Anglian stage explained

Anglian
Time Start:	0.478
Time End:	0.424
Celestial Body:	earth
Usage:	Regional
Timescales Used:	British Isles
Used By:	United Kingdom
Chrono Unit:	Age
Strat Unit:	Stage

The Anglian Stage is the name used in the British Isles for a middle Pleistocene glaciation. It precedes the Hoxnian Stage and follows the Cromerian Stage in the British Isles. It correlates to Marine Isotope Stage 12 (MIS 12),^{[1] [2] [3]} which started about 478,000 years ago and ended about 424,000 years ago.^{[4] [5]}

Description

The Anglian stage has often been correlated to the Elsterian Stage of northern Continental Europe and the Mindel Stage in the Alps.^[6]

The Anglian was the most extreme glaciation during the last two million years. In Britain the ice sheet reached the Isles of Scilly and the Western Approaches, the furthest south the ice reached in any Pleistocene ice age.^[7] In the south-east of England it diverted the River Thames from its old course through the Vale of St Albans south to its present position.^[8]

This stage had been equated to the Kansan Stage in North America. The stage names "Kansan", "Yarmouth", "Nebraskan" and "Aftonian" were later abandoned by North American Quaternary geologists and merged into the Pre-Illinoian stage.^{[9] [10]} The Anglian Stage is now correlated with the period of time which includes the Pre-Illinoian B glaciation of North America.^{[3] [10]}

See also

• Glacial period
• Last glacial period
• Timeline of glaciation

See also

• Pleistocene, which covers:

Historical names of the "four major" glacials in four regions.! Region! Glacial 1! Glacial 2! Glacial 3! Glacial 4

Alps	Günz	Mindel	Riss	Würm
North Europe	Eburonian	Elsterian	Saalian	Weichselian
British Isles	Beestonian	Anglian	Wolstonian	Devensian
Midwest U.S.	Nebraskan	Kansan	Illinoian	Wisconsinan

Historical names of interglacials.! Region! Interglacial 1! Interglacial 2! Interglacial 3

Alps	Günz-Mindel	Mindel-Riss	Riss-Würm
North Europe	Waalian	Holsteinian	Eemian
British Isles	Cromerian	Hoxnian	Ipswichian
Midwest U.S.	Aftonian	Yarmouthian	Sangamonian

Further reading

• Book: Bowen, D.Q. . Quaternary geology: a stratigraphic framework for multidisciplinary work . Pergamon Press . Oxford UK . 1978 . 978-0-08-020409-3 .
• Book: Bridgland, D. R. . Quaternary of the Thames. Chapman and Hall. London, UK. 1994.
• Book: Ehlers . J. . Gibbard . P.L. . Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 2: Part II North America . Elsevier . Amsterdam . 2004 . 0-444-51462-7 .
• Book: Ehlers . J. . Gibbard . P.L. . Rose . J. . Glacial deposits in Great Britain and Ireland . Balkema . Rotterdam . 1991 . 978-90-6191-875-2 .
• Book: Mangerud, J. . Ehlers, J. . Gibbard, P. . Quaternary Glaciations : Extent and Chronology 1: Part I Europe . Elsevier . Amsterdam . 2004 . 0-444-51462-7 .
• Sibrava, V. . Bowen, D.Q. . Richmond, G.M. . Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere . Quaternary Science Reviews . 5 . 1–514 . 1986 . 10.1016/S0277-3791(86)80002-6 .

External links

• Web site: Aber, J.S. . Regional Glaciation of Kansas and Nebraska . 2006 . Emporia State University . Emporia KS . 2008-08-21 . 2008-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080704171916/http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/ice/lec17/lec17.htm . dead .
• Web site: Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy . Global correlation tables for the Quaternary . 2007 . Department of Geography, University of Cambridge . Cambridge UK . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081106161815/http://www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/correlation/chart.html . 2008-11-06 .
• Web site: Gibbard, P. . How Britain Became An Island: The report . 2007 . Cambridge UK . Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group .
• Web site: Gibbard, P. . Map 5. Palaeogeography of the Elsterian / Anglian / Oka Stage . 2008 . North West European Rivers . Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group . Cambridge UK . (Includes PDF file of map)
• Web site: Rolfe, C. . Annotated photographs of the North Norfolk coast . 2004 . Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group . Cambridge UK . etal .
• Roy, M. . Clark, P.U. . Barendregt, R.W. . Glasmann, J.R. . Enkin, R.J. . Glacial stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of late Cenozoic deposits of the north-central United States . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 116 . 1–2 . 30–41 . 2004 . 10.1130/B25325.1 . PDF 1.2 Mb . 2004GSAB..116...30R . 2010-03-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180928051015/http://geo.oregonstate.edu/files/geo/Royetal-GSAB-2004.pdf . 2018-09-28 . dead .
• Shotton, F.W., nd, East Anglia and the English Midlands. Ice Age Britain., The Shotton Project, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England.

Notes and References

1. McMillan, A.A. . A provisional Quaternary and Neogene lithostratigraphic framework Great Britain . Netherland Journal of Geosciences . 84 . 2 . 87–107 . 2005 . 10.1017/S0016774600022988 . free .
2. Book: Walker, M. . Quaternary Dating Methods . Wiley . Chichester UK . 2005 . 0-470-86927-5 .
3. Web site: Gibbard, P.L. . Boreham, S. . Cohen, K.M. . Moscariello, A. . Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years . 2007 . Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge . Cambridge UK . JPG 844 kb . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080910122430/http://www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/correlation/POSTERSTRAT_v2007b_small.jpg . 2008-09-10 .
4. [Lisiecki, L.E.]
5. Lisiecki, L.E.. Raymo, M.E. . Lorraine Lisiecki. Maureen Raymo. A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic d18O records . Paleoceanography . 20 . PA1003 . 2005 . 10.1029/2004PA001071 . 2005PalOc..20.1003L. 2027.42/149224 . 12788441 . free .
6. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.734.1691&rep=rep1&type=pdf Böse et al. (2012), Quaternary Glaciations of Northern Europe, Quaternary Science Reviews 44, page 17-22.
7. Scourse, JD (ed) (2006) The Isles of Scilly: Field Guide. Quaternary Research Association, London, 2006.
8. Web site: Greater London. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140605090108/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/geodiversity/englands/counties/area_ID14.aspx. dead. 5 June 2014. Natural England. 28 March 2013.
9. Hallberg, G.R. . Pre-Wisconsin glacial stratigraphy of the Central Plains region in Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri . Quaternary Science Reviews . 5 . 11–15 . 1986 . 1986QSRv....5...11H . 10.1016/0277-3791(86)90169-1 .
10. Richmond, G.M. . Fullerton, D.S. . Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America . Quaternary Science Reviews . 5 . 183–196 . 1986 . 1986QSRv....5..183R . 10.1016/0277-3791(86)90184-8 .