Android version history explained

The version history of the Android mobile operating system began with the public release of its first beta on November 5, 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released on September 23, 2008. The operating system has been developed by Google on a yearly schedule since at least 2011.^[1] New major releases are announced at Google I/O in May along with beta testing with the stable version usually released to the public between August and October.

Overview

See also: Android software development. The development of Android started in 2003 by Android, Inc., which was purchased by Google in 2005.^[2] There were at least two internal releases of the software inside Google and the Open Handset Alliance (OHA) before the beta version was released.^{[3] [4]} The beta was released on November 5, 2007,^{[5] [6]} while the software development kit (SDK) was released on November 12, 2007.^[7] Several public beta versions of the SDK were released.^[8] These releases were done through software emulation as physical devices did not exist to test the operating system. Both the operating system itself and the SDK were released along with their source code, as free software under the Apache License.^[9]

The first public release of Android 1.0 occurred with the release of the T-Mobile G1 (aka HTC Dream) in October 2008.^[10] Android 1.0 and 1.1 were not released under specific code names. The code names "Astro Boy" and "Bender" were tagged internally on some of the early pre-1.0 milestone builds and were never used as the actual code names of the 1.0 and 1.1 releases of the OS.^[11]

The project manager, Ryan Gibson, conceived using a confectionery-themed naming scheme for public releases, starting with Android 1.5 Cupcake. Google announced in August 2019 they were ending the confectionery theming scheme to use numerical ordering for future versions.^[12] The first release under the numerical order format was Android 10, which was released in September 2019.

In 2017, Google announced that Google Play would begin to require apps to target a recent Android version.^[13] Since then, a new major Android version has been released in the second half of each year, and apps must target it by August 31 of the following year for new apps, or November 1 for app updates.^[14]

Name	Internal codename^[15]	Version number(s)	API level	Release date	Latest security patch date^[16]	Latest Google Play Services version^[17] (release date)
Android 1.0			1	September 23, 2008	rowspan="7"
Android 1.1	Petit Four		2	February 9, 2009
Android Cupcake	Cupcake		3	April 27, 2009
Android Donut	Donut		4	September 15, 2009
Android Eclair	Eclair		5	October 27, 2009
			6	December 3, 2009
			7	January 11, 2010^[18]
Android Froyo	Froyo		8	May 20, 2010		3.2.25 (October 2014)
Android Gingerbread	Gingerbread		9	December 6, 2010		10.0.84 (November 2016)
			10	February 9, 2011
Android Honeycomb	Honeycomb		11	February 22, 2011
			12	May 10, 2011
			13	July 15, 2011
Android Ice Cream Sandwich	Ice Cream Sandwich		14	October 18, 2011		14.8.49 (February 2019)
			15	December 16, 2011
Android Jelly Bean	Jelly Bean		16	July 9, 2012		21.33.56 (September 2021)
			17	November 13, 2012
			18	July 24, 2013
Android KitKat	Key Lime Pie		19	October 31, 2013	October 2017	23.30.13 (August 2023)
			20	June 25, 2014
Android Lollipop	Lemon Meringue Pie		21	November 4, 2014^[19]	November 2017	24.28.35 (August 2024)
			22	March 2, 2015^[20]	March 2018
Android Marshmallow	Macadamia Nut Cookie		23	September 29, 2015^[21]	August 2018	24.46.31 (November 2024)
Android Nougat	New York Cheesecake		24	August 22, 2016	August 2019
			25	October 4, 2016	October 2019
Android Oreo	Oatmeal Cookie		26	August 21, 2017	January 2021
			27	December 5, 2017	October 2021
Android Pie	Pistachio Ice Cream^[22]		28	August 6, 2018	January 2022
Android 10	Quince Tart^[23]		29	September 3, 2019	February 2023
Android 11	Red Velvet Cake		30	September 8, 2020	February 2024
Android 12	Snow Cone		31	October 4, 2021	November 2024
Android 12L	Snow Cone v2		32	March 7, 2022
Android 13	Tiramisu		33	August 15, 2022
Android 14	Upside Down Cake^[24]		34	October 4, 2023
Android 15	Vanilla Ice Cream^[25]		35	October 15, 2024
Android 16 Wumpus	Baklava^[26]	DP1^[27]	36	November 19, 2024	November 2024	24.40.35 (October 2024)

Version history

The following tables show the release dates and key features of all Android operating system updates to date, listed chronologically by their official application programming interface (API) levels.

Android 1.0

Android 1.0, the first commercial version of the software, was released on September 23, 2008.^[28] The first commercially available Android device was the HTC Dream.^[29]

Android 1.1

On February 9, 2009, the Android 1.1 update was released, initially for the HTC Dream only. Android 1.1 was known as "Petit Four" internally, though this name was not used officially.^{[11] [36]} The update resolved bugs, changed the Android API and added a number of features:^[37]

Android 1.5 Cupcake

See main article: Android Cupcake.

On April 27, 2009, the Android 1.5 update was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.27.^{[38] [39]} This was the first release to officially use a codename based on a dessert item ("Cupcake"), a theme used for all releases until Android Pie, with Android 10 and later using a number-only system. The update included several new features and UI amendments:^[40]

Android 1.6 Donut

See main article: Android Donut.

On September 15, 2009, Android 1.6 – dubbed Donut – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29.^{[43] [44]} Included in the update were numerous new features:^[45]

Android 2.0 Eclair

See main article: Android Eclair.

On October 27, 2009, the Android 2.0 SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29 and codenamed Eclair.^[46] Changes include the ones listed below.^[47]

Android 2.1 Eclair

Android 2.2 Froyo

See main article: Android Froyo.

On May 20, 2010, the SDK for Android 2.2 (Froyo, short for frozen yogurt) was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.32.^[54]

Android 2.2 Froyo (API 8)

Version	Release date	Features
2.2	May 20, 2010	Speed, memory, and performance optimizations.^[55] Additional application speed improvements, implemented through JIT compilation.^[56] Integration of Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine into the Browser application. Support for the Android Cloud to Device Messaging (C2DM) service, enabling push notifications. Improved Microsoft Exchange support, including security policies, auto-discovery, GAL look-up, calendar synchronization and remote wipe.^[57] Improved application launcher with shortcuts to Phone and Browser applications. USB tethering and Wi-Fi hotspot functionality^[58] Option to disable data access over a mobile network. Updated Market application with batch and automatic update features. Quick switching between multiple keyboard languages and their dictionaries. Support for Bluetooth-enabled car and desk docks. Support for numeric and alphanumeric passwords. Support for file upload fields in the Browser application.^[59] The browser now shows all frames of animated GIFs instead of just the first frame only. Support for installing applications to expandable memory. Adobe Flash support.^[60] Support for high-PPI displays (up to 320 ppi), such as four-inch 720p screens.^[61] Gallery allows users to view picture stacks using a zoom gesture.
2.2.1	September 27, 2010^[62]	Bug fixes, security updates and performance improvements.
2.2.2	January 21, 2011^[63]	Minor bug fixes, including SMS routing issues that affected the Nexus One.^[64]
2.2.3	November 21, 2011^[65]	Two security updates.

Android 2.3 Gingerbread

See main article: Android Gingerbread.

On December 6, 2010, the Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.35.^[66] Changes included:^[67]

Android 2.3 Gingerbread (API 9)

Version	Release date	Features
2.3	December 6, 2010	Updated user interface design with increased simplicity and speed. Support for extra-large screen sizes and resolutions (WXGA and higher). Native support for SIP VoIP internet telephones. Faster, more intuitive text input on a virtual keyboard, with improved accuracy, better suggested text and voice input mode. Enhanced copy/paste functionality, allowing users to select a word by press-holding, copying, and pasting. Support for Near Field Communication (NFC), allowing the user to read an NFC tag embedded in a poster, sticker, or advertisement. New audio effects such as reverb, equalization, headphone virtualization, and bass boost. New Download Manager, giving users easy access to any file downloaded from the browser, email, or another application. Support for multiple cameras on the device, including a front-facing camera, if available. Support for WebM/VP8 video playback, and AAC audio encoding. Improved power management with a more active role in managing applications that are keeping the device awake for too long. Enhanced support for native code development. Switched from YAFFS to ext4 on newer devices.^[68] ^[69] Audio, graphical, and input enhancements for game developers. Concurrent garbage collection for increased performance. Native support for more sensors (such as gyroscopes and barometers). First Android version to feature an Easter egg. It was an image of the Bugdroid standing next to a zombie gingerbread man, with many more zombies in the background.
2.3.1	December 22, 2010^[70]	Improvements and bug fixes for the Nexus S.
2.3.2	January 21, 2011^[71]	Improvements and bug fixes for the Nexus S.

Android 2.3.3 Gingerbread

Android 2.3.3 Gingerbread (API 10)

Version	Release date	Features
2.3.3	February 9, 2011^[72]	Several improvements and API fixes.^[73]
2.3.4	April 28, 2011^[74]	Support for voice or video chat using Google Talk.^[75] Open Accessory Library support. Open Accessory was introduced in 3.1 (Honeycomb) but the Open Accessory Library grants 2.3.4 added support when connecting to a USB peripheral with compatible software and a compatible application on the device.^[76] Switched the default encryption for SSL from AES256-SHA to RC4-MD5.^[77] ^[78] Fixed a spontaneous reboot on Samsung Galaxy S Plus.
2.3.5	July 25, 2011^[79]	Improved network performance for the Nexus S 4G, among other fixes and improvements. Fixed a Bluetooth bug on Samsung Galaxy S. Fixed a Wi-Fi crash on Samsung Galaxy S Plus. Improved the Gmail application. Shadow animations for list scrolling. Camera software enhancements.^[80] Improved battery efficiency.
2.3.6	September 2, 2011^[81]	Fixed a voice search bug.
2.3.7	September 21, 2011	Google Wallet support for the Nexus S 4G.

Android 3.0 Honeycomb

See main article: Android Honeycomb.

On February 22, 2011, the Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK – the first tablet-only Android update – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.36.^{[82] [83] [84]} The first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, was released on February 24, 2011.^[85] The update's features included:^[86]

Android 3.2 Honeycomb

Android 3.2 Honeycomb (API 13)

Version	Release date	Features
3.2	July 15, 2011^[92]	Improved hardware support, including optimizations for a wider range of tablets. Increased ability of applications to access files on the SD card, e.g. for synchronization. Compatibility display mode for applications that have not been optimized for tablet screen resolutions. New display support functions, giving developers more control over display appearance on different Android devices.^[93]
3.2.1	September 20, 2011	Bug fixes and minor security, stability and Wi-Fi improvements. Update to Android Market with automatic updates and easier-to-read Terms and Conditions text. Update to Google Books. Improved Adobe Flash support in browser. Improved Chinese handwriting prediction.
3.2.2	September 30, 2011	Bug fixes and other minor improvements for the Motorola Xoom 4G.
3.2.4	December 15, 2011	Pay As You Go for 3G and 4G tablets.
3.2.6	February 15, 2012	Fixed data connectivity issues when coming out of Airplane mode on the US 4G Motorola Xoom.

Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich

See main article: Android Ice Cream Sandwich.

The SDK for Android 4.0.1 (Ice Cream Sandwich), based on Linux kernel 3.0.1,^[94] was publicly released on October 19, 2011.^[95] Google's Gabe Cohen stated that Android 4.0 was "theoretically compatible" with any Android 2.3.x device in production at that time.^[96] The source code for Android 4.0 became available on November 14, 2011.^[97] Ice Cream Sandwich was the last version to officially support Adobe Systems' Flash player.^[98] The update introduced numerous new features:^{[99] [100] [101]}

Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich (API 14)

Version	Release date	Features
4.0	October 18, 2011	Major refinements to the "Holo" interface with the new Roboto font family. Soft buttons from Android 3.x are now available for use on phones. Separation of widgets in a new tab, listed in a similar manner to applications. Easier-to-create folders, with a drag-and-drop style. Improved visual voicemail with the ability to speed up or slow down voicemail messages. Pinch-to-zoom functionality in the Calendar. Integrated screenshot capture (accomplished by holding down the Power and Volume-Down buttons). Improved error correction on the keyboard. Ability to access applications directly from the lock screen. Improved copy-and-paste functionality. Better voice integration and continuous, real-time speech-to-text dictation. Face Unlock, a feature that allows users to unlock handsets using facial recognition software. Automatic syncing of browser with users' Chrome bookmarks. Data Usage section in settings that lets users set warnings when they approach a certain usage limit, and disable data use when the limit is exceeded. Ability to shut down applications from the recent apps list with a swipe.^[102] Improved camera application with zero shutter lag, time lapse settings, panorama mode, and the ability to zoom while recording. Built-in photo editor. New gallery layout, organized by location and person. Refreshed the "People" application with social network integration, status updates and hi-res images. Android Beam, a near-field communication feature allowing the rapid short-range exchange of web bookmarks, contact info, directions, YouTube videos and other data. Support for the WebP image format. Hardware acceleration of the UI.^[103] Wi-Fi Direct.^[104] 1080p video recording for stock Android devices. Android VPN Framework (AVF), and TUN (but not TAP) kernel module. Prior to 4.0, VPN software required a rooted Android device.
4.0.1	October 19, 2011	Fixed minor bugs for the Samsung Galaxy Nexus.
4.0.2	November 28, 2011	Fixed minor bugs on the Verizon Galaxy Nexus, the US launch of which was later delayed until December 2011.

Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich

Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich (API 15)

Version	Release date	Features
4.0.3	December 16, 2011^[105]	Numerous bug fixes and optimizations. Improvements to graphics, databases, spell-checking and Bluetooth functionality. New APIs for developers, including a social stream API in the Contacts provider. Calendar provider enhancements. New camera applications enhancing video stabilization and QVGA resolution. Accessibility refinements such as improved content access for screen readers.^[106]
4.0.4	March 28, 2012	Stability improvements. Better camera performance. Smoother screen rotation. Improved phone number recognition.^[107]

Android 4.1 Jelly Bean

See main article: Android Jelly Bean.

Google announced Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean) at the Google I/O conference on June 27, 2012. Based on Linux kernel 3.0.31, Jelly Bean was an incremental update with the primary aim of improving the functionality and performance of the user interface. The performance improvement involved "Project Butter", which uses touch anticipation, triple buffering, extended vsync timing and a fixed frame rate of 60 fps to create a fluid and "buttery-smooth" UI. Android 4.1 Jelly Bean was released to the Android Open Source Project on July 9, 2012,^[108] and the Nexus 7 tablet, the first device to run Jelly Bean, was released on July 13, 2012.

Android 4.1 Jelly Bean (API 16)

Version	Release date	Features
4.1	July 9, 2012	Smoother user interface: Vsync timing across all drawing and animation done by the Android framework, including application rendering, touch events, screen composition and display refresh. Triple buffering in the graphics pipeline. CPU input boost. Synchronizing touch to vsync timing. Enhanced accessibility. Bi-directional text and other language support. User-installable keyboard maps. Expandable notifications. TLS v1.1 and v1.2 support added. Ability to turn off notifications on an application-specific basis. Shortcuts and widgets can automatically be re-arranged or re-sized to allow new items to fit on home screens. Bluetooth data transfer for Android Beam. Tablets with smaller screens now use an expanded version of the interface layout and home screen used by phones.^[109] Improved camera application. Multichannel audio.^[110] The Fraunhofer FDK AAC codec becomes standard in Android, adding AAC 5.1 channel encoding/decoding. USB audio (for external sound DACs). Audio chaining (also known as gapless playback).^[111] ^[112] Ability for other launchers to add widgets from the application drawer without requiring root access.
4.1.1	July 9, 2012^[113]	Fixed a bug on the Nexus 7 regarding the inability to change screen orientation in applications.
4.1.2	October 9, 2012^[114]	Lock/home screen rotation support.^[115] One-finger gestures to expand/collapse notifications.^[116] Bug fixes and performance enhancements.

Android 4.2 Jelly Bean

Google was expected to announce Jelly Bean 4.2 at an event in New York City on October 29, 2012, but the event was cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy.^[117] Instead of rescheduling the live event, Google announced the new version with a press release, under the slogan "A new flavor of Jelly Bean". Jelly Bean 4.2 was based on Linux kernel 3.4.0, and debuted on Google's Nexus 4 and Nexus 10, which were released on November 13, 2012.^{[118] [119]}

Android 4.2 Jelly Bean (API 17)

Version	Release date	Features
4.2	November 13, 2012^[120]	Lock screen improvements, including widget support (removed again in 2014) and the ability to swipe directly to the camera.^[121] Notification power controls ("Quick Settings"). "Daydream" screensavers, showing information when idle or docked (later renamed to "screen saver" following the launch of the unrelated Google Daydream VR platform in 2016). Multiple user accounts (tablets only). Rewritten Bluetooth stack, switching from Bluez to Broadcom open source BlueDroid,^[122] allowing improved support for multiple displays and wireless display (Miracast). Native right-to-left, always-on VPN and application verification.^[123] A new NFC stack was added at the same time. Accessibility improvements: triple-tap to magnify the entire screen, pan and zoom with two fingers. Speech output and Gesture Mode navigation for blind users. New clock application with a built-in world clock, stop watch and timer. All devices now use the same interface layout, previously adapted from phones on 4.1 for smaller tablets (with centered software buttons, the system bar at the top of the screen, and a home screen with a dock and centered application menu), regardless of screen size. Increased number of extended notifications and Actionable Notifications for more applications, allowing users to respond to certain notifications within the notification bar and without launching the application directly. SELinux support. Premium SMS confirmation.^[124] Group Messaging support.
4.2.1	November 27, 2012^[125] ^[126]	Fixed a bug in the People application where December was not displayed on the date selector when adding an event to a contact.^[127] Added Bluetooth gamepads and joysticks as supported HIDs (Human interface devices).
4.2.2	February 11, 2013^[128]	Fixed Bluetooth audio streaming bugs.^[129] Long-pressing the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth icons in Quick Settings now toggles the on/off state. New download notifications, which now show the percentage and estimated time remaining for active application downloads. New sounds for wireless charging and low battery. New Gallery application animation allows faster loading. USB debug whitelist. Bug fixes and performance enhancements.

Android 4.3 Jelly Bean

Google released Jelly Bean 4.3 under the slogan "An even sweeter Jelly Bean" on July 24, 2013, during an event in San Francisco called "Breakfast with Sundar Pichai". Most Nexus devices received the update within a week, although the second-generation Nexus 7 tablet was the first device to officially ship with it.^[130] A minor bug fix update was released on August 22, 2013.^[131]

Android 4.3 Jelly Bean (API 18)

Version	Release date	Features
4.3	July 24, 2013^[132]	Bluetooth Low Energy support.^[133] Bluetooth Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP) 1.3 support. OpenGL ES 3.0 support, allowing improved game graphics. Restricted access mode for new user profiles. Filesystem performance improvement by running the fstrim command while a device is idle.^[134] Dial pad auto-complete in the Phone application. Volume for incoming calls (ringtone) and notification alerts is no longer adjustable separately. Improvements to Photo Sphere.^[135] Reworked camera UI, previously introduced on Google Play edition phones.^[136] Addition of "App Ops", a fine-grained application permissions control system (hidden by default).^[137] SELinux enabled by default. 4K resolution support.^[138] Numerous security updates, performance enhancements, and bug fixes.^[139] System-level support for geofencing and Wi-Fi scanning APIs. Background Wi-Fi location still runs even when Wi-Fi is turned off. Developer logging and analyzing enhancements. Added support for five more languages. Changed digital rights management (DRM) APIs. Right-to-left (RTL) languages now supported. Clock in the status bar disappears if it is selected as a lockscreen widget. Native emoji support.^[140]
4.3.1	October 3, 2013^[141]	Bug fixes and small tweaks for the Nexus 7 LTE.^[142]

Android 4.4 KitKat

See main article: Android KitKat.

Google announced Android 4.4 KitKat on September 3, 2013. Although initially under the "Key Lime Pie" ("KLP") codename, the name was changed because "very few people actually know the taste of a key lime pie."^[143] Some technology bloggers also expected the "Key Lime Pie" release to be Android 5.^[144] KitKat debuted on Google's Nexus 5 on October 31, 2013, and was optimized to run on a greater range of devices than earlier Android versions, having 512 MB of RAM as a recommended minimum; those improvements were known as "Project Svelte" internally at Google.^[145] The required minimum amount of RAM available to Android is 340 MB, and all devices with less than 512 MB of RAM must report themselves as "low RAM" devices.

Android 4.4 KitKat (API 19)

Version	Release date	Features
4.4	October 31, 2013^[146] ^[147]	Refreshed interface with white elements instead of blue. Clock no longer shows bold hours; all digits are thin. The H, M, and S markings for the stopwatch and timer have been removed, leaving just the numbers. Ability for applications to trigger translucency in the navigation and status bars.^[148] Ability for applications to use "immersive mode" to keep the navigation and status bars hidden while maintaining user interaction.^[149] Action overflow menu buttons are always visible, even on devices with a "Menu" key, which was officially deprecated by Android 4.0.^[150] Write access disabled for user-installed applications on external storage (i.e. MicroSD), except for their own directories inside Android/data.^[151] ^[152] Purging of app data directories in user storage (internal user storage and MicroSD) upon uninstallation Optimizations for performance on devices with lower specifications, including zRAM support and "low RAM" device API. Wireless printing capability. NFC host card emulation, enabling a device to replace smart cards. WebViews are now based on the Chromium engine (feature parity with Chrome for Android 30). Expanded functionality for notification listener services. Public API for developing and managing text messaging clients.^[153] Storage Access Framework, an API allowing apps to retrieve files in a consistent manner. As part of the framework, a new system file picker allows users to access files from various sources (including those exposed by apps, such as online storage services). New framework for UI transitions. Sensor batching, step detector and counter APIs. Settings application now makes it possible to select default text messaging and the home (launcher) application. Audio tunneling, audio monitoring and loudness enhancer.^[154] Built-in screen recording feature (primarily for developers, as usage of ADB is required).^[155] Native infrared blaster API. Verified boot. Enforcing SELinux. Expanded accessibility APIs and system-level closed captioning settings. Android Runtime (ART) introduced as a new experimental application runtime environment, not enabled by default, as a replacement for the Dalvik virtual machine.^[156] Bluetooth Message Access Profile (MAP) support.^[157] Disabled access to battery statistics by third-party applications.^[158] Settings application no longer uses a multi-pane layout on devices with larger screens. Wi-Fi and mobile data activity (TX/RX) indicators are moved to quick settings.^[159] Disables text wrapping in the WebView browser component.^[160]
4.4.1	December 5, 2013^[161] ^[162]	Better application compatibility for the experimental Android Runtime (ART). Camera application now loads Google+ Photos instead of Gallery when swiping away from the camera view. Miscellaneous improvements and bug fixes.
4.4.2	December 9, 2013^[163]	Further security enhancements and bug fixes. Removal of the "App Ops" application permissions control system, introduced in Android 4.3.^[164]
4.4.3	June 2, 2014^[165] ^[166]	Refreshed the Dialer app's interface.^[167] Updated the Chromium-based WebView to version 33 (screencasting to DevTools, HTML5 Canvas hardware acceleration performance improvements, vibration API, HTML5 form validation, and an HTML5 datalist).^[168] Miscellaneous improvements and bug fixes.
4.4.4	June 19, 2014^[169]	CVE-2014-0224 fixed, eliminating an OpenSSL man-in-the-middle vulnerability.^[170]

Android 4.4W KitKat, with wearable extensions

See main article: Wear OS.

On June 24, 2014, a version of Android KitKat exclusive to Android Wear devices was released.

Android 4.4W KitKat, with wearable extensions (API 20)

Version	Release date	Features
4.4W^[171]	June 25, 2014^[172]	Initial release of the Android Wear platform for smartwatches: the same as Android 4.4 "KitKat", but with wearable extensions added.
4.4W.1	September 6, 2014^[173]	UI updates for Google Maps navigation and alarms.
4.4W.2	October 21, 2014^[174]	Offline music playback. GPS support.

Android 5.0 Lollipop

See main article: Android Lollipop.

Android 5.0 "Lollipop" was unveiled under the codename "Android L" on June 25, 2014, during Google I/O. It became available as an official over-the-air (OTA) update on November 12, 2014, for select devices that run distributions of Android serviced by Google, including Nexus and Google Play edition devices. Its source code was made available on November 3, 2014.^{[175] [176]}

Lollipop features a redesigned user interface built around a responsive design language referred to as "material design". Other changes include improvements to the notifications, which can be accessed from the lockscreen and displayed within applications as top-of-the-screen banners. Furthermore, Google made internal changes to the platform, with the Android Runtime (ART) officially replacing Dalvik for improved application performance, and with changes intended to improve and optimize battery usage, known internally as Project Volta.^{[177] [178] [179] [180]}

Android 5.0 Lollipop (API 21)

Version	Release date	Features
5.0^[181]	November 4, 2014	Android Runtime (ART) with ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation and improved garbage collection (GC), replacing Dalvik that combines bytecode interpretation with trace-based just-in-time (JIT) compilation.^[182] Support for 64-bit CPUs. OpenGL ES 3.1 and Android Extension Pack (AEP) on supported GPU configurations. Recent activities screen with tasks instead of applications, up to a configured maximum of tasks per application. Vector drawables, which scale without losing definition. Support for print previews. Material design, bringing a restyled user interface and "ripple effect" for buttons. Refreshed lock screen, no longer supporting widgets.^[183] Refreshed notification tray and quick settings pull-down. Project Volta, for battery life improvements. Searches can be performed within the system settings for quicker access to particular settings. Lock screen provides shortcuts to application and notification settings.^[184] Guest logins and multiple user accounts are available on more devices, such as phones.^[185] Audio input and output through USB devices. Third-party applications regain the ability to read and modify data located anywhere on external storage, such as on SD cards. However, those must be adapted to the storage access framework of Android API level 21 or higher.^[186] ^[187] Pinning of an application's screen for restricted user activity. Recently used applications are remembered even after restarting the device. WebViews receive updates independently through Google Play for security reasons, instead of relying on system-wide vendor updates.^[188] Addition of 15 new languages: Basque, Bengali, Burmese, Chinese (Hong Kong), Galician, Icelandic, Kannada, Kyrgyz, Macedonian, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali, Sinhala, Tamil and Telugu.^[189] Tap and Go allows users to quickly migrate to a new Android device, using NFC and Bluetooth to transfer Google Account details, configuration settings, user data and installed applications. A flashlight-style application is included, working on supported devices with a camera flash. User-customizable priorities for application notifications.^[190] Smart lock feature.^[191] SELinux in enforcing mode for all domains. Updated emoji.^[192] Improved accessibility support (e.g. switch access support).^[193] Block-based over-the-air (OTA) updates for new devices.^[194] Task listing access disabled for third-party applications.
5.0.1	December 2, 2014^[195]	A few bug fixes, including resolving issues with video playback and password failures handling.
5.0.2	December 19, 2014	Fixes a bug with TRIM support (introduced in Version 4.3), which prevented devices from running on-charger cleanups of file system allocations if the device was turned off at midnight, or if it was charged only when in use.^[196] Changes how alarms wake the CPU, and how alarms compete for system resources.^[197]

Android 5.1 Lollipop

Android 5.1 Lollipop (API 22)

Version	Release date	Features
5.1	March 2, 2015	Improvements and bug fixes to the Overview screen. Ability to join Wi-Fi networks and control paired Bluetooth devices from quick settings. Official support for multiple SIM cards.^[198] Device protection: if a device is lost or stolen it will remain locked until the owner signs into their Google account, even if the device is reset to factory settings. High-definition voice calls, available between compatible 4G LTE devices running Android 5.1. Improvements to the notification priority system, to more closely replicate the silent mode that was removed from Android 5.0.^[199]
5.1.1	April 20, 2015^[200] ^[201]	Various bug fixes Native Wi-Fi calling support.^[202]

Android 6.0 Marshmallow

See main article: Android Marshmallow.

Android 6.0 "Marshmallow" was unveiled under the codename "Android M" during Google I/O on May 28, 2015, for the Nexus 5 and Nexus 6 phones, Nexus 9 tablet, and Nexus Player set-top box, under the build number MPZ44Q.^[203] The third developer preview (MPA44G) was released on August 17, 2015, for the Nexus 5, Nexus 6, Nexus 9 and Nexus Player devices,^[204] and was updated to MPA44I that brought fixes related to Android for Work profiles.^[205]

Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API 23)

Version	Release date	Features
6.0	September 29, 2015^[206]	Precluded rudimentary file manager (package name: com.android.documentsui), accessible from storage settings.^[207] Memory card mounted to /storage/????-????/ rather than /storage/extSdCard/, with a hexadecimal volume serial number in place of the wildcard question marks.^[208] Contextual search from keywords within apps.^[209] Introduction of Doze mode, which reduces CPU speed while the screen is off in order to save battery life.^[210] App Standby feature. Alphabetically accessible vertical application drawer.^[211] Application search bar and favorites. Native fingerprint reader support. Direct Share feature for target-specific sharing between apps.^[212] Renamed "Priority" mode to "Do Not Disturb" mode. App Linking for faster instinctive opening of links with corresponding applications.^[213] ^[214] Larger Application folders with multiple pages. Post-install/run-time permission requests. USB-C support. Demo Mode feature for screenshot-capture usage.^[215] Automatic full data backup and restore for apps.^[216] 4K display mode for apps.^[217] Adoptable External storage to behave like Internal Storage.^[218] ^[219] MIDI support for musical instruments.^[220] Experimental multi-window feature.^[221] ^[222] Support for actions by third-party apps in the text selection menu. App permissions now granted individually at run-time, not all-or-nothing at install time. Similar to App Ops.^[223] Miracast support dropped.^[224] Many new essential commands supported by Android's Linux shell (/bin/sh). No screen rotation during touch.
6.0.1	December 7, 2015^[225]	Unicode 7.0 & 8.0 emoji support.^[226] Descriptions for USB connection options. Double-press the power button to open the camera.

Android 7.0 Nougat

See main article: Android Nougat.

Android "Nougat" (codenamed N in-development) is the seventh major release of the Android operating system. It was first released as a developer preview on March 9, 2016, with factory images for supported Nexus devices, as well as with the new "Android Beta Program" which allows supported devices to be upgraded directly to the Android Nougat beta via an over-the-air update. The final release was on August 22, 2016. The final preview build was released on July 18, 2016,^[227] with the build number NPD90G.

Android 7.1 Nougat

On October 19, 2016, Google released Android 7.1.1 as a developer preview for the Nexus 5X, Nexus 6P and the Pixel C. A second preview became available on November 22, 2016, before the final version was released to the public on December 5, 2016.

Android 7.1 Nougat (API 25)

Version	Release date	Features
7.1	October 4, 2016^[236]	Rearranged notification shade. "Restart" option added to power button menu^[237] Touch/display performance improvements. Moves (Fingerprint swipe down gestureopt-in). Opt-in with new hardware required: Seamless A/B system updates. Daydream VR mode. Developer features: Shortcut manager APIs. Circular app icons support. Keyboard image insertion. Fingerprint sensor gesture to open/close notification shade. Manual storage manager Intent for apps. Improved VR thread scheduling. Enhanced wallpaper metadata. Multi-endpoint call support. Support for various MNO requirements. PCDMA voice privacy property. Source type support for Visual Voicemail. Carrier config options for managing telephone videos. Manual storage manager identifies files and apps using storage.
7.1.1^[238]	December 1, 2016^[239]	New set of emojis adding different skin tones and haircuts to existing ones. Send GIFs directly from the default keyboard. App shortcuts: Launch actions on apps by long-pressing the app icon. Developer Options: Show CPU Usage feature removed.
7.1.2^[240] ^[241]	April 2, 2017^[242]	Battery usage alerts.

Android 8.0 Oreo

See main article: Android Oreo.

Android Oreo is the eighth major release of the Android operating system. It was first released as a developer preview, codenamed Android O, on March 21, 2017, with factory images for supported Nexus and Pixel devices. The final developer preview was released on July 24, 2017, with the stable version released in August 2017.

Android 8.1 Oreo

Android 8.1 Oreo is the sixteenth minor release of the Android operating system. It was first released as a developer preview on October 25, 2017, with factory images for current Nexus and Pixel devices. A second developer preview was made available on November 27, 2017, for Nexus and Pixel devices, before the stable version was released on December 5, 2017.

Android 9 Pie

See main article: Android Pie.

Android Pie is the ninth major version of the Android operating system. It was first announced by Google on March 7, 2018, and the first developer preview was released on the same day. The second preview, considered beta quality, was released on May 8, 2018. The final beta of Android Pie (fifth preview, also considered as a "Release Candidate") was released on July 25, 2018. The first official release was released on August 6, 2018.

Android 10

See main article: Android 10.

Android 10 is the tenth major version of the Android operating system. The stable version of Android 10 was released on September 3, 2019.

Android 11

See main article: Android 11.

Android 11 is the eleventh major version of the Android operating system. It was first announced by Google on February 19, 2020, and the first developer preview released on the same day.^{[270] [271]}
The launch of Android 11 Beta was postponed from June 3, 2020, to June 10, 2020.^[272]

Android 12

See main article: Android 12.

Android 12 is the twelfth major version of the Android operating system. It was first announced by Google on February 18, 2021, and the first developer preview was released on the same day.^{[279] [280]}

Android 12L

Android 12L is an interim release for Android 12 that includes design tweaks for larger displays and minor stability changes to the operating system. It was announced in October 2021 alongside Beta releases with a stable version launching on March 7, 2022.

Android 13

See main article: Android 13.

Android 13 is the thirteenth major version of the Android operating system.

Android 14

See main article: Android 14.

Android 14 is the fourteenth major version of the Android operating system. Google announced Android 14 on February 8, 2023, with the first Developer Preview releasing on the same day.

Android 15

See main article: Android 15.

Android 15 is the fifteenth major version of the Android operating system. It was released on September 3, 2024 as part of the Android Open Source Project,^[304] and was first released to a device on September 30, 2024 by Vivo.^[305] Unlike previous versions of Android, the new update wasn't made available upon its release to Google's own Pixel line, instead being released on October 15, 2024.^[306]

Android 16

See main article: Android 16. Android 16 is the upcoming major release of Android. The first Developer Preview of Android 16 was released on 19 November 2024,^[308] Google expects the platform to reach beta stage in January 2025 with a final release expected in Q2 2025.^[309]

Hardware requirements

The main hardware platform for Android is the 64-bit ARM architecture (i.e. ARMv8-A; previously the 32-bit ARMv7 architecture was supported and first ARMv5), with x86 and MIPS architectures also officially supported in later versions of Android. MIPS support has since been deprecated and support was removed in NDK r17.^[311]

Android1.0 through 1.5 required a 2 megapixel camera with autofocus camera. This was relaxed to a fixed-focus camera with Android1.6.^[312]

In 2012, Android devices with Intel processors began to appear, including phones^[313] and tablets. While gaining support for 64-bit platforms, Android was first made to run on 64-bit x86 and then on ARM64.^{[314] [315]} Since Android5.0 Lollipop, 64-bit variants of all platforms are supported in addition to the 32-bit variants.

Requirements for the minimum amount of RAM for devices running Android 7.1 depend on screen size and density and type of CPU, ranging from 816MB–1.8GB for 64-bit and 512MB–1.3GB for 32-bit meaning in practice 1GB for the most common type of display (while minimum for Android watch is 416MB).^[316] The recommendation for Android4.4 is to have at least 512MB of RAM,^[317] while for "low RAM" devices 340MB is the required minimum amount that does not include memory dedicated to various hardware components such as the baseband processor.^[318] Android 4.4 requires a 32-bit ARMv7, MIPS or x86 architecture processor,^[319] together with an OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible graphics processing unit (GPU).^[320] Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0, 3.0, 3.2 and since Android 7.0 Vulkan (and version 1.1 available for some devices^[321]). Some applications may explicitly require a certain version of the OpenGL ES, and suitable GPU hardware is required to run such applications. In 2021, Android was ported to RISC-V.^[322] In 2021, Qualcomm said it will provide a longer support period for its chipsets, starting with the Snapdragon 888, which will help extend Android update support for these devices. With this promise, devices using Qualcomm chipsets will have a total of three Android version upgrades and of four years of security updates.^[323]

See also

• iOS version history

External links

• • Android Open Source Project website

Notes and References

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69. Web site: Saving Data Safely . Tim Bray . Android Developers Blog . December 19, 2010 . June 11, 2011 . July 27, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110727234704/http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2010/12/saving-data-safely.html . live .
70. Web site: refs/tags/android-2.3.1_r1 – platform/system/core – Git at Google . android.googlesource.com . May 19, 2021 . January 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114135846/https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-2.3.1_r1 . live .
71. Web site: refs/tags/android-2.3.2_r1 – platform/system/core – Git at Google . android.googlesource.com . May 19, 2021 . January 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114135758/https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-2.3.2_r1 . live .
72. Web site: Android 2.3.3 Platform, New NFC Capabilities . May 19, 2021 . January 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114135849/https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2011/02/android-233-platform-new-nfc.html . live .
73. Web site: Android 2.3.3 Platform . Android Developers . 2011. November 19, 2012. June 13, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120613232731/http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-2.3.3.html. dead.
74. Web site: Android 2.3.4 source tag . September 2, 2013 . September 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230929174948/https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/android-2.3.4_r1 . live .
75. Web site: Video Chat on Your Android Phone . April 28, 2011 . Google Mobile Blog . April 18, 2013 . November 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201128144225/http://googlemobile.blogspot.com/2011/04/video-chat-on-your-android-phone.html . live .
76. Web site: Open Accessory Library 2.3.4 . Android Developers . August 3, 2012 . August 5, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120805081044/http://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-2.3.4.html . live .
77. Web site: Sarkar . Abhijoy . Is it Java that weakened Android's SSL security? . Muktware . October 14, 2013 . November 2, 2013 . October 26, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131026181842/http://www.muktware.com/2013/10/java-weakened-androids-ssl-security-nsa-may-picture/15033 . live .
78. Web site: Why Android SSL was downgraded from AES256-SHA to RC4-MD5 in late 2010 . October 15, 2013 . November 2, 2013 . op-co.de . November 5, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131105221353/http://op-co.de/blog/posts/android_ssl_downgrade/ . live .
79. Web site: refs/tags/android-2.3.5_r1 – platform/system/core – Git at Google . android.googlesource.com . May 19, 2021 . January 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114135849/https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-2.3.5_r1 . live .
80. News: Arghire . Ionut . Android 2.3.5 Arrives on Galaxy S in the UK . Softpedia.com . December 1, 2011 . December 4, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111204034344/http://news.softpedia.com/news/Android-2-3-5-Arrives-on-Galaxy-S-in-the-UK-235644.shtml . live .
81. Web site: Nexus S Ushers-In Android 2.3.6, But Does It Fix Or Cause Bugs? . pocketnow . September 2, 2011 . August 4, 2014 . Stephen Schenck . October 17, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141017014023/http://pocketnow.com/android/nexus-s-ushers-in-android-236-but-does-it-fix-or-cause-bugs . dead .
82. Web site: A Sneak Peek of Android 3.0, Honeycomb . Andy . Rubin . Google Mobile Blog . January 5, 2011 . January 5, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110108061358/http://googlemobile.blogspot.com/2011/01/sneak-peak-of-android-30-honeycomb.html . January 8, 2011 . live.
83. Web site: Final Android 3.0 Platform and Updated SDK Tools . Xavier Ducrohet . Android Developers Blog . February 22, 2011 . February 23, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110305143408/http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2011/02/final-android-30-platform-and-updated.html . March 5, 2011 . live.
84. Web site: Google's Android Event Analysis . Mithun Chandrasekhar . AnandTech . February 2, 2011 . February 5, 2011 . I confirmed this with Google; Honeycomb, at least in the current form, will not be coming to non-tablet devices. . February 5, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110205210127/http://www.anandtech.com/show/4150/googles-android-event-analysis/2 . live .
85. Web site: Motorola Atrix 4G and Xoom tablet launching at the end of February, Droid Bionic and LTE Xoom in Q2 . Nilay Patel . Engadget . January 26, 2011 . February 5, 2011.
86. Web site: Android 3.0 Platform Highlights . Android Developers . February 23, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110216200154/http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-3.0-highlights.html . February 16, 2011 . dead.
87. Web site: Ho . Joshua . Examining MicroSD changes in Android 4.4 . Anandtech . March 28, 2014 . March 28, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140328131328/http://anandtech.com/show/7859/examining-microsd-changes-in-android-44 . live .
88. Web site: External Blues: Google Has Brought Big Changes To SD Cards In KitKat, And Even Samsung Is Implementing Them . February 17, 2014 . Cody Toombs . February 20, 2014 . Android Police . February 21, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140221100831/http://www.androidpolice.com/2014/02/17/external-blues-google-has-brought-big-changes-to-sd-cards-in-kitkat-and-even-samsung-may-be-implementing-them/ . live .
89. Web site: Android 3.1 Platform, New SDK tools . May 10, 2011 . Xavier . Ducrohet . Android Developers Blog . May 10, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110511072447/http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2011/05/android-31-platform-new-sdk-tools.html . May 11, 2011 . live.
90. Web site: Android Supported Media Formats . Android Developers . March 30, 2012 . March 11, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120311121312/http://developer.android.com/guide/appendix/media-formats.html . live .
91. Web site: Issue 1461 – Android – FLAC file support enhancement request. . August 5, 2011 . April 10, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170410001003/https://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=1461 . live .
92. Web site: Android 3.2 Platform and Updated SDK tools . July 15, 2011 . Xavier . Ducrohet . Android Developers Blog . July 16, 2011 . July 18, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110718090730/http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2011/07/android-32-platform-and-updated-sdk.html . live .
93. Web site: Supporting Multiple Screens: Declaring Tablet Layouts for Android 3.2 . Android Developers . 2012 . February 18, 2013 . January 28, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130128224652/http://developer.android.com/guide/practices/screens_support.html#DeclaringTabletLayouts . live .
94. Web site: Maroger . Ice Cream Sandwich Runs on Linux Kernel 3.0.1 . . Fine Oils . October 19, 2011 . July 24, 2013 . September 26, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130926170532/http://fineoils.blogspot.com/2011/10/ice-cream-sandwich-runs-on-linux-kernel.html#!/2011/10/ice-cream-sandwich-runs-on-linux-kernel.html . live .
95. Web site: Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich SDK Now Available . Social Barrel . Francis . Rey . October 19, 2011 . July 24, 2013 . September 8, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130908152338/http://socialbarrel.com/android-4-0-ice-cream-sandwich-sdk-now-available/24093/ . live .
96. News: Google confirms Nexus S will get Ice Cream Sandwich – for real this time (Gingerbread devices, too) . Engadget . Tim . Stevens . October 19, 2011 . July 24, 2013.
97. Web site: Ice Cream Sandwich source code released, custom ROMs inevitable . AndroidGuys . Vincent . Messina . November 15, 2011 . July 24, 2013 . September 22, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130922033259/http://www.androidguys.com/2011/11/15/ice-cream-sandwich-source-code-released-custom-roms-inevitable/ . dead .
98. Web site: Today Is The Last Day To Get Flash For Android . WebProNews . August 14, 2012 . February 7, 2013 . January 30, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130130212639/http://www.webpronews.com/today-is-the-last-day-to-get-flash-for-android-2012-08 . live .
99. Web site: Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich now official, includes revamped design, enhancements galore . Engadget . Brad . Molen . October 19, 2011 . October 19, 2011 . January 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114141807/https://tag.idsync.analytics.yahoo.com/sp-frame.html?referrer=https%3A//opus.analytics.yahoo.com/tag/opus-frame.html%3Freferrer%3Dhttps%3A//www.engadget.com/2011-10-18-android-4-0-ice-cream-sandwich-now-official.html%26tbla_id%3D291617d0-ae7b-4f64-a3ab-2d9c87337e65-tuctc9d729d%26gam_id%3Dy-Dg48dZ5E2uL0jTg1pU87JdyUKqk5Bqxu%7EA%26axids%3Dgam%3Dy-Dg48dZ5E2uL0jTg1pU87JdyUKqk5Bqxu%7EA%26dv360%3DeS1xMElGWXRORTJ1RWJBTHF3SFM2Tl9kRWV1bVE4cnB0b35B%26ydsp%3Dy-sZGCizFE2uJUefsPeUXcKYwdxKNrsV3C%7EA%26gdpr%3Dfalse%26gdpr_consent%3D%26gpp%3DDBABBg%7EBVoIgACA.QA%26gpp_sid%3D8%26us_privacy%3D1YNN%26reset_idsync%3D1 . live .
100. News: Ice Cream Sandwich adds tons of new features . CNET . Kent . German . October 18, 2011 . July 24, 2013.
101. Web site: A Quick Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich Feature Rundown . Tech Crunch . Chris . Velazco . October 18, 2011 . July 24, 2013 . July 28, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130728060204/http://techcrunch.com/2011/10/18/a-quick-ice-cream-sandwich-feature-rundown/ . live .
102. Web site: What Exactly Happens When You Swipe An Android App From the Recent Apps List? . Fitzpatrick . Jason . August 20, 2013 . How-To Geek . September 19, 2014 . October 15, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141015200044/http://www.howtogeek.com/169549/what-exactly-happens-when-you-swipe-an-android-app-from-the-recent-apps-list/ . live .
103. Web site: Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich has Hardware Acceleration . Phandroid . Quentyn . Kennemer . October 19, 2011 . October 19, 2011 . October 21, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111021022202/http://phandroid.com/2011/10/19/android-4-0-ice-cream-sandwich-has-hardware-acceleration/ . live .
104. Web site: Wi-Fi Direct . Android Developers . July 27, 2013 . August 17, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130817042707/http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/connectivity/wifip2p.html . live .
105. http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2011/12/android-403-platform-and-updated-sdk.html "Android 4.0.3 Platform and Updated SDK tools"
106. Web site: Android 4.0.3 announced, bringing 'variety of optimizations and bug fixes' to phones and tablets . Engadget . December 16, 2011 . December 17, 2011 . January 2, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130102083750/http://www.engadget.com/2011/12/16/android-4-0-3-announced-brings-variety-of-optimizations-and-bu/ . live .
107. https://plus.google.com/u/0/104629412415657030658/posts/NgGwavbmkQ7 Google announces 4.0.4 on Google+
108. Web site: Queru . Jean-Baptiste . Android 4.1 in AOSP . July 12, 2012 . January 22, 2011 . http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20110122130054/https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/android-building/XBYeD-bhk1o . live .
109. News: Confirmed: Android 4.1 uses different layouts for different tablet sizes . ComputerWorld . July 8, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130119012034/http://blogs.computerworld.com/mobile-and-wireless/20653/android-41-tablet-layout . January 19, 2013 . dead.
110. Web site: Android 4.1 for Developers . Android Developers . February 9, 2013 . January 28, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130128204124/http://developer.android.com/about/versions/jelly-bean.html#media . live .
111. Web site: Issue 3461: Implement Gapless Playback of consecutive audio files . November 12, 2012 . May 25, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130525015225/http://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=3461 . live .
112. Web site: Android 4.1 finally adds gapless music playback to stock music apps . Pocketables.com . June 29, 2012 . June 30, 2012 . November 10, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121110090332/http://www.pocketables.com/2012/06/android-4-1-finally-adds-gapless-music-playback-to-stock-music-apps.html . live .
113. Web site: refs/tags/android-4.1.1_r1 – platform/system/core – Git at Google . android.googlesource.com . May 19, 2021 . January 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114141825/https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-4.1.1_r1 . live .
114. https://www.theverge.com/2012/10/9/3479662/android-4-1-2-coming-to-nexus-7 "Android 4.1.2 rolling out for Nexus 7"
115. Web site: Android 4.1.2 brings homescreen rotation to devices . GigaOM . October 9, 2012 . October 9, 2012 . October 11, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121011120521/http://gigaom.com/mobile/android-4-1-2-brings-home-screen-rotation-to-devices/ . dead .
116. Web site: New Feature In Android 4.1.2: Expanding/Collapsing Notifications With One Finger (Video) . Android Police . October 9, 2012 . October 9, 2012 . October 11, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121011072628/http://www.androidpolice.com/2012/10/09/new-in-android-4-1-2-expandingcollapsing-notifications-with-one-finger-video/ . live .
117. Web site: Monday's Google event in NYC canceled due to Hurricane Sandy . Android Central . October 27, 2012 . February 19, 2014 . September 26, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130926100214/http://www.androidcentral.com/monday-s-google-event-nyc-cancelled-due-hurricane-sandy . live .
118. Web site: Android 4.2 Jelly Bean lands on Nexus 7 . Know Your Mobile . November 14, 2012 . November 14, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121117002507/http://www.knowyourmobile.com/blog/1678521/android_42_jelly_bean_lands_on_nexus_7.html . November 17, 2012 . dead.
119. News: Google Releases Nexus 4, Nexus 10 and Android 4.2 . IGN . November 13, 2012 . November 16, 2012 . January 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114141827/https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/11/14/google-releases-nexus-4-nexus-10-and-android-42 . live .
120. https://www.theverge.com/2012/10/29/3569244/android-4-2-new-features-miracast-gesture-keyboard-multiple-users-photo-sphere "Android 4.2 adds gestue typing, wireless TV display, multiple user support on tablets, and more"
121. http://www.techradar.com/news/phone-and-communications/mobile-phones/android-4-2-jelly-bean-brings-all-new-photography-powers-1108294 "Android 4.2 Jelly Bean brings all-new photography powers"
122. Web site: The Next Version of Android – Some of What's Coming . anandtech.com . Brian . Klug . May 19, 2013 . October 28, 2014 . October 6, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141006122815/http://www.anandtech.com/show/6965/the-next-version-of-android-some-of-whats-coming . live .
123. Web site: Jelly Bean . Android developer portal . July 2, 2014 . January 28, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130128204124/http://developer.android.com/about/versions/jelly-bean.html . live .
124. http://www.androidpolice.com/2012/10/17/exclusive-android-4-2-alpha-teardown-part-2-selinux-vpn-lockdown-and-premium-sms-confirmation/ "Exclusive Android 4.2 Alpha Teardown, Part 2: SELinux, VPN Lockdown, And Premium SMS Confirmation"
125. Web site: refs/tags/android-4.2.1_r1 – platform/system/core – Git at Google . android.googlesource.com . May 19, 2021 . January 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114141830/https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/refs/tags/android-4.2.1_r1 . live .
126. http://www.androidpolice.com/2012/11/27/changelog-whats-new-in-android-4-2-1-jop40d/ "(Changelog) What's New In Android 4.2.1 (JOP40D)"
127. http://www.androidpolice.com/2012/11/17/sorry-santa-google-cancels-december-in-android-4-2/ "Sorry, Santa – Google Cancels December In Android 4.2"
128. http://www.androidpolice.com/2013/02/11/breaking-android-4-2-2-build-jdq39-update-rolling-out-to-gsm-galaxy-nexus-nexus-7-nexus-10/ "Breaking: Android 4.2.2 (Build JDQ39) Update Rolling Out To GSM Galaxy Nexus, Nexus 7, Nexus 10"
129. News: Android 4.2.2 brings Bluetooth audio fixes to Nexus phones and tablets . Ars Technica . February 12, 2013 . February 12, 2013 . February 12, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130212200213/http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/02/android-4-2-2-brings-bluetooth-audio-fixes-to-nexus-phones-and-tablets/ . live .
130. Web site: Google Announces Android 4.3, Update Rolling Out Today . Tom's Hardware . July 24, 2013 . July 25, 2013 . October 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003112436/https://www.tomshardware.com/news/Android-4.3-Update-Roll-out-Release-Nexus,23671.html . live .
131. News: Android Open Source Project now has latest 4.3 fixes for most Nexus hardware . . August 22, 2013 . August 22, 2013 . January 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114141808/https://tag.idsync.analytics.yahoo.com/sp-frame.html?referrer=https%3A//opus.analytics.yahoo.com/tag/opus-frame.html%3Freferrer%3Dhttps%3A//www.engadget.com/2013-08-22-aosp-latest-4-3-fixes.html%26tbla_id%3D447fb467-8d25-454f-82ad-98780acfec34-tuctc9d729f%26gam_id%3Dy-eqLeIpRE2uJ.vUrah5ms6o3fu9Z8svld%7EA%26axids%3Dgam%3Dy-eqLeIpRE2uJ.vUrah5ms6o3fu9Z8svld%7EA%26dv360%3DeS1iUmlHeE1kRTJ1R2NTSG5tYkhzRnVrU0g3emw0eTEwbX5B%26ydsp%3Dy-SJLpaihE2uLvwgj5B5tUS9dk0wj2wjfR%7EA%26gdpr%3Dfalse%26gdpr_consent%3D%26gpp%3DDBABBg%7EBVoIgACA.QA%26gpp_sid%3D8%26us_privacy%3D1YNN%26reset_idsync%3D1 . live .
132. https://www.theverge.com/2013/7/24/4550234/android-4-3-announcement "Android 4.3 announced, rolling out to Nexus devices today"
133. http://officialandroid.blogspot.com/2013/07/introducing-android-43-sweeter-jelly.html "Introducing Android 4.3, a sweeter Jelly Bean"
134. https://www.engadget.com/2013/07/30/android-4-3-supports-trim-improves-performance-on-nexus-devices/ "Android 4.3 supports TRIM, improves performance on Nexus devices"
135. http://www.androidpolice.com/2013/07/25/another-android-4-3-change-photo-spheres-look-a-lot-better-now/ "Another Android 4.3 Change: Photo Spheres Look A Lot Better Now"
136. http://www.androidpolice.com/2013/05/24/android-4-3-and-updated-camera-ui-spotted-on-a-nexus-4-at-thailand-mobile-expo/ "Android 4.3 And Updated Camera UI Spotted On A Nexus 4 At Thailand Mobile Expo"
137. http://www.androidpolice.com/2013/07/25/app-ops-android-4-3s-hidden-app-permission-manager-control-permissions-for-individual-apps/ "App Ops: Android 4.3's Hidden App Permission Manager, Control Permissions For Individual Apps!"
138. https://www.engadget.com/2013/07/26/android-4-3-source-reveals-support-for-4k-resolution/ "Android 4.3 source code reveals support for 4K resolution"
139. http://www.androidpolice.com/2013/07/24/a-n-in-depth-look-at-the-big-and-small-additions-to-android-jelly-bean-4-3/ "An In-Depth Look At The Big (And Small) Additions To Android Jelly Bean 4.3"
140. Web site: Google Android 4.3 Jelly Bean Release Date, Price and Specs – CNET . Jaymar Cabebe . July 25, 2013 . CBS Interactive . CNET . February 21, 2020 . January 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114142319/https://www.cnet.com/reviews/google-android-4-3-jelly-bean-preview/ . live .
141. http://www.androidpolice.com/2013/10/03/suddenly-a-wild-android-4-3-1-appears-lte-nexus-7-receiving-android-4-3-1-ota-jls36i/ "Suddenly, A Wild Android 4.3.1 Appears – LTE Nexus 7 Receiving Android 4.3.1 OTA (JLS36I)"
142. http://www.androidpolice.com/2013/10/08/factory-image-and-binaries-are-now-available-for-the-nexus-7-lte-android-4-3-1-update-jls36i/ "Factory Image And Binaries Are Now Available For The Nexus 7 LTE Android 4.3.1 Update (JLS36I)"
143. News: Kelion . Leo . Android KitKat announced . September 3, 2013 . BBC News . September 3, 2013 . September 4, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130904070600/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23926938 . live .
144. News: TechRadar . Android 5.0 Key Lime Pie release date, news and rumors . July 2, 2013 . July 22, 2013 . January 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114142313/https://www.techradar.com/ . live .
145. News: Molen . Brad . Engadget review the Nexus 5 . Engadget . November 5, 2013 . November 11, 2013 . November 9, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131109020218/http://www.engadget.com/2013/11/05/nexus-5-review/ . live .
146. http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2013/10/android-for-all-and-new-nexus-5.html "Android for all and the new Nexus 5 "
147. Web site: Android KitKat . Android Developers Portal . November 1, 2013 . October 31, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131031184317/https://developer.android.com/about/versions/kitkat.html . live .
148. News: Google's Nexus 5 with KitKat available today, starting at $349: hands-on impressions . The Verge . Bonn, Dieter . October 31, 2013 . November 1, 2013 . January 14, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240114142414/https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/31/5049068/googles-nexus-5-with-android-kit-kat-available-today-starting-349 . live .
149. Web site: KitKat Feature Spotlight: Apps Can Now Go Truly Full-Screen, Hide The Navigation Bar . October 31, 2013 . November 3, 2013 . David Ruddock . androidpolice.com . November 3, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131103011505/http://www.androidpolice.com/2013/10/31/kitkat-feature-spotlight-apps-can-now-go-truly-full-screen-hide-the-navigation-bar/ . live .
150. Web site: Android menu button now on by default on all device with KitKat . PhoneArena.com . December 9, 2013 . February 9, 2014 . December 13, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131213081334/http://www.phonearena.com/news/Android-menu-button-now-on-by-default-on-all-device-with-KitKat_id50179 . live .
151. https://www.androidauthority.com/fix-kitkat-sdcard-issue-app-sdfix-358844/ "Got the KitKat SD card blues? Solve the problem with SDFix (root required)"
152. Web site: External Storage | Android Developers . May 9, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150509021632/https://source.android.com/devices/storage/. May 9, 2015.
153. Web site: Getting Your SMS Apps Ready for KitKat . Android Developers Blog . October 14, 2013 . October 15, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131015024734/http://android-developers.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/getting-your-sms-apps-ready-for-kitkat.html . live .
154. Web site: Android 4.4 brings support for low-power audio playback . PhoneArena.com . October 31, 2013 . February 25, 2014 . November 10, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131110130344/http://www.phonearena.com/news/Android-4.4-brings-support-for-low-power-audio-playback_id48948 . live .
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