List of Alamo defenders explained

The Battle of the Alamo (February 23 – March 6, 1836) was a crucial conflict of the Texas Revolution. In 1835, colonists from the United States joined with Tejanos (Mexicans born in Texas) in putting up armed resistance to the centralization of the Mexican government.^[1] President Antonio López de Santa Anna and the government in Mexico City believed the United States had instigated the insurrection with a goal of annexing Texas.^[2]

In an effort to tamp down on the unrest, martial law was declared and military governor General Martín Perfecto de Cos established headquarters in San Antonio de Béxar, stationing his troops at the Alamo.^[3] When the Texian volunteer soldiers gained control of the fortress at the Siege of Béxar, compelling Cos to surrender on December 9, many saw his expulsion to the other side of the Rio Grande as the end of Mexican forces in Texas.^[4] Most Texian soldiers in Béxar left to join a planned invasion of Matamoros, Mexico.^[5]

Garrison commander James C. Neill went home on family matters February 11, 1836, leaving James Bowie and William B. Travis as co-commanders over the predominantly volunteer force.^[6] When the Mexican Army of Operations under the command of Santa Anna arrived in Béxar with 1,500 troops on February 23, the remaining Alamo garrison numbered 150.^[7] Over the course of the next several days, new volunteers arrived inside the fortress while others were sent out as couriers, to forage for food, or to buy supplies.^[8]

A fierce defense was launched from within the walls, even as Bowie and Travis made unsuccessful attempts to negotiate with the Mexican army.^[9] Travis repeatedly dispatched couriers with pleas for reinforcements.^[10] Although Santa Anna refused to consider a proposed conditional surrender, he extended an offer of amnesty for all Tejanos inside the fortress to walk away unharmed. Most Tejanos evacuated from the fortress about February 25, either as part of the amnesty, or as a part of Juan Seguín's company of courier scouts on their last run.

In response to pleas from Travis, James Fannin started from Goliad with 320 men, supplies and armaments, yet had to abort a day later due to a wagon breakdown. Final reinforcements were able to enter the Alamo during March 1–4, most of them from Gonzales which had become a recruitment camp.^[11] Others who had left intending to return were unable to re-enter.^[12] At 5:30 a.m. on March 6, the Mexican army began the final siege. An hour later, all combatants inside the Alamo were dead.^[13] The bodies, with the exception of Gregorio Esparza's, were cremated on pyres and abandoned. Esparza's brother Francisco was a soldier in the Mexican army and received permission from Santa Anna for a Christian burial.^[14]

Juan Seguín oversaw the 1837 recovery of the abandoned ashes and officiated at the February 25 funeral. The March 28 issue of the Telegraph and Texas Register only gave the burial location as where "the principal heap of ashes" had been found.^[15] In the following decades, the public wanted to know the location of the burial site, but Seguín gave conflicting statements, perceived as due to age-related memory problems.^[16] Remains thought to be those of the Alamo defenders were discovered at the Cathedral of San Fernando during the Texas 1936 centennial, and re-interred in a marble sarcophagus. Purported to hold the ashes of Travis, Bowie and Crockett, some have doubted it can be proven whose remains are entombed there.^[16]

Identifying the combatants

Below are 215 known combatants: 193 who died during the siege, 31 survivors, and one escapee who later died of his wounds.

Mexican Colonel Juan Almonte, Santa Anna's aide-de-camp, recorded the Texian fatality toll as 250 in his March 6 journal entry. He listed the survivors as five women, one Mexican soldier and one slave. Almonte did not record names, and his count was based solely on who was there during the final assault.^[17] Santa Anna reported to Mexico's Secretary of War Tornel that Texian fatalities exceeded 600. Historians Jack Jackson and John Wheat attributed that high figure to Santa Anna's playing to his political base.^[18]

Research into the battle, and exactly who was inside the fortress, began when the Alamo fell and has continued with no signs of abatement. The first published Texian list of casualties was in the March 24, 1836 issue of the Telegraph and Texas Register. The 115 names were supplied by John W. Smith and Gerald Navan,^[19] who historian Thomas Ricks Lindley believed likely drew from their own memories, as well as from interviews with those who might have left or tried to enter.^[20] In an 1860 statement for the Texas Almanac, former San Antonio alcalde (mayor) Francisco Antonio Ruiz set the number at 182.^[21]

When the Alamo Cenotaph was created by Pompeo Coppini in 1939, the 187 defender names on the monument came from the research of Amelia Williams,^[22] considered the leading Alamo authority of her day.^[23] Her work is still used by some as a benchmark, although skepticism has been voiced. Lindley's 2003 Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions upended much of what was previously accepted as fact.^[24] He devoted a chapter to deconstructing Williams' research as "misrepresentation, alteration, and fabrication of data",^[25] criticizing the low value she placed on muster rolls as evidence that a man died at the Alamo, and her over-reliance on military land grants, even though the officials who approved the land grants considered the muster rolls to be sufficient proof.^[26] Many historians have been slow to embrace Lindley's findings, however. At this writing, most Alamo defender biographies on the Texas State Historical Association's website (tshaonline.org) and the official Alamo site (thealamo.org) draw from the work of historian Bill Groneman, who relied heavily on Williams, and show little, if any, influence from Lindley.

In the pursuit of uncovering every infinitesimal piece of evidence about what happened during the battle, more thorough research methods continue to evolve and Tejanos have begun to add their voices. Until recent decades, accounts of Tejano participation in the Texas revolution were notably absent, but historians such as Timothy M. Matovina^[27] and Jesús F. de la Teja^[28] have helped add that missing perspective to the battle's events.

Key to military rank abbreviations

Key to military rank abbreviations

COL	Colonel	LT	Lieutenant	SGM	Sergeant-Major	CPL	Corporal
LTC	Lieutenant Colonel	1LT	First Lieutenant	4SG	Fourth Sergeant	PVT	Private
MAJ	Major	2LT	Second Lieutenant	SGT	Sergeant	QM	Quartermaster
CPT	Captain	CNT	Cornet	3CPL	Third Corporal	AQM	Assistant Quartermaster

Defenders

Name	Rank	Birth year	Birthplace	Status	Legacy and notes
	SGT	—	Texas	fatality		^[29]
	PVT	1815	Kentucky	survivor	Left on March 5 as the final courier sent from the Alamo	^[30]
	PVT	—	Virginia	fatality		^[31]
	—	—	—	fatality
	PVT	1809	Vermont	fatality		^[32]
	—	—	—	survivor	Juan Seguin's volunteers	^[33]
	—	—	—	survivor	Juan Seguin's volunteers
	PVT	1793^[34]	North Carolina	fatality		^[35]
	SGT	—	Texas	fatality		^[36]
	PVT	1812	Kentucky	fatality	Namesake of Bailey County, Texas	^[37]
	PVT	1814	Arkansas	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[38]
	CPT	—	Missouri	fatality		^[39]
	PVT	—	Pennsylvania	fatality		^[40]
	PVT	1814	Scotland	fatality		^[41]
	CPT	1803	Virginia	fatality	Adjutant of the garrison, next in command after co-commanders Bowie and Travis	^[42]
	—	—	Louisiana	survivor	Claimed to be a courier, quickly denounced as a fraud, but now accepted by some historians	^[43]
	PVT	1808	Tennessee	fatality
	PVT	1813	Kentucky	survivor	Sent as a courier to Goliad	^[44]
	PVT	1803	Tennessee	fatality		^[45]
	CPT	1807	Tennessee	fatality	Assistant to Master of Ordnance	^[46]
	CPT	1795	England	fatality
	2LT	1807	South Carolina	fatality	Courier to Goliad and Gonzales, returned March 3, possibly died manning one of the cannons	^[47]
	PVT	1810	England	fatality		^[48]
	COL	c. 1796	Kentucky	fatality	Co-commander of the garrison after the departure of James. C. Neill; became bedridden the day after the siege began. Namesake of Bowie County.	^[49]
	—	—	—	fatality	Possibly a.k.a. James H. Bowman	^[50]
	PVT	c. 1818	—	survivor	Left after February 25, later served as a baggage guard at the Battle of San Jacinto	^[51]
	PVT	1813	Alabama	fatality		^[52]
	PVT	1810	Ireland	fatality
	PVT	1813	Missouri Territory	fatality
	PVT	1802	Pennsylvania	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[53]
	LT	1810	Tennessee	fatality		^[54]
	CPT	1806	Virginia	fatality
	—	—	—	survivor	Juan Seguin's volunteers
	PVT	—	Mississippi	fatality		^[55]
	PVT	1812	Kentucky	fatality		^[56]
	PVT	1810	New Hampshire	fatality	Namesake of Cochran County, Texas	^[57]
	LT	1811	Missouri	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company; namesake of Cottle County, Texas	^[58]
	PVT	1808	Germany	fatality		^[59]
	PVT	1814	South Carolina	fatality		^[60]
	COL	1786	Tennessee	fatality	Frontiersman and congressman, his life was portrayed in many exploits during and after his death. Namesake of Crockett County, Texas	^[61]
	PVT	1810	Pennsylvania	fatality		^[62]
	PVT	—	Mexico	survivor	Left as courier with Seguin on February 25	^[63]
	PVT	1809	Pennsylvania	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[64]
	PVT	1804	New York	fatality		^[65]
	—	—	—	survivor	Juan Seguin's volunteers
	LT	1793	Kentucky	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[66]
	PVT	1811	Kentucky	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[67]
	PVT	1806	—	fatality		^[68]
	PVT	1808	Tennessee	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[69]
	PVT	c. 1811	Tennessee	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company
	PVT	—	Texas	survivor	Dispatched as a courier	^[70]
	PVT	1812	England or Ireland	fatality		^[71]
	—	—	Louisiana	fatality	Slave of Francis Desauque, served as a combatant (Slaves identified by last names of their masters)	^[72]
	PVT	1812	Louisiana	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[73]
	PVT	1812	New York	fatality		^[74]
	CPT	1810	Tennessee	fatality		^[75]
	PVT	1805	Tennessee	fatality		^[76]
	SGT	—	England	fatality	AKA Dicken, Dickon, Dickson, Dockon, Dimkin, Dinkin, Dinkins	^[77]
	PVT	1804	Ireland	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[78]
	—	—	—	fatality		^[79]
	—	—	—	fatality		^[80]
	—	—	—	survivor	Juan Seguin's volunteers
	PVT	1819	Texas	fatality		^[81]
	PVT	1802	Texas	fatality		^[82]
	MAJ	1800	Ireland	fatality	Master of Ordnance	^[83]
	PVT	1812	New York	fatality		^[84]
	PVT	1812	Tennessee	fatality
	PVT	1814	Kentucky	fatality		^[85]
	PVT	—	Alabama	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[86]
	PVT	1800	Salisbury, Massachusetts	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company
	—	c.1801	Texas	survivor	Juan Seguin's volunteers
	CPT	1806	Texas	survivor	Left with Seguín on February 25	^[87]
	PVT	1804	North Carolina	fatality	Namesake of Floyd County, Texas; Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[88]
	CPT	1797	New York	fatality		^[89]
	PVT	1813	Texas	fatality		^[90]
	PVT	1819	Alabama	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[91]
	PVT	1812	Virginia	fatality		^[92]
	PVT	1813	Louisiana	fatality
	PVT	1806	Tennessee	fatality		^[93]
	PVT	1809	—	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[94]
	PVT	1819	—	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[95]
	PVT	1802	—	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[96]
	CNT	1809	Virginia	fatality		^[97]
	PVT	1817	Georgia	fatality		^[98]
	—	—	—	survivor	Juan Seguin's volunteers
	PVT	—	Mexico	survivor	A deserter from Ugartechea's troops, convinced the Mexican troops he was a prisoner of war	^[99]
	PVT	1804	England	fatality	aka Gwynne	^[100]
	PVT	1813	Kentucky	fatality		^[101]
	PVT	1809	Tennessee	fatality
	—	—	—	fatality		^[102]
	CPT	1811	Ohio	fatality		^[103]
	PVT	1799	Ireland	fatality
	PVT	1814	Tennessee	fatality		^[104]
	PVT	1813	Tennessee	fatality
	PVT	1802	Virginia	fatality		^[105]
	—	—	—	survivor	Juan Seguin's volunteers
	SGT	1805	England	fatality		^[106]
	PVT	1810	Ohio	fatality	First to cross over the line in the sand.	^[107]
	—	—	—	fatality
	PVT	1808	Pennsylvania	fatality		^[108]
	—	1791	Massachusetts	fatality		^[109]
	—	—	—	fatality		^[110]
	PVT	—	Ireland	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[111]
	LT	1807	Kentucky	fatality		^[112]
	MAJ	1807	Kentucky	fatality		^[113]
	CPL	1780	Connecticut	fatality	Oldest defender of The Alamo	^[114]
	PVT	—	Texas	fatality		^[115]
	PVT	1800	Missouri	survivor	Dispatched as courier February 23	^[116]
	PVT	—	Illinois Territory	fatality		^[117]
	PVT	—	Pennsylvania	fatality
	1LT	1810	New York	fatality		^[118]
	LT	1817	Kentucky	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company
	PVT	1814	Virginia	fatality		^[119]
	PVT	1791	Kentucky	fatality	Namesake of Kent County, Texas, Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[120]
	PVT	1814	Louisiana	fatality		^[121]
	LT	1803	Pennsylvania	fatality	Namesake of Kimble County, Texas; Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[122]
	PVT	1820	Mississippi	fatality	Youngest defender fatality; namesake of King County; Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[123]
	PVT	1806	Virginia	fatality		^[124]
	3CPL	1805	Kentucky	fatality
	PVT	1814	Illinois	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[125]
	PVT	—	Massachusetts	fatality		^[126]
	CPT	1782	Virginia	survivor	Left with Andrew Jackson Sowell to buy supplies; namesake of Lockhart, Texas	^[127]
	PVT	1808	Texas	fatality
	LT	1807	Virginia	fatality		^[128]
	PVT	1817	Georgia	fatality		^[129]
	PVT	1808	Tennessee	fatality
	CPT	1808	Rhode Island	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company dispatched with the Travis letter To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World; returned to the Alamo	^[130]
	PVT	1803	South Carolina	survivor	Garrison delegate to the March 1 Convention of 1836 at Washington-on-the-Brazos	^[131]
	LT	—	—	fatality		^[132]
	—	—	—	fatality		^[133]
	PVT	1804	Tennessee	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[134]
	PVT	1794	Pennsylvania	fatality		^[135]
	PVT	—	Ireland	fatality
	SGT	—	Scotland	fatality		^[136]
	PVT	1809	Ireland	fatality		^[137]
	QM, LT	1798	Georgia	fatality		^[138]
	PVT	1795	Tennessee	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[139]
	PVT	1815	Tennessee	fatality		^[140]
	PVT	c. 1795	Mississippi	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[141]
	—	1806	Virginia	fatality	a.k.a. Dr. E.F. Mitchusson	^[142]
	PVT	1806	—	fatality		^[143]
	PVT	1804	—	fatality		^[144]
	PVT	1781	Virginia	fatality		^[145]
	PVT	1808	Marion County MS	fatality		^[146]
	—	—	—	fatality		^[147]
	SGT	1805	Ohio	fatality
	SGT	1810	Texas	fatality		^[148]
	PVT	1808	South Carolina	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[149]
	PVT	1809	Tennessee	fatality		^[150]
	PVT	1816	South Carolina	fatality
	PVT	1805	South Carolina	fatality		^[151]
	PVT	1804	Virginia	fatality		^[152]
	PVT	1809	England	fatality		^[153]
	PVT	—	Ireland	fatality
	PVT	1817	Virginia	survivor	Dispatched as a courier February 29	^[154]
	PVT	1810	—	fatality		^[155]
	PVT	1814	—	fatality		^[156]
	PVT	1805	North Carolina	fatality
	AQM, LT	1808	Kentucky	survivor	Assumed to be a courier, who left with John William Smith	^[157]
	PVT	1817	Mississippi	fatality
	—	1803	Massachusetts	fatality	Chief surgeon of the garrison, created a hospital in the fortress	^[158]
	—	—	—	survivor	Juan Seguin's volunteers
	PVT	1806	Pennsylvania	fatality		^[159]
	PVT	—	—	fatality		^[160]
	PVT	1812	Tennessee	fatality		^[161]
	—	—	—	survivor	Juan Seguin's volunteers
	—	—	—	fatality
	PVT	1805	Ohio	fatality		^[162]
	PVT		Nacogdoches	fatality or left before the battle	Historians are divided over whether a purported Alamo survivor named Louis "Moses" Rose is the same man who appears on most early Alamo casualty lists.	^[163]
	MAJ	—	—	fatality
	PVT	—	Ireland	fatality		^[164]
	PVT	1798	Kentucky	fatality		^[165]
	PVT	1805	Louisiana	fatality
	PVT	1809	North Carolina	fatality
	CPT	1806	Texas	survivor	Left February 25 to recruit reinforcements	^[166]
	PVT	1805	England	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[167]
	PVT	1811	Georgia	fatality	aka Shudd	^[168]
Silvero	—	—	—	survivor	Juan Seguin's volunteers
	LT	1815	South Carolina	fatality		^[169]
	PVT	1815	Tennessee	fatality
	PVT	1806	Maryland	fatality		^[170]
	—	1792	Virginia	survivor	The final courier sent to Washington-on-the-Brazos, unable to return	^[171]
	SGT	1808	North Carolina	fatality		^[172]
	PVT	1811	—	fatality
	PVT	1800	—	survivor	Left for Gonzales as a courier on February 23; relayed the Travis letter from Albert Martin to the provisional government at San Felipe	^[173]
	PVT	1815	Tennessee	survivor	Left with Byrd Lockhart to buy supplies	^[174]
	PVT	—	—	fatality
	PVT	1811	England	fatality		^[175]
	PVT	1808	England	fatality
	PVT	1817	New Jersey	fatality
	PVT	1817	Tennessee	fatality		^[176]
	PVT	1812	South Carolina	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[177]
	PVT	1792	Virginia	survivor	Sent to Gonzales for reinforcements on February 23	^[178]
	PVT	1818	Alabama	fatality		^[179]
	PVT	1812	Tennessee	fatality	Namesake of Taylor County, Texas, brother of James and George	^[180]
	PVT	1816	Tennessee	fatality	Namesake of Taylor County, brother of Edward and James	^[181]
	PVT	1814	Tennessee	fatality	Namesake of Taylor County, Texas, brother of George and Edward	^[182]
	PVT	1799	Tennessee	fatality		^[183]
	PVT	1818	Kentucky	fatality		^[184]
	PVT	1811	Germany	fatality		^[185]
Thompson	—	—	—	fatality	Per historian Lindley, no first name on the muster rolls	^[186]
	PVT	1807	North Carolina	fatality		^[187]
	2LT	1812	Pennsylvania	fatality		^[188]
	PVT	1810	Ireland	fatality
	—	1813 or 1815	Alabama	survivor	Slave of William B. Travis, fought beside him in the battle; accompanied Susanna Dickinson to Gonzales. (Slaves identified by last names of their masters)	^[189]
	LTC	1809	South Carolina	fatality	Shared command of the garrison with James Bowie until the latter became bedridden and unable to command. Namesake of Travis County.	^[190]
	PVT	1814	Missouri Territory	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[191]
	PVT	1795	New York	fatality		^[192]
	PVT	1813	Tennessee	fatality
	PVT	1799	Tennessee	fatality
	SGT	1806	Ireland	fatality
	PVT	1812	Arkansas	escaped	Died June 1836 of wounds incurred during the battle or during his escape	^[193]
	PVT	c. 1808	Tennessee	fatality	Possibly a.k.a. James Morgan
	PVT	1812	England	fatality
	PVT	1798	Georgia	fatality		^[194]
	SGT	—	—	fatality		^[195]
	CPT	1806	England	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[196]
	SGM	1810	Pennsylvania	fatality		^[197]
	—	—	—	fatality
	PVT	1807	Scotland	fatality
	PVT	1804	Pennsylvania	fatality
	PVT	1782	—	fatality
	PVT	1810	North Carolina	fatality	Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company	^[198]
	LT	1808	Denmark	fatality
	—	—	—	survivor	Juan Seguin's volunteers

See also

• List of Texian survivors of the Battle of the Alamo

Citations

References

• Book: Brown, John Henry. Indian Wars and Pioneers of Texas. November 12, 1988 . Jazzybee Verlag Jurgen Beck. Germany. 978-3-84967-445-8.
• Book: Carrington, Evelyn M.. Women in Early Texas. Texas State Historical Association. Denton, TX. 1993. 651721302. June 11, 2015. June 12, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150612190726/http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth296851/. live.
• Book: Chariton, Wallace O.. Exploring the Alamo Legends. Republic of Texas Press. Dallas, TX. 1990. 978-1-55622-255-9.
• Book: Davis. William C. Lone Star Rising: The Revolutionary Birth of the Texas Republic. 2004. Free Press. 978-0-684-86510-2. New York, NY. registration.
• Book: de la Teja, Jesús. A Revolution Remembered: The Memoirs and Selected Correspondence of Juan N. Seguin. State House Press. Austin, Texas. 1991. 0-938349-68-6.
• Book: Edmondson, J. R.. The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts. Republic of Texas Press. Plano, Texas. 1-55622-678-0. 2000.
• Book: Groneman, Bill. Alamo Defenders: A Genealogy, the People and Their Words. Austin, Texas. Eakin Press. 1990. 978-0-89015-757-2.
• Book: Groneman. Bill. Eyewitness to the Alamo. 2001. Republic of Texas Press. Lanham, MD. 978-1-55622-846-9.
• Book: Hatch, Thom. Encyclopedia of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. 1999. McFarland & Company. Jefferson, North Carolina. 978-0-7864-0593-0.
• Book: Hopewell, Clifford. James Bowie Texas Fighting Man: A Biography. Eakin Press. Austin, Texas. 1994. 0-89015-881-9.
• Book: Jackson. Jack. Wheat. John. Almonte's Texas: Juan N. Almonte's 1834 Inspection, Secret Report & Role in the 1836 Campaign. 2005. Texas State Historical Association. 978-0-87611-207-6. Denton, Texas.
• Book: Lindley, Thomas Ricks. Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions. Republic of Texas Press. Plano, Texas. 2003. 1-55622-983-6.
• Book: Lord, Walter. Walter Lord. A Time to Stand. University of Nebraska Press. 1961. Lincoln, Nebraska. 0-8032-7902-7. registration.
• Book: Matovina. Timothy M.. The Alamo Remembered: Tejano Accounts and Perspectives. registration. 1995. University of Texas Press. 978-0-292-75186-6. Austin, Texas.
• Book: Moore, Stephen L.. Eighteen Minutes: The Battle of San Jacinto and the Texas Independence Campaign. Republic of Texas Press. Dallas, Texas. 2004. 978-1-58907-009-7. registration.
• Book: Moore, Stephen L.. Savage Frontier: Rangers, Riflemen, and Indian Wars in Texas, Volume I, 1835–1837. University of North Texas Press. Denton, Texas. 2007. 978-1-57441-235-2.
• Book: Myers, John Myers. The Alamo. registration. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln, Nebraska. 1948. 0-8032-5779-1.
• Book: Nofi, Albert A.. Albert Nofi. The Alamo and the Texas War of Independence, September 30, 1835 to April 21, 1836: Heroes, Myths, and History. Combined Books, Inc.. 1992. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania. 0-938289-10-1.
• Book: Poyo. Gerald Eugene. Tejano Journey, 1770–1850. 1996. University of Texas Press. 978-0-292-76570-2. Austin, Texas.
• Book: Todish. Timothy J.. Todish. Terry. Spring. Ted. Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Eakin Press. 1998. Austin, Texas. 978-1-57168-152-2.

External links

• Jackson, Ron, "In the Alamo's Shadow " Texas A&M University reprint of an article about Joe Travis, slave of William B. Travis (originally published in True West Magazine, February 1998)

Notes and References

1. Todish et al. (1998), pp. 2, 4, 6.
2. Todish et al. (1998), pp. 137–138.
3. Davis (2004), p. 143; Todish et al. (1998), p. 121.
4. Poyo (1996), p. 54, "Efficient in the Cause" (Stephen L. Hardin).
5. Todish et al. (1998), pp. 29, 125.
6. Todish et al. (1998), p. 126; Moore (2004), p. 39.
7. "The enemy in large force is in sight. We want men and provisions. Send them to us. We have 150 men and are determined to defend the Alamo to the last. Give us assistance. (signed) William Barret Travis, February 23, 1836" Letter to Gonzales alcalde Andrew Ponton. Groneman (2001), p. 1; The Alamo was under Sam Houston's authority as commander-in-chief of the paid army, which included Neill, Bowie, Travis and Crockett. Until March 4, Houston's authority did not extend to volunteers and local militias, which were the majority of the fighting force inside the Alamo. Hatch (1999), p. 188.
8. Groneman (2001), p. 1; Lindley (2003), pp. 90, 93.
9. Lindley (2003), pp. 92–93; Groneman (2001), pp. 4–5; Jackson, Wheat (2005), p. 367.
10. To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World. Michael R. . Green. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 91. 4 . April 1988. 483–508. Texas State Historical Association. 30240052.
11. The most notable group from Gonzales in the final days was the Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company, nicknamed the Immortal 32 in later decades, although the exact head count of that company varies by source. Moore (2004), pp. 28–29, 39–43, 46, 51; Moore (2007), p. 100; Lindley (2003), p. 98.
12. Moore (2004), pp. 4, 22.
13. Lord (1961), p. 166.
14. Edmondson (2000), pp. 45–46, 374.
15. Web site: Telegraph and Texas Register May 28, 1837. The Portal to Texas History. Texas State Historical Association. June 13, 2015. March 28, 1837. June 14, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150614224759/http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth47925/m1/2/zoom/?q=Juan%20Seguin&zoom=3&lat=6719.5&lon=4156&layers=BT. live.
16. The Burial Place of the Alamo Heroes. Marilyn McAdams. Sibley. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 70. 2. October 1966. 272–280. Texas State Historical Association. 30236392.
17. Lindley (2003), p. 148; Jackson, Wheat (2005), pp. 374, 377.
18. Jackson, Wheat (2005), p. 389.
19. Chariton (1990), p. 180.
20. Lindley (2003), pp. 226–227.
21. Matovina (1995), pp. 43–44.
22. Williams . Amelia . Amelia Worthington Williams . January 1934 . Reviewed Work: A Critical Study of the Siege of the Alamo and of the Personnel of Its Defenders: IV. Historical Problems Relating to the Alamo . The Southwestern Historical Quarterly . Texas State Historical Association . 37 . 3 . 157–184 . 30235477.
23. Web site: Smoot. Jane. Amelia Worthington Williams. Texas Handbook Online. Texas State Historical Association. September 3, 2015. June 15, 2010. September 21, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150921055040/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fwi83. live.
24. Reviewed Work: Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions by Thomas Ricks Lindley. Craig H.. Roell. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 108. 1. July 2004. 105–106 . Texas State Historical Association. 30239499.
25. Lindley (2003), pp. 37, 39–41, 67–68.
26. Lindley (2003), pp. 52, 57.
27. Reviewed Work: The Alamo Remembered: Tejano Accounts and Perspectives by Timothy M. Matovina . Richard R . Flores. American Ethnologist. 26. 1. February 1999. 265 . American Anthropological Association. 647542 . 10.1525/ae.1999.26.1.265.
28. Discovering the Tejano Community in "Early" Texas. Jesús F. de la Teja. Journal of the Early Republic. 18. 1. Spring 1998. 73–98 . University of Pennsylvania Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic. 3124734. 10.2307/3124734.
29. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 76.
30. Groneman (1990), p. 1.
31. Groneman (1990), p. 2.
32. Groneman (1990), pp. 6–7.
33. Some Tejanos were part of the Bexar military garrison, but others were part of Seguin's volunteer scout company and were in the Alamo on or before Feb 23. Enrique Esparza, who was inside the fortress as the son of defender Gregorio Esparza, later recalled that Santa Anna offered a three-day amnesty to all Tejano defenders. According to Esparza, Tejanos discussed the matter with Bowie who advised them to take the amnesty. It is believed most of the Tejanos left when Seguin did, either as couriers or because of the amnesty. Poyo (1996), pp. 53, 58 "Efficient in the Cause" (Stephen L. Hardin); Lindley (2003), pp. 94, 134.
34. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=pv&GRid=11526388&PIpi=2012563 Photo of cemetery monument
35. Groneman (1990), p. 7.
36. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 8; Todish (1998), p. 76.
37. Groneman (1990), p. 8.
38. Groneman (1990), p. 9; Moore (2007), p. 100
39. Todish (1998), p. 76; Groneman (1990), pp. 9–10.
40. Groneman (1990), p. 10.
41. Groneman (1990), pp. 10–11.
42. Groneman (1990), p. 11; Todish (1998), p. 76.
43. Brown, p. 149; Lindley (2003), p. 131.
44. Groneman (1990), p. 12.
45. Groneman (1990), pp. 13–14.
46. Groneman (1990), p. 14.
47. Groneman (1990), pp. 15–16.
48. Groneman (1990), p. 16.
49. Hopewell (1994), pp. 2–3, 116.
50. Lindley (2003), pp. 62, 79.
51. Groneman (1990), pp. 20–21; Moore (2004), p. 457.
52. Groneman (1990), p. 21.
53. Groneman (1990), p. 22; Moore (2007), p. 100.
54. Groneman (1990), p. 22.
55. Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 24.
56. Groneman (1990), p. 24.
57. Groneman (1990), pp. 24–25.
58. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 25; Moore (2007), p. 100.
59. Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 25.
60. Groneman (1990), p. 26.
61. Groneman (1990), pp. 26–27; Lindley (2003), p. 202.
62. Groneman (1990), p. 29.
63. Groneman (1990), pp. 29–30.
64. Groneman (1990), p. 30; Moore (2007), p. 100.
65. Groneman (1990), pp. 30–31.
66. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 32; Moore (2007), p. 100.
67. Groneman (1990), p. 32; Moore (2007), p. 100.
68. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 32.
69. Groneman (1990), p. 33; Moore (2007), p. 100.
70. Groneman (1990), p. 33.
71. Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 34.
72. Todish (1998), p. 81; Hopewell (1994), p. 125; Nofi (1992), p. 131.
73. Groneman (1990), pp. 35–36; Todish (1998), p. 78; Moore (2007), p. 100.
74. Groneman (1990), p. 36.
75. Carrington (1993), pp. 74–75; Groneman (1990), pp. 36–37.
76. Groneman (1990), p. 39.
77. Groneman (1990), pp. 41–42.
78. Groneman (1990), p. 42; Moore (2007), p. 100.
79. Lindley (2003), p. 144.
80. Lindley (2003), p. 143.
81. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 79.
82. Groneman (1990), pp. 45–46.
83. Groneman (1990), p. 47; Edmondson (2000), p. 371.
84. Groneman (1990), p. 48.
85. Groneman (1990), pp. 48–49.
86. Groneman (1990), p. 49; Moore (2007), p. 100.
87. de la Teja (1991), pp. 18, 135, 182; Lindley (2003), pp. 94, 112; Moore (2004), p. 60.
88. Groneman (1990), p. 50; Moore (2007), p. 100; Web site: Groneman. Bill. DOLPHIN WARD FLOYD. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. October 22, 2017. en. 12 June 2010. October 22, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171022193822/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ffl23. live.
89. Groneman (1990), p. 50.
90. Groneman (1990), p. 51.
91. Groneman (1990), p. 51; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
92. Groneman (1990), p. 52.
93. Groneman (1990), pp. 52–53.
94. Groneman (1990), p. 53; Moore (2007), p. 100.
95. Groneman (1990), p. 53; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
96. Groneman (1990), pp. 53–54; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
97. Groneman (1990), pp. 54–55.
98. Groneman (1990), p. 55.
99. Groneman (1990), pp. 55–56.
100. Groneman (1990), p. 56.
101. Groneman (1990), p. 57.
102. Lindley (2003), p. 53.
103. Groneman (1990), p. 58.
104. Groneman (1990), p. 59.
105. Groneman (1990), pp. 59–60.
106. Groneman (1990), p. 60.
107. Groneman (1990), pp. 61–62.
108. Groneman (1990), p. 62.
109. Groneman (1990), p. 62; Lindley (2003), p. 143.
110. Lindley (2003), pp. 54, 143.
111. Groneman (1990), p. 63; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
112. Groneman (1990), p. 63.
113. Groneman (1990), pp. 63–64.
114. Groneman (1990), p. 64.
115. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 81.
116. Lindley (2003), pp. 88, 109, 321; Lord (1961), p. 96.
117. Groneman (1990), pp. 66–67.
118. Groneman (1990), p. 67.
119. Todish (1998), p. 82.
120. Todish (1998), p. 82; Moore (2007), p. 100.
121. Groneman (1990), p. 69.
122. Todish (1998), p. 82; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
123. Web site: Groneman. Bill. Hall. Russell S.. William Philip King. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. June 8, 2014. September 19, 2010. December 19, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131219073544/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fki24. live.

     Web site: Leffler. John. King County, Texas. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. June 8, 2015. June 15, 2010. June 17, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150617185210/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hck08. live. ; Moore (2007), p. 100.

124. Groneman (1990), p. 71.
125. Groneman (1990), p. 71; Moore (2007), p. 100.
126. Groneman (1990), p. 72.
127. Lindley (2003), p. 90; Groneman (1990), pp. 72–73; Moore (2004), p. 60.
128. Groneman (1990), p. 74.
129. Groneman (1990), p. 75.
130. Groneman (1990), p. 76; Green (1988), p. 500; Lindley (2003), p. 91; Moore (2007), p. 100.
131. Web site: Marks. Paula Mitchell. Samuel Augustus Maverick. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. June 8, 2015. June 15, 2010. June 17, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150617171615/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fma84. live.
132. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 76.
133. Lindley (2003), p. 59.
134. Groneman (1990), p. 77; Moore (2007), p. 100.
135. Groneman (1990), p. 77.
136. Todish (1998), p. 83.
137. Lord (1961), p. 217; Todish (1998), p. 83.
138. Groneman (1990), pp. 78–79.
139. Groneman (1990), p. 79; Todish (1998), p. 83; Moore (2007), p. 100.
140. Groneman (1990), pp. 79–80.
141. Groneman (1990), p. 80; Moore (2007), p. 100.
142. Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 80.
143. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 81.
144. Groneman (1990), p. 81.
145. Groneman (1990), pp. 81–82.
146. Groneman (1990), p. 82
147. Lindley (2003), p. 54.
148. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 84.
149. Todish (1998), p. 84; Moore (2007), p. 100.
150. Groneman (1990), p. 84.
151. Groneman (1990), p. 85.
152. Groneman (1990), p. 86.
153. Groneman (1990), p. 87.
154. Todish (1998), p. 89.
155. Groneman (1990), p. 88.
156. Todish (1998), p. 84.
157. Lindley (2003), p. 202; Groneman (1990), pp. 89–90; Moore (2004), pp. 52–54, 100.
158. Groneman (1990), pp. 91–92.
159. Groneman (1990), p. 92.
160. Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 93.
161. Groneman (1990), p. 93.
162. Lindley (2003). p. 236; Todish (1998), p. 85.
163. Groneman (1990). pp. 94-95; Lindley (2003). p. 224-226
164. Groneman (1990), pp. 95–96.
165. Groneman (1990), p. 96.
166. Groneman (1990), p. 97; Nofi (1992), pp. 85–86.
167. Some lore give the birthplace of Sewell as Tennessee but have no definitive source; however, scholars and other sourcing, including the Alamo, say he was born in England. Todish (1998), p. 85; Moore (2007), p. 100.; Web site: Marcus L.Sewell. Alamo Mission in San Antonio. March 30, 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160328045948/http://thealamo.org/history/the-1836-battle/the-defenders/defenders/sewell.html. March 28, 2016. mdy-all. Web site: Who Was Marcus Sewell?. Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas. TAMU. March 30, 2016. November 1, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151101190604/http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/sewell.htm. live. Web site: Groneman. Bill. Marcus Sewell. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. March 30, 2016. June 15, 2010. April 18, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160418115647/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fse27. live.
168. Todish (1998), p. 85.
169. Groneman (1990), p. 100.
170. Groneman (1990), p. 101.
171. Nofi (1992), p. 79; Myers (1948), p. 202; Groneman (1990), pp. 101–102; Todish (1998), p. 90.
172. Groneman (1990), p. 103.
173. Green (1988), pp. 503–504; Groneman (1990), p. 101.
174. Lindley (2003), p. 90; Groneman (1990), pp. 72–73, 105.
175. Groneman (1990), p. 106.
176. Groneman (1990), p. 107.
177. Web site: TSHA Summers, William E.. 2021-05-05. www.tshaonline.org. June 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210620103018/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/summers-william-e. live.
178. Web site: McCaslin. Richard B.. John Sutherland Jr.. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. June 9, 2015. June 15, 2010. June 8, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222840/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fsu07. live.
179. Todish (1998), p. 86.
180. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 109.
181. Groneman (1990), p. 110.
182. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 110.
183. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 111.
184. Groneman (1990), p. 111.
185. Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 111.
186. Lindley (2003), p. 63.
187. Groneman (1990), p. 112.
188. Groneman (1990), p. 113.
189. Groneman (1990), pp. 64–65; Todish (1998), p. 89; Edmondson (2000), p. 369; Lindley (2003), p. 44.
190. Groneman (1990), p. 115.
191. Groneman (1990), p. 116; Moore (2007), p. 100.
192. Groneman (1990), p. 116.
193. Groneman (1990), p. 119.
194. Todish (1998), p. 87.
195. Todish (1998), pp. 87–88.
196. Groneman (1990), p. 120; Moore (2007), p. 100.
197. Todish (1998), p. 88.
198. Todish (1998), p. 88; Moore (2007), p. 100.