Gabriel Explained

Honorific Prefix:Saint
Gabriel
Feast Day:
  • 28 of December (Tahsas 19) and 26 of July (Hamle 19) Ethiopian Calendar
Titles:Archangel, Angel of Revelation, Commander of the Powers
Attributes:Carrying a lily,[1] a trumpet, a shining lantern, a branch from Paradise, a scroll, and a scepter.
Patronage:Telecommunication workers,[2] radio broadcasters, messengers, postal workers, clerics, diplomats, stamp collectors, Portugal, Santander, Cebu, ambassadors

In the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam and the Baháʼí Faith), Gabriel is an archangel with the power to announce God's will to mankind. He is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, the Quran and the Kitáb-i-Aqdas. Many Christian traditions – including Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Anglicanism – revere Gabriel as a saint.[3] [4] [5] [6]

In the Hebrew Bible, Gabriel appears to the prophet Daniel to explain his visions (Daniel 8:15–26, 9:21–27). The archangel also appears in the Book of Enoch and other ancient Jewish writings not preserved in Hebrew. Alongside the archangel Michael, Gabriel is described as the guardian angel of Israel, defending its people against the angels of the other nations.

In the New Testament, the Gospel of Luke relates the Annunciation, in which the angel Gabriel appears to Zechariah foretelling the birth of John the Baptist with the angel Gabriel foretelling the Virgin Mary the birth of Jesus Christ, respectively (Luke 1:11–38).

Islam regards Gabriel as an archangel sent by God to various prophets, including Muhammad. The first five verses of the Al-Alaq, the 96th chapter of the Quran, are believed by Muslims to have been the first verses revealed by Gabriel to Muhammad.

Etymology

The name Gabriel (Hebrew: גַּבְרִיאֵל, Gaḇrīʾēl) is composed of the first person singular possessive form of the Hebrew noun gever (גֶּבֶר), meaning "man", and ʾĒl, meaning "God". This would make the translation of the archangel's name "man of God"[7] [8] [9] or "power of God". In Arabic, Jibrīl (جبريل), means "power of God".

Zoroastrianism

After the Jews' exile to Babylon in the 6th century BCE, Jewish beliefs underwent a significant transformation. Exposure to Zoroastrianism, with its intricate angelology and the concept of a cosmic struggle between good and evil, likely influenced this evolution. The striking similarities between "holy immortal" (Amesha Spentas) Vohu Manah (or "good mind") and Gabriel's role as a messenger suggest a potential connection. This exposure to Zoroastrian angelology during the exile period may have played a part in shaping Gabriel's prominent role as a divine messenger in Judaism.[10]

Judaism

Hebrew Bible

In the Hebrew Bible, Gabriel appears to the prophet Daniel to explain his visions (Daniel 8:15–26, 9:21–27). Later an angel, not named but likely Gabriel again, appears to him and speaks of receiving help from the archangel Michael in battle against the demon prince of Persia (Daniel 10:13, 21) and also Michael's role in times to come (Daniel 12:1). These are the first instances of a named angel in the Bible. Gabriel's main function in Daniel is that of revealer, responsible for interpreting Daniel's visions, a role he continues to have in later traditions.

Rabbinic Judaism

Gabriel, (Hebrew: גַּבְרִיאֵל|Gaḇrīʾēl) is interpreted by Talmudic rabbis to be the "man in linen" mentioned in the Book of Daniel and the Book of Ezekiel. Talmudic Judaism understands the angel in the Book of Ezekiel, who was sent to destroy Jerusalem, to be Gabriel. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, Gabriel takes the form of a man, and stands at the left hand of God.[11] Shimon ben Lakish (Syria Palaestina, 3rd century) concluded that the angelic names of Michael, Raphael, and Gabriel came out of the Babylonian exile (Gen. Rab. 48:9). Alongside the archangel Michael, Gabriel is described as the guardian angel of Israel, defending this people against the angels of the other nations.[12]

Mystical Judaism

In the Kabbalistic tradition, Gabriel is identified with the sephirah of Yesod. Gabriel also has a prominent role as one of God's archangels in the Kabbalah literature. There, Gabriel is portrayed as working in concert with Michael as part of God's court. Gabriel is not to be prayed to because only God can answer prayers and sends Gabriel as his agent.[11]

According to Jewish mythology, in the Garden of Eden there is a tree of life or the "tree of souls"[13] that blossoms and produces new souls, which fall into the Guf, the Treasury of Souls. Gabriel reaches into the treasury and takes out the first soul that comes into his hand.

Christianity

New Testament

Gabriel's first appearance in the New Testament concerns the annunciation of the birth of John the Baptist. John's father Zachariah, a priest of the course of Abia, (Luke 1:5-7) was childless because his wife Elisabeth was barren. An angel appears to Zacharias while he is ministering in the Temple to announce the birth of his son. When Zachariah questions the angel, the angel gives his name as Gabriel:

After completing his required week[14] of ministry, Zacharias returns to his home and his wife Elizabeth conceives. After she has completed five months of her pregnancy (Luke 1:21-25), Gabriel appears again, now to Mary, to announce the birth of Jesus:

Gabriel only appears by name in those two passages in Luke. In the first passage the angel identified himself as Gabriel, but in the second it is Luke who identified him as Gabriel. The only other named angels in the New Testament are Michael the Archangel (in Jude 1:9) and Abaddon (in Revelation 9:11). Believers are expressly warned not to worship angels in two New Testament passages: Colossians 2:18-19 and Revelation 19:10.

Intertestamental literature

Gabriel is not called an archangel in the canonical Bible. However, the intertestamental period (roughly 200 BC – 50 AD) produced a wealth of literature, much of it having an apocalyptic orientation. The names and ranks of angels and devils were greatly expanded in this literature, and each had particular duties and status before God. This was the period when Gabriel was first referred to as an archangel.

In 1 Enoch 9:1–3, Gabriel, along with Michael, Uriel, and Suriel, "saw much blood being shed upon the earth" (9:1) and heard the souls of men cry, "Bring our cause before the Most High" (9:3). In 1 Enoch 10:1, the reply came from "the Most High, the Holy and Great One" who sent forth agents, including Gabriel—

Gabriel is the fifth of the five angels who keep watch: "Gabriel, one of the holy angels, who is over Paradise and the serpents and the Cherubim". (1 Enoch 20:7)When Enoch asked who the four figures were that he had seen:

Gnosticism

The heretical Christian movement of Gnosticism paid special attention to angels as beings belonging to a pantheon of spiritual forces involved in the creation of the world. According to one ancient Gnostic manuscript, the Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit, Gabriel is a divine being and inhabitant of the Pleroma who existed prior to the Demiurge.[15]

Medieval Christian traditions

In a famous early work, the "four homilies on the Missus Est, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153 AD) interpreted Gabriel's name as "the strength of God", and his symbolic function in the gospel story as announcement of the strength or virtue of Christ, both as the strength of God incarnate and as the strength given by God to the timorous people who would bring into the world a fearful and troublesome event. "Therefore it was an opportune choice that designated Gabriel for the work he had to accomplish, or rather, because he was to accomplish it therefore he was called Gabriel."[16]

Feast day

The feast day of Saint Gabriel the Archangel was exclusively celebrated on 18 March according to many sources dating between 1588 and 1921; unusually, a source published in 1856[17] has the feast celebrated on 7 April for unknown reasons (a parenthetical note states that the day is normally celebrated on 18 March). Writer Elizabeth Drayson mentions the feast being celebrated on 18 March 1588 in her 2013 book "The Lead Books of Granada".[18]

One of the oldest out-of-print sources placing the feast on 18 March, first published in 1608, is Flos sanctorum: historia general de la vida y hechos de Jesu-Christo ... y de los santos de que reza y haze fiesta la Iglesia Catholica ... by the Spanish writer Alonso de Villegas; a newer edition of this book was published in 1794.[19] Another source published in Ireland in 1886 the Irish Ecclesiastical Record also mentions 18 March.[20]

The feast of Saint Gabriel was included by Pope Benedict XV in the General Roman Calendar in 1921, for celebration on 24 March.[21] In 1969, the day was officially transferred to 29 September for celebration in conjunction with the feast of the archangels Ss. Michael and Raphael.[22] The Church of England has also adopted the 29 September date, known as Michaelmas.

The Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches that follow the Byzantine Rite celebrate his feast day (Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers) on 8 November (for those churches that follow the traditional Julian Calendar, 8 November currently falls on 21 November of the modern Gregorian Calendar, a difference of 13 days). Eastern Orthodox commemorate him, not only on his November feast, but also on two other days:

Saint Gabriel the Archangel is commemorated on the vigil of the Feast of the Annunciation by Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate[25] and ROCOR Western Rite.[26]

The Coptic Orthodox Church celebrates his feast on 13 Paoni,[27] 22 Koiak and 26 Paoni.[28]

The Ethiopian Church celebrates his feast on 18 December (in the Ethiopian calendar), with a sizeable number of its believers making a pilgrimage to a church dedicated to "Saint Gabriel" in Kulubi and Wonkshet on that day.[29]

In the Lutheran Churches, Gabriel is celebrated on the Feast of the Archangels on 29 September.[4]

Additionally, Gabriel is the patron saint of messengers, those who work for broadcasting and telecommunications such as radio and television, postal workers, clerics, diplomats, and stamp collectors.[30]

Gabriel's horn

See also: Gabriel's Horn (Geometric figure). A familiar image of Gabriel has him blowing a trumpet blast to announce the resurrection of the dead at the end of time. However, though the Bible mentions a trumpet blast preceding the resurrection of the dead, it never specifies Gabriel as the trumpeter. Different passages state different things: the angels of the Son of Man (Matthew 24:31); the voice of the Son of God (John 5:25–29); God's trumpet (I Thessalonians 4:16); seven angels sounding a series of blasts (Revelation 8–11); or simply "a trumpet will sound" (I Corinthians 15:52).[31] Likewise the early Christian Church Fathers do not mention Gabriel as a trumpeter; and in Jewish and Muslim traditions, Gabriel is again not identified as a trumpeter.[32] The earliest known identification of Gabriel as a trumpeter comes from the Hymn of the Armenian Saint Nerses Shnorhali, "for Protection in the Night":[33]

The sound of Gabriel's trumpet on the last night, make us worthy to hear, and to stand on your right hand among the sheep with lanterns of inextinguishable light; to be like the five wise virgins, so that with the bridegroom in the bride chamber we, his spiritual brides may enter into glory.

In 1455, in Armenian art, there is an illustration in an Armenian manuscript showing Gabriel sounding his trumpet as the dead climb out of their graves.[34]

Evangelical Christian traditions

The image of Gabriel's trumpet blast to announce the end of time was taken up in Evangelical Christianity, where it became widespread, notably in Negro spirituals.[35]

An earlier example occurs in John Milton's Paradise Lost (1667):[36]

Betwixt these rockie pillars Gabriel satChief of the Angelic guards (IV.545f) ...He ended, and the Son gave signal highTo the bright minister that watch'd, he blewHis trumpet, heard in Oreb since perhapsWhen God descended, and perhaps once moreTo sound at general doom. (XI.72ff).

It is unclear how the Armenian conception inspired Milton and the spirituals, though they presumably have a common source.[31]

Latter-day Saints

In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints theology, Gabriel is believed to have lived a mortal life as the prophet Noah. The two are regarded as the same individual; Noah being his mortal name and Gabriel being his heavenly name.[37] [38]

Islam

See also: Rūḥ.

Gabriel (Arabic: جِبْرِيل|Jibrīl; also Arabic: جبرائيل|Jibrāʾīl or Jabrāʾīl, derived from the Hebrew: גַּבְרִיאֵל|Gaḇrīʾēl)[39] [40] [41] [42] in many places in Qur'an, is venerated as one of the primary archangels and as the Angel of Revelation in Islam.[39] [40] [41] He is primarily mentioned in the verses, and of the Quran, although the Quranic text doesn't explicitly refer to him as an angel.[40] In the Quran, the archangel Gabriel appears named in and, as well as in, where he is mentioned along with the archangel Michael (Mīkāʾīl).[39]

Exegetical Quranic literature narrates that Muhammad saw the archangel Gabriel in his full angelic splendor only twice, the first time being when he received his first revelation.[41] As the Bible portrays Gabriel as a celestial messenger sent to Daniel,[43] Mary,[44] and Zechariah,[45] Islamic tradition holds that Gabriel was sent to numerous pre-Islamic Biblical prophets with revelation and divine injunctions, including Adam, whom Muslims believe was consoled by Gabriel some time after the Fall, too.[46] He is known by many names in Islam, such as "keeper of holiness".[47] In Hadith traditions, Jibril is said to have six hundred wings.[48]

Tasks

Muslims believe that Gabriel was mainly tasked with transmitting the scriptures from God to the prophets and messengers, as Asbab al-Nuzul or revelation[49] when Muhammad was questioned which angel is revealing the holy scriptures revelation, and Muhammad told the Jews it is revealed by Gabriel who is tasked to it.

Muslims also revere Gabriel for a number of events predating what they regard as the first revelation, narrated in the Quran. Muslims believe that Gabriel was the angel who informed Zachariah (Zakariyyā) of Yaḥyā's (John's) birth, as well as Mary (Maryam) of the future nativity of Jesus;[50] [51] and that Gabriel was one of three angels who had earlier informed Abraham (ʾIbrāhīm) of the birth of Isaac .[52] Gabriel also makes a famous appearance in the Hadith of Gabriel, in which he questions Muhammad on the core tenets of Islam.[39]

Gabriel is also believed to have delivered punishment from God to the Sodomites by leveling the entire Sodom city with a tip of his wing.[53] According to a Hadith narrated by Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, which is compiled by al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi, Gabriel has an ability to regulate Feeling or Perception of humans, particularly a feel of happiness or sadness.[54]

Gabriel is believed to have helped Muhammad overcome his adversaries significantly against a demon (ʻifrīt) during the Mi'raj.[55] [56] Gabriel is also believed to have helped Muhammad overcome his adversaries during the Battle of Badr, where according to scholars and clerics of Islam, the various hadiths, both authentics and inauthentics, has mentioned that Gabriel,[57] Michael, Raphael, and thousands of best angels from third level of heaven, all came to the battle of Badr by impersonating the appearance of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, a Companions of the Prophet and bodyguard of the prophet.[58] This is deemed as Zubayr personal honor according to Islamic belief. Meanwhile, Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri has recorded in his historiography works of Quran and Hadith revelation in Prophetic biography, that Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas testified he saw two unidentified warriors clad in white had protected Muhammad during the Battle of Uhud, that later being confirmed by Muhammad those two unidentified warriors were Jibril and Mikail in disguise.[59]

Moreover, he is believed to have further encouraged Muhammad to wage war and attack the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza.[40] [60] Another appearance of Gabriel in Islamic religious texts were found in numerous Hadiths during the Battle of Hunayn, where the Gabriel stood next to Muhammad.[61]

Other Islamic texts and some Apocryphal literature also supported Gabriel's role as a celestial warrior.[40] [62] Though alternate theories exist, whether the occurrence of the Holy Spirit in the Quran refers to Gabriel or not, remains an issue of scholarly debate. However, a clear distinction between apocryphal and Quranic references to Gabriel is that the former doesn't designate him as the Holy Spirit in the First Book of Enoch, which narrates the story of Gabriel defeating the Nephilim.[40]

Yezidi tradition

Yazidis consider Gabriel one of the Seven Mysteries, the heptad to which God entrusted the world, and sometimes identified with the archangel Melek Taus.[63]

Art, entertainment, and media

Angels are described as pure spirits.[64] The lack of a defined form allows artists wide latitude in depicting them.[65] Amelia R. Brown draws comparisons in Byzantine iconography between portrayals of angels and the conventions used to depict court eunuchs. Mainly from the Caucasus, they tended to have light eyes, hair, and skin; and those "castrated in childhood developed a distinctive skeletal structure, lacked full masculine musculature, body hair and beards ..." As officials, they would wear a white tunic decorated with gold. Brown suggests that "Byzantine artists drew, consciously or not, on this iconography of the court eunuch".[66] Some recent popular works on angels consider Gabriel to be female or androgynous.[67] [68]

Festivals

Film

Games

Literature

Music

Visual art

See also Gabriel gallery in Commons.Daniel 8

15 describes Gabriel as appearing in the "likeness of man" and in Daniel 9:21 he is referred to as "the man Gabriel". David Everson observes that "such anthropomorphic descriptions of an angel are consistent with previous .. .descriptions of angels", as in Genesis 19:5.[73]

Gabriel is most often portrayed in the context of scenes of the Annunciation. In 2008 a 16th-century drawing by Lucas van Leyden of the Netherlands was discovered. George R. Goldner, chairman of the department of prints and drawings at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art, suggested that the sketch was for a stained glass window. "The fact that the archangel is an ordinary-looking person and not an idealized boy is typical of the artist", said Goldner.[74]

In chronological order (to see each item, follow the link in the footnote):[75]

The Military Order of Saint Gabriel was established to recognize "individuals who have made significant contributions to the U.S. Army Public Affairs community and practice". The medallion depicts St. Gabriel sounding a trumpet, while the obverse displays the Army Public Affairs emblem.[76]

Television

References

Works cited

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Ronner, John . March 1993 . Know Your Angels: The Angel Almanac with Biographies of 100 Prominent Angels in Legend & Folklore-and Much More! . Mamre Press . Murfreesboro, TN . 9780932945402 . 93020336 . 27726648 . 70–72, 73 . 15 November 2013 . Artists like to show Gabriel carrying a lily, a scroll and a scepter..
  2. Web site: Catholic Online . St. Gabriel, the Archangel . Catholic.org . 15 November 2013.
  3. Web site: Zimmerman. Julie. Friar Jack's Catechism Quiz: Test Your Knowledge on Angels. AmericanCatholic.org. 16 February 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120521190231/http://www.americancatholic.org/e-News/FriarJack/fj082102.asp. 21 May 2012.
  4. Web site: Blersch . Jeffrey . St. Michael and All Angels . Pacific Hills Lutheran Church . 4 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230201093647/https://www.pacifichillslutheran.org/news/st-michael-and-all-angels.html . 1 February 2023 . English . 21 September 2019.
  5. For example, Book of Common Prayer 1662, Calendar (29 September) "S. Michael and all Angels", page xxix; or propers, page 227, "Saint Michael and All Angels".
  6. Web site: Aranda Perez . Gonzalo . Gabriel, Archangel . The Claremont Colleges Digital Library . The Coptic Encyclopedia, volume 4 . 22 April 2024.
  7. Web site: Strong's Hebrew Concordance – 1397. geber .
  8. Web site: Inflection of גֶּבֶר . Pealim.
  9. Web site: Strong's Hebrew Concordance – 410. El .
  10. Book: The-Encyclopedia-of-religion . 1987 . 283 . en . May 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230518094336/https://thebulgariantimes.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Encyclopedia-of-religion_1.pdf . May 18, 2023 . dead.
  11. Book: Jewish Encyclopedia, Gabriel. 1906. 2 December 2016 . 5 . 540–543.
  12. [Louis Ginzberg|Ginzberg, Louis]
  13. Book: Origins of the Kabbalah . 1 May 2014. 0691020477 . 1990 . Scholem . Gershom Gerhard . Princeton University Press .
  14. https://archive.today/20120720085450/http://www.avbtab.org/rc/read/dedicate.htm THE Dedication (Jesus' birth)
  15. Book: James M. Robinson . James M. Robinson . The Nag Hammadi Scriptures . . 2007 . First published 1978 . The Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit. 9780060523787 .
  16. [Saint Bernard of Clairvaux]
  17. Web site: The Catholic Directory, Ecclasiastical Register, and Almanac. 1856. 29 April 2017.
  18. Book: Drayson, Elizabeth . The Lead Books of Granada . 13 January 2016 . Palgrave Macmillan . 978-1137358844 . 2013 . 3.
  19. Book: de Villegas, Alonso . Flos sanctorum: historia general de la vida y hechos de Jesu-Christo ... . 1794 . Imprenta de Isidro Aguasvivas . Spain . 250 . es.
  20. Book: 1886 . The Irish Ecclesiastical Record . Browne and Nolan, 1886 . 1112 .
  21. Butler's Lives of the saints, vol. 1, edited by Herbert Thurston and Donald Attwater, Christian Classics, 1981 .
  22. Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 119.
  23. Web site: Ιερό Κελλί "Άξιον Εστί". 18 January 2015. 16 January 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150116101352/http://www.keliaxionestin.com/eng/?page_id=760. dead.
  24. Book: Velimirovic, Bishop Nikolai . 13 July: The Holy Archangel Gabriel . 1985 . Prologue from Ochrid . Birmingham, UK . Lazarica Press . 978-0-948298-05-9 . 31 July 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014848/http://www.westsrbdio.org/prolog/my.html?month=July&day=13&Go.x=6&Go.y=12 . 28 September 2007 .
  25. Web site: 2012-01-11 . Calendar . 2022-07-09 . St. Gregory the Great Orthodox Church . en-US.
  26. Web site: ROCOR Western Rite (Home) . 2022-07-09 . rocorwr . en.
  27. Web site: تذكار رئيس الملائكة الجليل جبرائيل "غبريال" - عيد سنكسار يوم 13 بؤونة، شهر بؤونة، الشهر القبطي . st-takla.org.
  28. Web site: Alex . Michael Ghaly . رئيس الملائكة الجليل جبرائيل - كتاب الملائكة . st-takla.org.
  29. Nega Mezlekia, Notes from the Hyena's Belly: An Ethiopian Childhood (New York: Picador, 2000), p. 266. .
  30. Book: Guiley . Rosemary . Encyclopedia of Angels . Facts on File, Incorporated . 2004 . 9780816050239 . 2nd . New York, New York . 140 . 718132289 . "He is the patron saint to telecommunication workers, radio broadcasters, messengers, postal workers, clerics, diplomats, and stamp collectors." . 15 November 2013.
  31. S. Vernon McCasland, "Gabriel's Trumpet", Journal of Bible and Religion 9:3:159–161 (August 1941) .
  32. In Judaism, trumpets are prominent, and they seem to be blown by God himself, or sometimes Michael. In Islamic tradition, it is Israfil who blows the trumpet, though he is not named in the Qur'an.
  33. Web site: Peace Hour (After Sunset). dead. orthodoxchristianity.net. 22 August 2021. 22 August 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210822213239/http://forums.orthodoxchristianity.net/attachments/the-peace-hour-pdf.18766/.
  34. Walters MS 543, fol. 14.
  35. The widespread understanding of Gabriel's horn as a symbol of the end of time in U.S. Southern culture, is apparent from its appearance in the University of Texas's school spirit song, The Eyes of Texas (1903): eyes of Texas are upon you, until Gabriel blows his horn." Likewise in Marc Connelly's play based on negro spirituals, The Green Pastures (1930), Gabriel has his beloved trumpet constantly with him, and the Lord has to warn him not to blow it too soon.
  36. Milton, Paradise Lost, XI.72ff
  37. .
  38. Web site: Noah, The Great Preacher of Righteousness. Romney. Joseph B.. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 22 September 2019. the Prophet Joseph Smith said: “Noah, who is Gabriel, … stands next in authority to Adam in the Priesthood;.
  39. Encyclopedia: 2006 . Gabriel . . . Leiden, Netherlands . Gisela Webb . McAuliffe . Jane Dammen . Jane Dammen McAuliffe . II . 10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00071 . 978-90-04-14743-0 . Webb . Gisela.
  40. Encyclopedia: 2014 . Gabriel . . . Leiden, Netherlands . Gabriel Said Reynolds . Fleet . Kate . 3 . 10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27359 . 978-90-04-26962-0 . 1873-9830 . Reynolds . Gabriel Said . Krämer . Gudrun . Gudrun Krämer . Matringe . Denis . Nawas . John . Rowson . Everett K. . Everett K. Rowson.
  41. Encyclopedia: 1965 . D̲j̲abrāʾīl . . . Leiden, Netherlands . Bosworth . C. E. . 2 . 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1903 . 978-90-04-16121-4 . Pedersen . Jan . Clifford Edmund Bosworth . van Donzel . E. J. . Emeri Johannes van Donzel . Heinrichs . W. P. . Wolfhart Heinrichs . Lewis . B. . Pellat . Ch. . Charles Pellat . Schacht . J. . Joseph Schacht.
  42. [Christoph Luxenberg|Luxenberg, Christoph]
  43. Daniel 8.16, 9.21.
  44. Luke 1.26.
  45. Luke 1.19.
  46. Book: Glasse, Cyril. The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. Suhail Academy. 2000. 969-519-018-9. Lahore. 136.
  47. von Hammer-Purgstall, Josef. [1852] 2010. Die Geisterlehre der Moslimen [''The Doctrine of Spirits of Muslims'']. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek.
  48. Web site: 1 The Book of Faith (76) Chapter: About (The Lote-Tree of the Utmost Boundary) . Sunnah.com . 9 February 2022 . en, ar . Sahih Muslim 174b In-book reference: Book 1, Hadith 338 USC-MSA web (English) reference: Book 1, Hadith 331 (deprecated numbering scheme).
  49. .
  50. Book: Ibn Kathīr . Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar . Darussalam . Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā'(Stories of the Prophets: [peace be upon them]) - Story of Zakariyyā (Zechariah) . 2003 . 9960892263 . 2nd . Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
  51. Book: Ibn Kathīr . Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar. Darussalam . Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā' (Stories of the Prophets: [peace be upon them]) – Story of ʻĪsá (Jesus) . 2003 . 9960892263 . 2nd . Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
  52. Book: Ibn Kathīr . Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar. Darussalam . Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā' (Stories of the Prophets: [peace be upon them]) – Story of Ismāʻīl (Ishmael) . 2003 . 9960892263 . 2nd . Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
  53. Book: Ahmad Bahgat . Ahmad Bahgat . Ayu . Muhtadi Kadi . Musthofa Sukawi . Sudjilah . Nabi-Nabi Allah Kisah Para Nabi dan Rasul Allah dalam Al-Qur'an . Prophets of Allah Stories of the Prophets and Messengers of Allah in the Qur'an . 2007 . Religion / Islam / General, Religion / Islam / History . Qisthi Press . 9789791303101 . 137 . 3 March 2022 . id, ar.
  54. Book: Al-Suyuti . Al-Suyuti . Muhammad as Said Basyuni . Mishabul Munir . Abu Hajir . Yasir . Muhammad . Misteri Alam Malaikat . 2021 . Religion / Islam / General . Pustaka al-Kautsar . 20 . 9789795929512 . 6 February 2022 . id . Quoting Ibnul Mubarak from a book of az-Zuhd; ad Durr al-Manshur, chain narration from Ibnul Mubarak to Ibn Shihab (1/92).
  55. Book: al-Yahsubi . Al-Qadi Iyad . الشفا بتعريف حقوق المصطفى (ص) [عربي/انكليزي] ترجمة(Ash-Shifa: Healing Through Defining the Rights of Prophet Muhammad [may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him]) . 2013 . Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah . Beirut, Lebanon . 978-2-745-16073-7 . 2nd.
  56. [Islam Issa (academic)|Issa, Islam]
  57. Book: al-Misri . Mahmud . Sahabat-Sahabat Rasulullah . 2015 . Pustaka Ibnu Katsir . 9789791294386 . 1: Zubair bin Awwan . Shaja'ah Zubayr ibn al-Awwam Radhiyallahu anh (bravery of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
    by ; official Book review by Basalamah; quoting various supplementary sources such as Sahih Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Siyar A'lam Nubala, Al-Tirmidhi, Prophetic biography of Ibn Hisham, etc.
    . id, ar . Companion of the Prophet vol 1: Zubair bin Awwam . 6 November 2021.
  58. .
  59. Book: Mubarakpuri . Periode Madinah; Aktivitas Militer Menjelang Perang Uhud dan Perang Ahzab . 2021 . Hikam Pustaka . 9786233114158 . Nayra . Abu . 78–79 . id . Abu Ahsan . Medina period: military activity on the eve of battle of Uhud & Ahzab . Religion / General, Religion / Islam / General, Religion / Islam / History, Religion / Reference . ebook . 12 March 2022.
  60. Book: Khan . Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih Al-Bukhari: Arabic–English . 1997 . . 9789960717319 . 5 . 269 . en . Hadith – Early works to 1800 . Muhammad Muhsin Khan . 3 March 2022.
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