Andromonoecy Explained

Andromonoecy is a breeding system of plant species in which male and hermaphrodite flowers are on the same plant. It is a monomorphic sexual system comparable with monoecy, gynomonoecy and trimonoecy.[1] Andromonoecy is frequent among genera with zygomorphic flowers,[2] however it is overall rare and occurs in less than 2% of plant species. Nonetheless the breeding system has gained interest among biologists in the study of sex expression.[3]

Etymology

The word andromonoecious is a combination of andr- (meaning male) and monoecious and was first used in 1877.[4]

Prevalence

Andromonoecy is uncommon and has been estimated to occur in less than 2% of plant species.[3] In angiosperms, it occurs in 1.7% of angiosperms making up around 4000 species in 33 families.[5] [6] It is common in the grass subfamily Panicoideae.[7]

Andromonoecious species

Solanum

Evolution

Some authors view andromonoecy as a transitional state from hermaphroditism to monoecy.[10] It has been suggested that andromonoecy evolved from hermaphroditism due to the loss of female structures.[8]

Andromonoecy is also considered an evolutionary step towards dioecy.[14] If female flowers are better at producing seeds than hermaphroditic ones, andromonoecy could evolve towards monoecy.[15]

Notes and References

  1. Torices. Rubén. Méndez. Marcos. Gómez. José María. 2011. Where do monomorphic sexual systems fit in the evolution of dioecy? Insights from the largest family of angiosperms. New Phytologist. en. 190. 1. 234–248. 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03609.x. 21219336. 1469-8137. free.
  2. Book: Wilson. Karen L.. Monocots: Systematics and Evolution: Systematics and Evolution. Morrison. David A.. 2000. Csiro Publishing. 978-0-643-09929-6. 310. en.
  3. Book: Pugnaire . Francisco . Functional Plant Ecology . Valladares . Fernando . 2007-06-20 . CRC Press . 978-1-4200-0762-6 . 524 . en.
  4. Web site: Definition of ANDROMONOECIOUS. 2021-09-12. www.merriam-webster.com. en.
  5. Kouonon . L. C. . Jacquemart . A.-L. . Zoro Bi . A. I. . Bertin . P. . Baudoin . J.-P. . Dje . Y. . 2009-08-11 . Reproductive biology of the andromonoecious Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis (Cucurbitaceae) . Annals of Botany . 104 . 6 . 1129–1139 . 10.1093/aob/mcp196 . 0305-7364 . 2766191 . 19671577.
  6. Huang . Shuang-Quan . 2003 . Flower dimorphism and the maintenance of andromonoecy in Sagittaria guyanensis ssp. lappula (Alismataceae) . New Phytologist . en . 157 . 2 . 357–364 . 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00676.x . 1469-8137 . 33873632. free .
  7. Book: Kellogg, Elizabeth A. . Flowering Plants. Monocots: Poaceae . 2015 . Springer . 978-3-319-15332-2 . 93 . en.
  8. Book: Glover, Beverley. Understanding Flowers and Flowering Second Edition. 2014. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-966159-6. 139. en.
  9. Reuther. Kerstin. Claßen-Bockhoff. Regine. 2013. Andromonoecy and developmental plasticity in Chaerophyllum bulbosum (Apiaceae–Apioideae). Annals of Botany. 112. 8. 1495–1503. 10.1093/aob/mct073. 0305-7364. 3828945. 23585495.
  10. Casimiro-Soriguer . R. . Herrera . J. . Talavera . S. . 2012 . Andromonoecy in an Old World Papilionoid legume, Erophaca baetica . Plant Biology . 15 . 2 . 353–359 . 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00648.x . 1435-8603 . 22823201.
  11. Book: Lüttge. Ulrich. Progress in Botany 77. Cánovas. Francisco M.. Matyssek. Rainer. 2016. Springer. 978-3-319-25688-7. 361. en.
  12. Book: Chapman, Mark A.. The Eggplant Genome. 2019-05-30. Springer. 978-3-319-99208-2. 16. en.
  13. Book: Fusco. Giuseppe. The Biology of Reproduction. Minelli. Alessandro. 2019. Cambridge University Press. 978-1-108-49985-9. 135. en.
  14. Book: Muzzalupo, Innocenzo. Olive Germplasm: The Olive Cultivation, Table Olive and Olive Oil Industry in Italy. 2012. BoD – Books on Demand. 978-953-51-0883-2. 76–77. en.
  15. Book: Patiny, Sébastien. Evolution of Plant-Pollinator Relationships. 2011. Cambridge University Press. 978-1-139-50407-2. 34. en.

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