China–United Kingdom relations explained

Mission1:Embassy of China, London
Mission2:Embassy of the United Kingdom, Beijing
Envoytitle1:Ambassador
Envoy1:Zheng Zeguang
Envoytitle2:Ambassador
Envoy2:Caroline Wilson

Chinese-United Kingdom relations, more commonly known as British–Chinese relations, Anglo-Chinese relations and Sino-British relations, are the interstate relations between China (with its various governments through history) and the United Kingdom.

Relations between the two nations have gone through ups and downs over the course of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The UK and China were on opposing sides during the Cold War, and relations were strained during the period Hong Kong was a British territory.[1] [2] Following the conclusion of the Cold War and the completion of an agreement regarding Hong Kong's future, a period known as the "Golden Era" of Sino-British relations began with multiple high-level state visits and bilateral trade and military agreements.[3] [4] This roughly 20-year period came to an abrupt end during the 2019–2020 Hong Kong democracy protests and the imposition of a highly controversial national security law that quelled civil liberties and freedoms in the city, which was viewed in the UK as a serious breach of the Sino-British Joint Declaration.[5] [6] In the years following relations have deteriorated significantly, with the UK banning Chinese companies from its 5G network development, participating in Anglo-American military operations in the South China Sea to counter Chinese territorial claims, and sanctioning China for alleged human rights abuses and crimes against humanity in Xinjiang.[7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] However, despite this, the countries maintain close economic relations,[14] with China being UK's third-largest trading partner as of 2022.[15]

Chronology

Medieval

Rabban Bar Sauma from China visited France and met with King Edward I of England in Gascony.

Between England and the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644)

See also: Levant Company, Kingdom of Tungning and Zheng Jing.

Great Britain and the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911)

See also: Canton System, Maritime fur trade and Old China Trade.

Conflict between China and Britain was inevitable. On the one side was a corrupt, decadent and caste-ridden despotism, with no desire or ability to wage war, which relied on custom much more than force for the enforcement of extreme privilege and discrimination, and which was blinded by a deep-rooted superiority complex into believing that they could assert their supremacy over Europeans without possessing military power. On the other side was the most economically advanced nation in the world, a nation of pushing, bustling traders, of self-help, free trade, and the pugnacious qualities of John Bull.[23]

An entirely opposite British viewpoint was promoted by humanitarians and reformers such as the Chartists and religious nonconformists led by young William Ewart Gladstone. They argued that Palmerston was only interested in the huge profits it would bring Britain, and was totally oblivious to the horrible moral evils of opium which the Chinese government was valiantly trying to stamp out.[24] [25] [26]

Britain and the Republic of China (1912–1950)

See also: Taiwan–United Kingdom relations and Japan–United Kingdom relations.

Between the UK and the People's Republic of China (1949–present)

The United Kingdom and the anti-Communist Nationalist Chinese government were allies during World War II. Britain sought stability in China after the war to protect its more than £300 million in investments, much more than from the United States. It agreed in the Moscow Agreement of 1945 to not interfere in Chinese affairs but sympathised with the Nationalists, who until 1947 were winning the Chinese Civil War against the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

By August 1948, however, the Communists' victories caused the British government to begin preparing for a Communist takeover of the country. It kept open consulates in CCP-controlled areas and rejected the Nationalists' requests that British citizens assist in the defence of Shanghai. By December, the government concluded that although British property in China would likely be nationalised, British traders would benefit in the long run from a stable, industrialising Communist China. Retaining Hong Kong was especially important; although the CCP promised to not interfere with its rule, Britain reinforced the Hong Kong Garrison during 1949. When the victorious Communist government declared on 1 October 1949 that it would exchange diplomats with any country that ended relations with the Nationalists, Britain—after discussions with other Commonwealth members and European countries—formally recognised the People's Republic of China in January 1950.[41] It was one of the first non-communist states to do so.[42]

Diplomacy

See also: Chinese Ambassador to the United Kingdom and List of Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to China. In 1954, UK Foreign Minister Anthony Eden and PRC Premier Zhou Enlai reached an agreement to exchange charges d'affaires. As a result of the Korean War and other disagreements, the two countries did not exchange ambassadors until 1972.

Of United Kingdom
Of China

Transport

Air transport

All three major Chinese airlines, Air China, China Eastern & China Southern fly between the UK and China, principally between London-Heathrow and the three major air hubs of Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. China Southern also flies between Heathrow and Wuhan. Among China's other airlines; Hainan Airlines flies between Manchester and Beijing, Beijing Capital Airlines offers Heathrow to Qingdao, while Tianjin Airlines offers flights between Tianjin, Chongqing and Xi'an to London-Gatwick. Hong Kong's flag carrier Cathay Pacific also flies between Hong Kong to Heathrow, Gatwick and Manchester. The British flag carrier British Airways flies to just three destinations in China; Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, and in the past Chengdu. Rival Virgin Atlantic flies between Heathrow to Shanghai and Hong Kong. British Airways has mentioned that it is interested in leasing China's new Comac C919 in its pool of aircraft of Boeing and Airbus.[75]

Rail transport

In January 2017, China Railways and DB Cargo launched the Yiwu-London Railway Line connecting the city of Yiwu and the London borough of Barking, and creating the longest railway freight line in the world. Hong Kong's MTR runs the London's TfL Rail service and has a 30% stake in South Western Railway. In 2017, train manufacturer CRRC won a contract to build 71 engineering wagons for London Underground. This is the first time a Chinese manufacturer has won a railway contract.[76]

Press

The weekly-published Europe edition of China Daily is available in a few newsagents in the UK, and on occasions a condensed version called China Watch is published in the Daily Telegraph.[77] The monthly NewsChina,[78] the North American English-language edition of China Newsweek (中国新闻周刊) is available in a few branches of WHSmith. Due to local censorship, British newspapers and magazines are not widely available in mainland China, however the Economist and Financial Times are available in Hong Kong.

British "China Hands" like Carrie Gracie, Isabel Hilton and Martin Jacques occasionally write opinion pieces in many British newspapers and political magazines about China, often to try and explain about Middle Kingdom.

Radio and television

Like the press, China has a limited scope in the broadcasting arena. In radio, the international broadcaster China Radio International broadcasts in English over shortwave which isn't widely taken up and also on the internet. The BBC World Service is available in China by shortwave as well, although it is often jammed (See Radio jamming in China). In Hong Kong, the BBC World Service is relayed for eight hours overnight on RTHK Radio 4 which on a domestic FM broadcast.

On television, China broadcasts both its two main English-language news channels CGTN and CNC World. CGTN is available as a streaming channel on Freeview, while both are available on Sky satellite TV and IPTV channels. Mandarin-speaking Phoenix CNE TV is also available of Sky satellite TV. Other TV channels such as CCTV-4, CCTV-13, CGTN Documentary and TVB Europe are available as IPTV channels using set-top boxes.

British television isn't available in China at all, as foreign televisions channels and networks are not allowed to be broadcast in China. On the other hand, there is an interest in British television shows such as Sherlock and British television formats like Britain's Got Talent (China's Got Talent (中国达人秀)) and Pop Idol (Super Girl (超级女声)).

British in China

See also: Britons in China.

Statesmen

Diplomats

See also: List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to China.

Merchants

Military

Missionaries

Academics

Chinese statesmen

See also

Bibliography

Since 1931

Primary sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Ives . Mike . Chen . Elsie . 2019-09-16 . In 1967, Hong Kong's Protesters Were Communist Sympathizers . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-09-04 . 0362-4331 . 2022-09-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220904104828/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/16/world/asia/hong-kong-1967-riots.html . live .
  2. Web site: Griffiths . James . 2017-06-18 . The secret negotiations that sealed Hong Kong's future . 2022-09-04 . CNN . en . 2022-09-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220904104834/https://www.cnn.com/2017/06/18/asia/hong-kong-handover-china-uk-thatcher/index.html . live .
  3. News: 2020-07-14 . UK-China relations: from 'golden era' to the deep freeze . Financial Times . 2022-09-04 . 2022-09-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220904104834/https://www.ft.com/content/804175d0-8b47-4427-9853-2aded76f48e4 . live .
  4. News: Rao . Presented by Rachel Humphreys with Tania Branigan; produced by Mythili . Maynard . Axel Kacoutié; executive producers Phil . Jackson . Nicole . 2020-07-14 . Is the UK's 'golden era' of relations with China now over? – podcast . en-GB . The Guardian . 2022-09-04 . 0261-3077 . 2022-09-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220904104857/https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2020/jul/14/is-uk-golden-era-relations-china-over-podcast . live .
  5. Web site: Foreign Secretary declares breach of Sino-British Joint Declaration . 2022-09-04 . GOV.UK . en . 2023-06-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230614064816/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-declares-breach-of-sino-british-joint-declaration . live .
  6. Web site: 2021-03-13 . Hong Kong: UK accuses China of breaching joint declaration . 2022-09-04 . the Guardian . en . 2022-06-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220608113845/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/mar/13/hong-kong-uk-accuses-china-of-breaching-joint-declaration . live .
  7. News: 2020-11-30 . Britain bans new Huawei 5G kit installation from September 2021 . en . Reuters . 2022-09-04 . 2022-09-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220904104834/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-huawei-idUSKBN28A005 . live .
  8. Web site: Britain tracked Chinese submarines and was ready to intercept jets in South China Sea, officers reveal . 2022-09-04 . Sky News . en . 2022-10-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221027205302/https://news.sky.com/story/britain-tracked-chinese-submarines-and-was-ready-to-intercept-jets-in-south-china-sea-officers-reveal-12460378 . live .
  9. Web site: Loh . Victor . UK plans to beef up military deployments in Asia . 2022-09-04 . CNBC . 12 October 2021 . en . 2022-09-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220904104828/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/12/royal-navy-and-raf-uk-will-beef-up-military-deployments-in-asia.html . live .
  10. Web site: China's ambassador to the UK summoned by Foreign Secretary Liz Truss over 'wide-ranging escalation' against Taiwan . 2022-09-04 . Sky News . en . 2022-09-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220904104834/https://news.sky.com/story/chinas-ambassador-to-the-uk-summoned-by-foreign-secretary-liz-truss-over-wide-ranging-escalation-against-taiwan-12669898 . live .
  11. Web site: 2022-08-16 . Chinese ambassador warns UK not to cross 'red lines' over Taiwan . 2022-09-04 . the Guardian . en . 2022-09-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220904024621/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/16/chinese-ambassador-warns-uk-not-to-cross-red-lines-over-taiwan . live .
  12. Web site: UK sanctions perpetrators of gross human rights violations in Xinjiang, alongside EU, Canada and US . 2022-09-04 . GOV.UK . en . 2022-08-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220815040617/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-sanctions-perpetrators-of-gross-human-rights-violations-in-xinjiang-alongside-eu-canada-and-us . live .
  13. Web site: UN Human Rights Chief's report on Xinjiang, China: Foreign Secretary's statement . 2022-09-04 . GOV.UK . en . 2022-09-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220904104830/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-statement-following-publication-of-un-human-rights-chiefs-report-on-xinjiang . live .
  14. Web site: 2021-05-25 . China replaces Germany as UK's biggest import market . 2022-10-18 . the Guardian . en . 2022-10-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221019111130/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/may/25/uk-trade-with-eu-falls-by-23-in-first-quarter-as-brexit-and-covid-hit . live .
  15. News: 2022-02-11 . Boris Johnson seeks to forge closer economic ties with China . Financial Times . 2022-10-18 . 2022-10-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221018140011/https://www.ft.com/content/321ffeaf-58b7-4ed5-a367-4d175edbab8a . live .
  16. Book: Mundy, William Walter . Canton and the Bogue: The Narrative of an Eventful Six Months in China. 1875. 51. Samuel Tinsley. London. . The full text of this book is available.
  17. Book: Dodge, Ernest Stanley. Islands and Empires: Western impact on the Pacific and East Asia (vol.VII). 1976. 261–262. University of Minnesota Press . 978-0-8166-0788-4. Dodge says the fleet was dispersed off Sumatra, and Wendell was lost with all hands.
  18. J.H.Clapham. Review of The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, 1635-1834 by Hosea Ballou Morse. The English Historical Review. 1927. 42. 166. 289–292. 551695 . Oxford University Press. 10.1093/ehr/XLII.CLXVI.289. Clapham summarizes Morse as saying that Wendell returned home with a few goods.
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  22. Glenn Melancon, "Peaceful intentions: the first British trade commission in China, 1833–5." Historical Research 73.180 (2000): 33-47.
  23. Jasper Ridley, Lord Palmerston (1970) p. 249.
  24. Ridley, 254-256.
  25. May Caroline Chan, “Canton, 1857” Victorian Review (2010), 36#1 pp 31-35.
  26. Glenn Melancon, Britain's China Policy and the Opium Crisis: Balancing Drugs, Violence and National Honour, 1833–1840 (2003)
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  32. Book: Alicia E. Neva Little. Intimate China: The Chinese as I Have Seen Them. 10 June 2010. Cambridge University Press. 978-1-108-01427-4. 210–.
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  34. http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Intimate_China_1000044096/225
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