Angan languages explained

Angan
Also Known As:Kratke Range
Region:Kratke Range, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea
Ethnicity:Angu people
Familycolor:Papuan
Fam1:Trans–New Guinea
Fam2:Eastern Highlands – Kratke Range
Glotto:anga1289
Glottorefname:Angan
Map:Angan languages.svg
Mapcaption:Map: The Angan languages of New Guinea

The Angan or Kratke Range languages are a family of the Trans–New Guinea languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross. The Angan languages are clearly valid as a family. They were first identified as such by J. Lloyd and A. Healey in 1968; Wurm (1975) classified them as Trans–New Guinea. Glottolog treats Angan as a separate or unclassified family, ignoring further evidence.

The languages are spoken in the Kratke Range of Eastern Highlands Province and adjoining areas of Gulf Province and Morobe Province.[1]

Languages

Ross (2005) classifies the languages as follows:

Branch A is defined by the pronouns ni and ti. Ankave is not listed in Ross's classification. It has the pronouns based on ni, but not a based on ti.

Usher (2020) is both more agnostic and contradicting of Ross's 'A' and 'B' branches:[2]

Menya is notable for its dyadic kinship terms (terms referring to the relationship two or more people have to each other), which are rare globally and not prevalent in Papua New Guinea (though they also exist in the Oksapmin language).[3]

Many Angan languages are covered by phonological sketches in Lloyd (1973a, b).[4] [5]

Pronouns

Ross (1995) reconstructs the pronouns (independent and object prefixes) as follows:

singulardualplural
1st person
  • nə, *ni
    *nə-
  • nʌ, *yʌi
    *e(a)-
  • nʌi
    *na-
2nd person
  • gə, *ti
    *gə-
  • kʌi
  • sʌi
    *se-
3rd person

  • *u-/*w-
?
(=)
  • ku
    (=)

Vocabulary comparison

The following basic vocabulary words are from the Trans-New Guinea database:[6]

The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. mɨnyagɨnya, magɨna, munakɨna for “head”) or not (e.g. sanggwa, avgwo, nyɨla for “sun”).

gloss Angaataha
headmɨnga(yi) mɨnggaaya mɨnyagɨnya mnga magɨna munakɨna mnyanga mɨnakɨna minta mɨnggaai mnakɨna mɨtɨ-'o
hairnda'a n̩daa(vɨ') mɨjata mta njisa msa'a mta; nda mɨsa mindata ṃde msaasa mɨsis-a'a
earhaara'a araa kadɨka qata kata'a kaatɨga qata haaraha kaantɨka aarɨ(na) qatisa atɨ'-ɨrɨ
eyesɨmu(yi) aagwaai tɨnna hingo tuma tɨmma hingwa tɨma sɨmta haagwe hina nt-a'a
nosesɨ'ma hamɨ sɨnna hima sipata lɨpasi hima zamaana sɨmputa hamɨ himsa mant-a'a
toothmaangɨ maaga maanga maanga maanga maanga heqwaanga maanga maanka maage maana mank-ɨrɨ
tongueaai'wɨ aabgwa; aavwia taalɨta aaiwa tewa teva tewa meraanya kwaavlɨlɨ aaveona hyaalsa omas-a'a
legsugwaaviaga avga sɨvɨla yanga sugwa lɨvya zuka zɨve sɨwla habgu' kwapɨtwalyɨ au'-ɨrɨ
louseiya ye yɨle iyaa'aa iya iya yaaqa iyaa ila nde' ila akɨrɨ-'o
dogsɨwia tayo jɨlɨka hive'aa suya lɨvaaya hivyeqa zɨwasa njɨlɨka tɨyo wakyɨ su'-ɨrɨ
birdinga inko yuta inga manɨwa mɨnavaaya yinga yɨhuva ntaqatɨ inko qaikwɨsa ko-'o
eggki'mɨnga m̩ge (yu)kwaraka mnga hi'imɨya mɨnya qwi mɨna pantapta ṃge'; munke' mna kwaatani-patɨ; nameraa-'o
bloodtaangga taagi tawe hinge'aa kwe langaaya hangeqa saahana; yaa'mpaza mɨnjaaka taagi' msaasa nsɨtɨ-patɨ
boneenga' yanggai yagɨnya yanga yakina yakɨna yaanga yakana yankinta yɨnggai yekɨna antɨ-tatɨ
skinyaraa(na) yara(na) kɨlaaka hewa pa'a(me) paa(ga) hviwa (aa'ma)paaha kɨlaaka yarana aa'mosa ampɨ-patɨ
breastaamunga aamɨgo aa(ng)wɨnya aamga aanya aamɨna aangwa aamna aamɨnta aamugo' aamna amwɨtɨ'-ɨrɨ
treeika' iga' ita iya isa iga iya iya ika igya isa i-patɨ
manoga avo; waako kwala qoka kwe'wa kwe; kwoyava qoka hwe kwala avo kwala wo-'o
womanaavagi abaagi bala aapaka amaa a'me; api apaka ape aampala avaagi aapala apop-aatɨ
sunsanggwa avgwo nyɨla mapa mape mapiya mapa (tɨqa) mape kwɨnja; nilya habgo' mapya ipɨ-'o
moonema' aamnggo langwa qaamnga ki'yapa kaamɨna qaangwa haamna lampaaka imo' lamnyɨ waatɨ-'o
wateryɨnunggu inaaga aalya e'aa kwe('ma) aaya eqa aaya aalya; wanya (i)naagu aalyɨ wapo'-o
fireta'a ta(vɨ') dɨka ta ta'a tɨga ta tɨha ntɨka taa(vɨ') tɨsa sis-a'a
stonesa'anga andaga sɨla hawa tega laasa hika zasa sɨla haai hekyɨ naw-a'a
nameavaa'nankana ntaga yaya (yavya) yav'a nyanyaawo yavya yavqa yave yavata taagɨ(va') yawyɨ ampɨ-patɨ
eatn̲eo' n̲amda' n̲ɨwa' qan̲'i inyo minyo an̲ki haṉkaha an̲aantapyɨ nɨmda' hisa n̲aatana nanataise
onenaawona fonu' pɨrɨ' (na) fati (na) hunanɨnko uwa'na hɨnkwona ingava'na pɨrɨ'mɨna fono hɨnkwa'na nas-
twouwa faaina pɨrɨwaai (na) hivaa'u hukwego huvaa'u hɨnqwaaqwo huvaa'u pɨvɨraalna foya hulwaaqwɨ ya-

References

  1. Web site: Papua New Guinea languages . Ethnologue

    Languages of the World

    . 22nd . Eberhard . David M. . Simons . Gary F. . Fennig . Charles D. . 2019 . Dallas . SIL International.
  2. https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/morobe-eastern-highlands/kratke-range NewGuineaWorld
  3. http://conferences.arts.usyd.edu.au/program.php?cf=19 The Oksapmin Kinship System
  4. Lloyd, Richard G. 1973a The Angan language family. In: Franklin (ed.), 31–110.
  5. Lloyd, Richard G. 1973b The Angan language family: Neighbouring languages. In: Franklin (ed.), 93–94.
  6. Web site: TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea . Greenhill . Simon . 2016. 2020-11-05.