Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878 explained

Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878
Location Signed:	Lisbon

The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878 was an economic agreement between Portugal and the United Kingdom regarding their trade and a railway between their colonies in India. This treaty was in keeping with the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance that dated back to the 14th century.

Aims

Portugal wanted to end Portuguese India's trade isolation, in order to expand its economy. This would be through a Customs Union with British India, and the construction of a railway line. Portugal offered Britain a monopoly on Goan salt production in return. Goan salt was considered to be a threat to the salt monopoly exercised by the colonial government in British India.

Main features

The main features of the treaty were:^{[1] [2]}

• Reciprocal freedom of commerce, navigation and transit between the two Indias;
• Abolition of all custom duties on the frontier lines between British India and Portuguese India;
• Uniformity of customs duties in the two territories on goods imported and exported by sea with, however, special stipulations with regard to salt, spirits and opium;
• Introduction into Portuguese India of the system of excise on spirituous liquours, including toddy, sanctioned by law in the Bombay Presidency;
• Prohibition of the export from Portuguese India of opium, or its cultivation or manufacture, except on account of the British Government;
• Monopoly power of the Bombay Presidency Government in British India on the manufacture of salt and its trade in Portuguese India, with the powers granted to the British India Government to limit the manufacture of salt and suppress if necessary, the salt works therein; and
• Mutual agreement for the construction of a railway line from the town of New Hubli to the port of Mormugao and its extension from New Hubli to Bellari.

Effects

The treaty had the following effects:

• It impoverished the native Goan peasants.^[3]
• It resulted in the connection of Goa to British India by rail through the West of India Portuguese Railway, and the construction and development of the Mormugao Port.
• British India was granted a monopoly of the salt trade in Goa.
• The contraction of the Goan economy due to the treaty caused a large scale emigration of Goans to British India, mostly to Bombay.^{[4] [5] [6]}

Termination

Due to the ill-effects of the treaty on Goan industry, there was pressure on the Portuguese to terminate the treaty. The government of British India also did not obtain substantial benefit from the treaty. This led to the termination of the treaty in 1892 due to non-renewal of the treaty by the parties.

See also

• Mormugao Port Trust
• Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373
• Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891

Further reading

• Bhat . N. Shyam . Trade in Portuguese Goa: The Nineteenth Century Scenario . Proceedings of the Indian History Congress . 2000 . 61 . 864–870 . 44148160.
• Silveira Pereira, Hugo. "O tratado luso-britânico de 1878: história de um acordo tecnodiplomático em três atos." ['The 1878 Portuguese-British treaty: history of a technodiplomatic accord in three acts'] Revista de Historía da Sociedade e da Cultura (2017), Vol. 17, pp229-252.
• Book: Sturt . W.N. . Denunciation of the Anglo-Portuguese (Goa) treaty of 1878: conditions of renewal . 28 Feb 1891 .

Notes and References

1. Nagvenkar . Harischandra Tucaram . Salt and the Goan Economy: A Study of Goa's salt industry and salt trade in the 19th and 20th centuries during the Portuguese rule . 1999 . PhD in Economics . Goa University . en-US . 196–250 . 10603/31915 .
2. Book: Danvers, Frederick Charles . Frederic Charles Danvers . The Portuguese in India: Being a History of the Rise and Decline of Their Eastern Empire. 1894. Asian Educational Services. 978-81-206-0391-2. 476.
3. Book: Borges , Charles . Goa and Portugal: History and Development . Pereira . Oscar Guilherme . Stubbe . Hannes . Concept Publication Company . 2000 . 8170228670 . New Delhi . 144–145.
4. Albuquerque . Teresa . Teresa Albuquerque . The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878 - Its Impact on the People of Goa . September 1990 . Indica . 27 . 2 . 117 . Heras Institute, St. Xavier's College, Bombay.
5. DaCosta . Murelle Maria Leonildes . History of Trade and Commerce in Goa 1878-1961 . 2002 . PhD in History . Goa University . en-US . 219–242.
6. Bhat . N. Shyam . TRENDS IN GOA'S TRADE AND COMMERCE : 1878 -1961 . Indo-Portuguese History: Global Trends . 2005 . 397–409.