. Erb . Karl-Heinz . Lauk . Christian . Kastner . Thomas . Mayer . Andreas . Theurl . Michaela C. . Haberl . Helmut . Exploring the biophysical option space for feeding the world without deforestation . Nature Communications . 2016 . 7 . 11382 . 10.1038/ncomms11382. 27092437 . 4838894 . 2016NatCo...711382E . free.
19. Web site: Ranganathan . Janet . Vennard . Daniel . Waite . Richard . Dumas . Patrice . Lipinski . Brian . Searchinger . Tim . Shifting Diets for a Sustainable Food Future . World Resources Institute . 4 February 2022.
20. Web site: Fifth of food lost to over-eating and waste. 2021-03-09. The University of Edinburgh. en.
21. Alexander . Peter . Brown . Calum . Arneth . Almut . Finnigan . John . Moran . Dominic . Rounsevell . Mark D.A. . Losses, inefficiencies and waste in the global food system . Agricultural Systems . 2017 . 153 . 190–200 . 10.1016/j.agsy.2017.01.014. 28579671 . 5437836 . 2017AgSys.153..190A .
22. News: Fox . Katrina . Here's Why You Should Turn Your Business Vegan In 2018 . 4 February 2022 . Forbes . 2017-12-27.
23. Shepon. Alon. Eshel. Gidon. Noor. Elad. Milo. Ron. 2018-04-10. The opportunity cost of animal based diets exceeds all food losses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. en. 115. 15. 3804–3809. 10.1073/pnas.1713820115. 0027-8424. 29581251. 5899434. 2018PNAS..115.3804S . free.
24. Hayek. Matthew N. Garrett. Rachael D. 2018-07-25. Nationwide shift to grass-fed beef requires larger cattle population. Environmental Research Letters. en. 13. 8. 084005. 10.1088/1748-9326/aad401. 2018ERL....13h4005H . 1748-9326. free. 20.500.11850/359683. free.
25. Web site: jimmyvidele. 2019-01-16. Comparison of Farming in Production of Food per Acre: Measuring vegan-organic agriculture vs. animal-based agriculture. 2021-03-09. The Humane Herald. en.
26. Web site: 2019-12-24. Glenza. Jessica. Are vegetables vegan? The man taking aim at animal products in organic farming. 2021-04-10. The Guardian. en.
27. Web site: The Sustainable Development Goals. 2021-03-09. BIOCYCLIC VEGAN STANDARD. en-US.
28. Anomaly. Jonathan. 2015-11-01. What's Wrong With Factory Farming?. Public Health Ethics. en. 8. 3. 246–254. 10.1093/phe/phu001. 36540869 . 9757169 . 1754-9973. 10161/9733. free.
29. Web site: 2020-10-08. New Interactive Map Featuring Vegan Organic Farms in Europe. 2021-03-09. vegconomist - the vegan business magazine. en-GB.
30. Web site: Mapping Veganic Farms in North America. 2021-03-09. en-US.
31. Web site: About us. 2021-01-03. BIOCYCLIC VEGAN STANDARD. en-US.
32. Web site: Organic Marketing & Export Network (O.M.E.N.) / PANHELLENIC BIOCYCLIC VEGAN NETWORK (BNS Biocyclic Network Services Ltd.) Directory of Affiliates. 2021-01-04. IFOAM Organics International.
33. Web site: Vegan farming in Europe. 2021-06-20. Vegan France Interpro. en-GB.
34. Web site: Stöcker. Katrin. 2021-03-11. Transformation des Ernährungssystems durch Entwicklung und Erhöhung des Beitrags des biozyklisch-veganen Anbaus. 2021-06-20. Umweltbundesamt. de.
35. Web site: VON Standards – Vegan Organic Network. 2021-06-20. en-GB.
36. Web site: Certification fees for farming & growing to Soil Association or EU organic standards. dead. Soil Association. 2021-07-27. 2021-07-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20210706165606/https://www.soilassociation.org/media/20752/fees-for-farming-and-growing-to-sa-or-eu-organic-standards-2020-21.pdf.

Further reading

• Seymour. Mona . Utter . Alisha . 2021 . Veganic farming in the United States: farmer perceptions, motivations, and experiences. Agriculture and Human Values. 38 . 4 . 1139–1159. 10.1007/s10460-021-10225-x. 34121805 . 8184056 . 235377562 .