André Guinier Explained

André Guinier
Birth Date:	1 August 1911
Birth Place:	Nancy, France^[1]
Death Place:	Paris, France
Citizenship:	France
Field:	Physicist
Work Institution:	Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), University of Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)
Alma Mater:	École Normale Supérieure
Doctoral Advisor:	Charles Mauguin
Doctoral Students:	Raimond Castaing Constantino Tsallis
Father:	Philibert Guinier
Prizes:	Gregori Aminoff Prize (1985) Three Physicists Prize (1972)

André Guinier (1 August, 1911 – 3 July, 2000) was a French physicist and crystallographer who did pioneering work in the field of X-ray diffraction and solid-state physics. He was credited for the discovery and developments of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) into an indispensable tool for materials science and crystallography.^{[2] [3]}

Education and career

Guinier was born in Nancy, France, his father Philibert Guinier was a botanist and director of the Nancy branch of the French National School of Forestry.^[4] Guinier studied at Lycée Henri-Poincaré before entering the École Normale Supérieure (ENS), where he studied physics from 1930 to 1934. After graduation, he worked as an agrégé-preparateur in the physics laboratory of ENS. In 1939, Guinier discovered SAXS^[5] and received his doctorate with a thesis on X-ray crystallography under Charles Mauguin. He then worked at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, where he became deputy director of the test laboratory in 1944 and further developed the SAXS technique along with his PhD student Gérard Fournet.^[6] In 1949 he became a professor at the Sorbonne University. At the end of the 1950s, as its first dean, he was involved in the construction of the new university campus in Orsay, which later became the University of Paris-Sud. During this period, he moved his research laboratory there from the center of Paris and founded the Laboratory for Solid State Physics (Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, LPS) with Jacques Friedel and Raimond Castaing. Guinier became its first director when the LPS was assimilated into the French National Centre for Scientific Research.^{[7] [8]}

Guinier was president of the International Union of Crystallography from 1969 to 1972. From 1968 to 1969, he was the founding editor of the Journal of Applied Crystallography.^[9] He was elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1971 and won the Gregori Aminoff Prize in 1985. Guinier was elected member of the Academia Europaea in 1993.^[10]

Discoveries and inventions

In the field of small-angle scattering, Guinier discovered the relationship of particle size to intensity which is called Guinier's Law.^[11] He developed the Guinier camera for use in X-ray diffraction and contributed to the development of the electron microprobe by Raimond Castaing.

The Guinier-Preston zone was named after Guinier and the British physicist George Dawson Preston, who discovered and described the phenomenon independently around 1938.^{[12] [13]}

Publications

• Book: Guinier, André . X-ray Crystallographic Technology . 1952 . Hilger and Watts, Hilger Division . en.
• Book: Guinier . André . Small-angle Scattering of X-rays . Fournet . Gérard . 1955 . Wiley . 978-0-598-66993-3 . en.
• Book: Guinier . A. . Structural Research / Strukturforschung . von Eller . G. . Bouman . J. . Fournet . G. . Beeman . W. W. . Kaesberg . P. . Raether . H. . Ringo . G. R. . 1957 . Springer Berlin Heidelberg . 978-3-642-45868-2 . Encyclopedia of Physics / Handbuch der Physik . 6 / 32 . Berlin, Heidelberg . 10.1007/978-3-642-45866-8.
• Book: Guinier . André . X-ray Studies of Materials . Dexter . David Lawrence . 1963 . Interscience Publishers . 978-0-470-33268-9 . en.
• Book: Guinier, André . The structure of matter: from the blue sky to liquid crystals . 1984 . Arnold . 978-0-7131-3489-6 . London.
• Book: Guinier . André . Jullien . Rémi . The solid state: from superconductors to superalloys . 1989 . Oxford University Press . International Union of Crystallography . 978-0-19-855290-1 . International Union of Crystallography texts on crystallography . Oxford, New York.
• Book: Guinier, André . X-ray diffraction in crystals, imperfect crystals, and amorphous bodies . 1994 . Dover . 978-0-486-68011-8 . New York. (translated from Book: Guinier, A. . Théorie et technique de la radiocristallographie . 1964 . Dunod . Paris . fr.)

See also

• Electron microprobe

External links

• His recollections of his early work
• His personal remembrances for the book "50 Years of X-ray Diffraction" (pg. 574)

Notes and References

1. Web site: 2009-01-19 . André GUINIER (1911-2000) – SFMC . 2024-04-21 . en-GB.
2. http://journals.iucr.org/a/issues/2001/01/00/es0293/es0293.pdf Obituary published in Acta Crystallographica
3. Ravy S. André Guinier (1911–2000): a physicist among crystallographers //Physica Scripta. – 2015. – Т. 90. – №. 3. – С. 38001-38004.
4. Web site: Family tree of Philibert Guinier . 2024-04-21 . Geneanet . en.
5. Guinier . André . 1939 . La diffraction des rayons X aux très petits angles : application à l'étude de phénomènes ultramicroscopiques . Annales de Physique . fr . 11 . 12 . 161–237 . 10.1051/anphys/193911120161 . 0003-4169.
6. Pouget . Jean-Paul . Levelut . Anne-Marie . Sadoc . Jean-François . 2019-11-01 . André Guinier: Local order in condensed matter . Comptes Rendus Physique . La science en mouvement 2 : de 1940 aux premières années 1980 – Avancées en physique . 20 . 7 . 725–745 . 10.1016/j.crhy.2019.03.005 . 1631-0705. free .
7. Comes . R. . 2002 . André Guinier (1911-2000) . Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) . 12 . 6 . 1–6 . 10.1051/jp4:20020206 . 1155-4339.
8. Web site: Biographie André Guinier Universitaire, Membre de l´Institut. . 2024-04-21 . www.whoswho.fr.
9. Allen . Andrew J. . Hajdu . Janos . McIntyre . Garry J. . 2018-04-01 . Journal of Applied Crystallography : the first 50 years and beyond . Journal of Applied Crystallography . 51 . 2 . 233–234 . 10.1107/S1600576718004478 . 1600-5767.
10. Web site: Academy of Europe: Guinier André . 2024-04-23 . www.ae-info.org.
11. Guinier. André. La diffraction des rayons X aux très petits angles : application à l'étude de phénomènes ultramicroscopiques. Annales de Physique. 1939. 11. 12. 161–237. 10.1051/anphys/193911120161. 1939AnPh...11..161G .
12. Guinier . A. . 1996-05-02 . On the Birth of GP Zones . Materials Science Forum . 217-222 . 3–6 . 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.217-222.3 . 1662-9752.
13. Hardouin Duparc . O.B.M. . 2010 . The Preston of the Guinier-Preston Zones. Guinier . Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B . en . 41 . 5 . 925–934 . 10.1007/s11663-010-9387-z . 1073-5615.