Special relationship (international relations) explained

A special relationship is a diplomatic relationship that is especially strong and important. This term is usually used to refer to the relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom. In an extended use of the term, it has also been used to describe the whole of European Union–United States relations,[1] as well as the following relations:

List of relationships
Albania–China relations[2] [3]
Albania–Kosovo relations[4]
Argentina–Brazil relations[5]
Argentina–Uruguay relations[6]
Armenia–France relations[7]
Armenia–Russia relations[8] [9] [10]
Australia–Canada relations[11]
Australia–New Zealand relations[12] [13]
Australia–Singapore relations[14]
Australia–United Kingdom relations[15]
Australia–United States relations[16]
Azerbaijan–Turkey relations[17] [18]
Bhutan–India relations[19] [20]
Brazil–Portugal relations[21]
Canada–France relations[22]
Canada–New Zealand relations[23]
Canada–United Kingdom relations[24]
Canada–United States relations[25] [26] [27] [28]
China–North Korea relations[29]
China–Pakistan relations[30] [31]
China–Russia relations[32] [33]
Cyprus–Greece relations[34]
Cyprus–United Kingdom relations[35]
Denmark–Finland relations[36]
Denmark–Iceland relations[37]
Denmark–Norway relations[38]
Denmark–Sweden relations[39]
Egypt–United Arab Emirates relations[40] [41] [42] [43]
Estonia–Finland relations[44]
Estonia–Germany relations[45]
Finland–Iceland relations[46]
Finland–Norway relations[47]
Finland–Sweden relations[48]
France–Germany relations[49]
France–Greece relations[50]
France–India relations[51]
France–Italy relations[52]
France–Lebanon relations[53]
France–Monaco relations[54]
France–United Kingdom relations[55] [56]
France–United States relations[57]
Germany–Italy relations[58]
Germany–South Korea relations[59]
Germany–Spain relations[60]
Germany–United States relations[61] [62]
Greece–Italy relations[63] [64] [65] [66]
Greece–Portugal relations[67]
Greece–Spain relations[68]
Greece–United States relations[69]
Holy See–Italy relations[70] [71]
Iceland–Norway relations[72]
Iceland–Sweden relations[73]
India–Israel relations[74]
India–Nepal relations
India–Russia relations[75]
India–United Kingdom relations[76]
India–United States relations[77] [78]
Ireland–United States relations[79]
Israel–United Kingdom relations[80]
Israel–United States relations[81]
Italy–Portugal relations[82]
Italy–Spain relations[83]
Italy–United Kingdom relations[84]
Italy–United States relations[85]
Japan–Philippines relations[86]
Japan–United States relations[87] [88] [89] [90]
Laos–Vietnam relations[91] [92] [93] [94]
Liechtenstein–Switzerland relations[95]
Moldova–Romania relations[96]
Norway–Sweden relations[97]
New Zealand–Singapore relations[98]
New Zealand–South Korea relations[99]
New Zealand–United Kingdom relations[100]
New Zealand–United States relations[101]
Oman–United Kingdom relations[102] [103]
Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations[104] [105] [106]
Portugal–Spain relations[107]
Portugal–United Kingdom relations[108]
Philippines–United States relations[109] [110]
Qatar–United Kingdom relations[111]
Russia–Serbia relations[112]
Saudi Arabia–United Kingdom relations[113] [114]
Singapore–United Kingdom relations[115]
Singapore–United States relations[116]
Singapore–Taiwan relations[117]
South Africa–United Kingdom relations[118]
South Korea–Taiwan relations[119]
South Korea–United Kingdom relations[120]
South Korea–United States relations[121]
Taiwan–United States relations[122]
United Arab Emirates–United Kingdom relations[123] [124] [125]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: European Union – EEAS (European External Action Service) – The EU and the US: a special relationship.
  2. Web site: Lüdtke . Lisa . China's soft landing in the Balkans . GIS Reports . 6 October 2022 . 3 January 2018.
  3. Boriçi . Gjon . Albanian diplomacy serving China's strategy '58-'75 . Albanian Studies . 4 June 2020 . 79–99 . 6 October 2022.
  4. Sulçebe, Dritan. "Albania and Kosovo. In quest of a Common Future." (2014).
  5. http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/special/C1148-useful-guide-for-brazilians.php Useful Guide for Brazilians
  6. News: En qué se parecen y diferencian Argentina y Uruguay (y qué tan cierto es que "más que hermanos, son gemelos") . 2024-08-12 . BBC News Mundo . es.
  7. News: Khachatrian . Haroutiun . French-Armenian Relations: Past and Present . evnreport . December 4, 2023.
  8. News: Khachatrian . Haroutiun . Armenians Worry About Special Relationship with Russia . . February 15, 2001.
  9. News: Demytrie . Rayhan . Armenians challenge age-old links to Russia . . 10 August 2016 . Armenia has maintained a special relationship with Russia since the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991....
  10. Kambeck . Michael . Between the big blocs: Armenian foreign policy untangled . European View . June 1, 2014 . 13 . 29–38 . 10.1007/s12290-014-0298-2 . . 154016333 . The author analyses the special relationship with Russia.... free .
  11. Web site: Canada-Australia Relations. Government of Canada. 9 January 2020 .
  12. Web site: Kiwis and Aussies, best friends forever?. NZ Herald. 10 May 2024 .
  13. Web site: Feelings towards other nations - Lowy Institute Poll. Lowy. Institute. Lowy Institute Poll 2022.
  14. Web site: https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/international/global/singapore-and-australia-enter-new-chapter-cooperation-2025.
  15. Web site: PARTNERS IN CRIMES? THE UK/AUSTRALIA SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP. 5 November 2021. Declassified UK. 4 December 2023.
  16. News: The Times views of US-Australian ties a new Special Relationahips.
  17. Web site: Kardas. Saban. Turkey Develops Special Relationship with Azerbaijan. Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume. 6 October 2012.
  18. Web site: Katik. Mevlut. Azerbaijan and Turkey Coordinate Nagorno-Karabakh Negotiation Position. EurasiaNet. 6 October 2012.
  19. http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/edit/handle-with-care-bhutan-is-a-friend.html Handle with care, Bhutan is a friend
  20. News: Narendra Modi leaves for Bhutan on his first foreign visit as PM. The Economic Times.
  21. Web site: Foreign policy – Americas . Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Lisbon . 18 November 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111226010155/http://www.mne.gov.pt/mne/en/infopolitica/polexternas . 26 December 2011 . dead.
  22. Book: https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780773575882-013/html?lang=en . 10.1515/9780773575882-013 . A Special Relationship? The Importance of France in Canadian Foreign Policy . Canada Among Nations, 2008 . 2009 . Massie . Justin . 235–270 . 978-0-7735-7588-2 .
  23. Web site: Canada-New Zealand Relations. 4 March 2020.
  24. Web site: Canada-United Kingdom relations Government of Canada. 19 December 2019.
  25. Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent said: "the special nature of our relationship to the United Kingdom and the United States complicates our responsibilities..." quoted in: H.H. Herstien, L.J. Hughes, R.C. Kirbyson. Challenge & Survival: The History of Canada (Scarborough, ON: Prentice-Hall, 1970). p 411
  26. https://archive.today/20100830035506/http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p73495_index.html Canada in North America: Farewell to the 'Special Relationship'
  27. Web site: FindArticles.com – CBSi.
  28. Web site: Allan Gotlieb: Bring back the special relationship . 17 January 2008 .
  29. Web site: 'Special relationship' in focus as China's Xi visits North Korea . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190727024206/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/relationship-focus-china-xi-visits-north-korea-190620054134706.html . 27 July 2019 . 2019-07-25 . Al Jazeera . Kate . Mayberry . 20 June 2019 .
  30. News: China-Pakistan relations . 3 November 2013 . 6 December 2013 . International Policy Digest . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131213062624/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/tag/china-pakistan-relations/ . 13 December 2013 .
  31. News: China-Pakistan friendship 'sweeter than honey', says Nawaz Sharif. The Telegraph. 5 July 2013. 6 December 2013.
  32. Smolchenko, Anna. "Putin Welcomes China's Xi for landmark talks." AFP. 22 March 2013.
  33. News: China-Russia: a special relationship. Euronews. 22 March 2013. 18 March 2014. 20 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170620023443/http://www.euronews.com/2013/03/22/china-russia-a-special-relationship. dead.
  34. Web site: https://kyprioscharacter.eie.gr/en/scientific-texts/details/cyprus-and-others/relations-between-athens-and-cyprus-during-classical-period.
  35. Web site: https://ukandeu.ac.uk/cyprus-special-ties-with-the-uk-will-determine-cypruss-final-stance/.
  36. Web site: Nordic cooperation .
  37. Web site: A Special Relationship . 12 December 2023 .
  38. Web site: Strong political relations .
  39. Web site: http://www.stratagem.no/danish-thoughts-on-finnish-and-swedish-nato-membership/amp/.
  40. News: Emirates Forges Special Relationship With El-Sissi's Egypt. 6 March 2015. Associated Press. The New York Times.
  41. Web site: Sisi: UAE-Egypt relations will always be special. 19 January 2015. Al Arabiya English.
  42. Web site: Analysis: Rise of Islamists frays strategic UAE-Egyptian relations. Rania El Gamal and William Maclean. 17 February 2013. Reuters. 2 July 2017. 24 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924175524/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/17/us-uae-egypt-diplomacy-idUSBRE91G08M20130217. live.
  43. Web site: Al Sisi's visit bolsters UAE-Egypt ties. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061640/http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/Al_Sisis_visit_bolsters_UAE-Egypt_ties/60543.htm. 4 March 2016.
  44. Web site: Kahdenväliset suhteet . fi . Finland abroad . Embassy of Finland, Tallinn . 17 October 2023.
  45. Web site: Bilateral relations between Estonia and Germany . Auswärtiges-amt.de.
  46. Web site: Strong political relations .
  47. Web site: Norway and Finland thaw relations with Russia .
  48. Web site: Kahdenväliset suhteet Ruotsiin (Bilateral Relations to Sweden) . fi . 16 September 2013 . finland.se/ . Embassy of Finland, Stockholm . 2 October 2023.
  49. Web site: What′s so special about the Franco-German relationship? – Europe – DW.COM – 07.05.2012. DW.COM.
  50. Web site: france 24 – Greece hails 'special relationship' with France on Hollande visit – France 24. France 24. 22 October 2015 .
  51. Web site: Exploring the India-France 'special relationship'. ORF.
  52. Web site: France Italian relations at their best a look back on the relationship between the two nations. EURONEWS.EU. 6 April 2022 .
  53. Web site: Why France and Lebanon are such close allies.
  54. Web site: Monaco and the EU. EEAS – European External Action Service – European Commission.
  55. Web site: The real special relationship. 21 May 2023. Financial Times. 4 December 2023.
  56. Web site: France's Macron wants "very special relationship" with Britain after Brexit. 13 December 2019. Reuters. 4 December 2023.
  57. https://www.politico.eu/article/macron-trump-may-move-over-britain-france-is-americas-bff-now/ Move over Britain, France is America's ‘special’ friend
  58. Web site: The Italian - German Relationship: The Role of Cultural Diplomacy in Europe . Dario . Deserri . www.culturaldiplomacy.org.
  59. Web site: The New Dynamism in Germany's Relations with South Korea.
  60. Web site: Germany and Spain: Bilateral relations .
  61. The U.S.'s "Special Relationship" Is with Germany, Not Britain. Harvard Business Review . 29 June 2016. hbr.org . Berghahn . Volker R. .
  62. Web site: Germany: America's real special relationship. Benjamin. Oreskes. POLITICO.
  63. Web site: Pavlopoulos and Mattarella confirm the longstanding Greek-Italian friendship (Παυλόπουλος και Ματαρέλα επιβεβαίωσαν τη μακρόχρονη ελληνοϊταλική φιλία) . documentonews.gr . 5 March 2017.
  64. Web site: Pavlopoulos – Mattarella: Strong friendship and a common vision between Greece and Italy (Παυλόπουλος – Ματαρέλα: Δυνατή φιλία και κοινή οπτική μεταξύ Ελλάδας και Ιταλίας) . news247.gr . 5 March 2017 . 6 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170306131743/http://news247.gr/eidiseis/politiki/paylopoylos-matarela-dynath-filia-kai-koinh-optikh-metaksu-elladas-kai-italias.4482614.html . dead .
  65. Web site: Greece-Italy alliance (Ελλάδα-Ιταλία συμμαχία) . makthes.gr . 5 March 2017 . 6 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170306134643/http://makthes.gr/%CE%B5-%CE%B5-%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1-%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1-%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1/ . dead .
  66. Web site: A medal of honor for the Greek-Italian relations (Ενα παράσημο για τις ελληνοϊταλικές σχέσεις) . enet.gr . 5 March 2017.
  67. Web site: https://atenas.embaixadaportugal.mne.gov.pt/en/the-embassy/message-from-the-ambassador.
  68. Web site: Spain wants best possible relationship with Greece Rajoy says.
  69. Web site: How Greece Became One of America's—and Israel's—Closest Allies . 18 June 2019 . washingtonmonthly.com . 13 December 2021.
  70. Book: I corvi del Vaticano. 9788873397939. Frattini. Eric. 12 March 2013. Sperling & Kupfer .
  71. Web site: Patti lateranensi, 11 febbraio 1929 – Segreteria di Stato, card. Pietro Gasparri. https://web.archive.org/web/20130813092149/http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19290211_patti-lateranensi_it.html. dead. 13 August 2013. www.vatican.va.
  72. Web site: A 'special relationship' built on a patchwork .
  73. Web site: The history of the Nordic Region | Nordic cooperation .
  74. Book: Indian Foreign Policy. 2007. 9788171885930. Sinha . Atish . Mohta . Madhup . Academic Foundation .
  75. Web site: Embassy of India, Moscow (Russia) . Bilateral Relations: India-Russia . 2022-12-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180727103251/http://www.indianembassy.ru/index.php/bilateral-relations/bilateral-relations-india-russia . 27 July 2018 .
  76. Web site: UK and India announce new era in bilateral relationship. HM Government .
  77. Web site: America and India: The Almost-Special Relationship. Jim . Yardley . Nov 6, 2010 . The New York Times . 2010-11-06.
  78. Web site: India and the US – a new special relationship?. limited . IPE . Joseph . Mariathasan . 24 September 2019 . 2019-09-24 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211201122150/https://www.ipe.com/joseph-mariathasan-india-and-the-us-a-new-special-relationship/10033286.article . Dec 1, 2021 .
  79. News: The Irish Times view on Ireland and the United States: The special relationship . .
  80. Web site: The raw truth about the UK's special relationship with Israel. Mark . Curtis . 10 August 2018. Middle East Eye. 4 December 2023.
  81. Web site: The US-Israeli "Special Relationship" . April 28, 2013 . Ted . Frier . Open Salon . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130610152210/http://www.open.salon.com/blog/ted_frier/2013/04/28/the_us-israeli_special_relationship . 10 June 2013 .
  82. Web site: The connection between Portugal and Italy in the sphere of relationships .
  83. Web site: Italy and Spain: A tale of two countries .
  84. Web site: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330055756.
  85. Web site: https://www.state.gov/the-u-s-italy-relationship/.
  86. News: Cervantes . Filane Mikee . House adopts reso enhancing PH-Japan parliamentary ties . 4 November 2023 . . 1 August 2023 . It also said that with the accession of Japan as a dialogue partner to the Association of Southeast Nations (ASEAN) Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, "the special relationship of the Philippines and Japan is further developed, and the regional cooperation towards perpetual peace, everlasting amity, and collaboration among the peoples in ASEAN is enhanced." . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231208222717/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1206845 . Dec 8, 2023 .
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  88. Web site: The United States & Japan: The Perfect Model of Forgiveness in International Relations. Cennamology.com . Steven . Cenname . May 29, 2014 . 2016-02-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303072720/http://www.cennamology.com/home/the-united-states-japan-the-perfect-model-of-forgiveness-in-international-relations. 3 March 2016. dead.
  89. Web site: U.S.-Japan Relations a Model of Reconciliation, Obama Says . WSJ Blogs – Japan Real Time . 2016-02-22 . Jun . Hongo . subscription . Sep 3, 2015 . 1 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180701193940/https://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2015/09/03/u-s-japan-relations-a-model-of-reconciliation-obama-says/ . dead .
  90. Web site: 5 facts to help understand the U.S.-Japan relationship . Bruce . Stokes . April 7, 2015 . Pew Research Center . 2016-02-22 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161203152205/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/07/5-facts-to-help-understand-the-u-s-japan-relationship/ . Dec 3, 2016 .
  91. Web site: Vietnam and Laos: The Special Relationship . https://web.archive.org/web/20140327233850/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA184240. dead. 27 March 2014. Zagioff . Joseph J . Department of State Washington DC Office of External Research . March 1987 . DTIC OAI . 1 February 2016 .
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  96. Web site: Relații bilaterale - Scurt istoric. AMBASADA ROMÂNIEI în Republica Moldova.
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  98. Web site: https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/asia/singapore.
  99. Web site: https://thediplomat.com/2023/09/better-late-than-never-south-korea-and-new-zealand-in-the-south-pacific/.
  100. Web site: The UK and New Zwaland a Special Relationship for the 21st century. 17 January 2020 .
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  102. Web site: Britain and Oman: Will their growing special relationship survive succession?. 17 June 2019. 4 December 2023. Middle East Eye. en.
  103. Web site: Britain's Dangerous and Ignored Special Relationship With Oman. 11 August 2016. 4 December 2023. HuffPost. en.
  104. News: Saudi Arabia and Pakistan's Evolving Alliance. Huffington Post. 23 November 2015. 27 January 2016. Giorgio. Cafiero. Daniel. Wagner.
  105. Web site: Pakistan and Saudi Arabia: How Special are the "Special Relations"?. The Institute for National Security Studies. Yoel. Guzansky. 16 February 2016. 27 January 2016.
  106. Book: Teller, Neville. The Chaos in the Middle East: 2014–2016. 246. Troubador Publishing Ltd. 2016. 9781785892820.
  107. Web site: Spain and Portugal: From Distant Neighbours to Uneasy Associates .
  108. Web site: UK and Portugal celebrate the world's longest diplomatic alliance .
  109. Salans . Carl F. . Belmans . Murray J. . An Appraisal of the United States—Philippines' Special Relationship . . 1 August 1965 . 40 . 3 . 447–476 . 4 November 2023.
  110. Sen . Rabindra . PHILIPPINES – U.S. SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP: COLD WAR AND BEYOND . Jadavpur Journal of International Relations . June 2005 . 9 . 1 . 85–92 . 10.1177/0973598405110005 . 4 November 2023 . Sage Publishing.
  111. Web site: UK ALLOWS KEY HAMAS FUNDER TO HAVE MILITARY BASE IN NORTHERN ENGLAND. 9 October 2023. 4 December 2023. Desclassified UK. en.
  112. Web site: Samorukov . Maxim . Last Friend in Europe: How Far Will Russia Go to Preserve Its Alliance With Serbia? . 2022-12-30 . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . en.
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  116. Web site: https://sg.usembassy.gov/u-s-singapore-relations/.
  117. Web site: https://www.ft.com/content/52bb620e-b601-11e6-ba85-95d1533d9a62.
  118. 'The Transvaal Blue-Book', The Times (16 September 1899), pg. 3, col. C.
  119. Web site: [Column] the history linking Taiwan and the Korean Peninsula .
  120. Web site: What's Next for the South Korea-UK Relationship?.
  121. Web site: What does the Korean War reveal about the 'special relationship'? . 2022-09-15 . www.churchillarchiveforschools.com.
  122. Web site: Chairman Royce Meets with President Tsai in Taiwan. 2017-09-01. Committee on Foreign Affairs. United States House of Representatives. en-US. 2018-12-22.
  123. Web site: The other special relationship: the UAE and the UK. Sultan Al Qassemi.
  124. Web site: Sheikh Khalifa's trip will strengthen UK-UAE ties. Colin Simpson. 25 April 2013 .
  125. Web site: الرئيسية – صاحب السمو الشيخ محمد بن راشد آل مكتوم. https://web.archive.org/web/20131231054104/http://www.sheikhmohammed.com/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=15e504ee11a11310VgnVCM1000004d64a8c0RCRD. dead. 2013-12-31.

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