Telugu people explained

Group:Telugu people
Native Name:Telugu vāru
Native Name Lang:te
Population:[1]
Region1: India
Pop1:81,127,740 (2011)
Ref1:[2]
Region2: United States
Pop2:1,230,000 (Telugu Americans)[3]
Region3: Saudi Arabia
Pop3:383,000[4]
Region4: Myanmar
Pop4:138,000[5]
Region5: Malaysia
Pop5:126,000 (Malaysian Telugus)[6]
Region6: Australia
Pop6:59,400[7]
Region7: Canada
Pop7:54,685[8]
Region8: Bangladesh
Pop8:40,000[9]
Region9: United Kingdom
Pop9:33,000[10]
Region10: Fiji
Pop10:34,000[11]
Region11: Mauritius
Pop11:20,000[12]
Region12: Bahrain
Pop12:18,700
Region13: Oman
Pop13:13,300
Region14: New Zealand
Pop14:5,754[13]
Region15: South Africa
Pop15:5,000[14]
Region16:Other
Pop16:See Telugu diaspora
Regions:Andhra Pradesh
Telangana
Yanam
Langs:Telugu
Religions:Majority:
Hinduism
Minority:
Christianity, Islam, Buddhism
Related:Other Dravidian peoples:
Person:Telugu
People:Teluguvāru
Language:Telugu
Country:Telugu Nāḍu

Telugu people (Telugu: {{Script|Telu|తెలుగువారు), also called Andhras, are an ethno-linguistic group who speak the Telugu language and are native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Yanam district of Puducherry. They are the most populous of the four major Dravidian linguistic groups. Telugu is the fourth most spoken language in India[15] and the 14th most spoken native language in the world.[16] A significant number of Telugus also reside in the Indian states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Maharashtra. Members of the Telugu diaspora are spread across countries like United States, Australia, Malaysia, Mauritius, UAE and others.[17] Telugu is the fastest-growing language in the United States.[18] It is also a protected language in South Africa.[19]

Andhra is an ethnonym used for Telugu people since antiquity.[20] The earliest mention of the Andhras occurs in Aitareya Brahmana of the Rigveda.[21] In the Mahabharata, the infantry of Satyaki was composed of a tribe called the Andhras, known for their long hair, tall stature, sweet language, and mighty prowess. They were also mentioned in the Buddhist Jataka tales.[22] Megasthenes reported in his Indica that the Andhras, living in the Godavari and Krishna river deltas, were famous for their formidable military strength, which was second only to that of the Maurya Empire in the entire Indian subcontinent.[23] The first major Andhra polity was the Satavahana dynasty (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE) which ruled over the entire Deccan plateau and even distant areas of western and central India.[24] They established trade relations with the Roman Empire and their capital city, Amaravati was the most prosperous city in India in 2nd century CE.[25] Inscriptions in Old Telugu script (Vengi script) were found as far away as Indonesia and Myanmar.[26]

In the 13th century, Kakatiyas unified various Telugu-speaking areas under one realm.[27] Later, Telugu culture and literature flourished and reached its zenith during the late Vijayanagara Empire.[28] [29] After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, various Telugu rulers called Nayakas established independent kingdoms across South India serving the same function as Rajput warriors clans of northern India.[30] Kandyan Nayaks, the last dynasty to rule Sri Lanka were of Telugu descent.[31] In this era, Telugu became the language of high culture throughout South India.[32] Vijaya Ramaswamy compared it to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era.[33] Telugu also predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music, one of two main subgenres of Indian classical music.[34]

The architecture developed by Andhras in Krishna river valley in early first centuries CE, called the Amaravati School of Art, is regarded as one of the three major styles of ancient Indian art and had a great influence on art in South India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia.[35] Mahayana, the predominant Buddhist tradition in China, Japan, and Korea and the largest Buddhist denomination in the world, was developed among Telugus in Andhra.[36]

Telugu is one of six languages designated as a classical language by the Government of India. It has been in use as an official language for over 1,400 years[37] and has an unbroken and diverse literary tradition of over a thousand years.[38] [39] Telugu performing arts include the classical dance form Kuchipudi, as well as Perini Sivatandavam, and Burra Katha. The Telugu shadow puppetry tradition, Tholu Bommalata, dates back to the 3rd century BCE,[40] and is the ancestor of Wayang, the popular Indonesian art form that has been a staple of Indonesian tourism.[41] Telugu cinema is the largest film industry in India in terms of box office as well as admissions.[42] [43] The industry has produced some of India's most expensive and highest-grossing films, influencing Indian popular culture well beyond Telugu-speaking regions.[44]

Etymology

Telugu

Speakers of Telugu refer to it as simply Telugu or Telugoo. Older forms of the name include Teluṅgu and Tenuṅgu. Tenugu is derived from the Proto-Dravidian word *ten ("south")[45] to mean "the people who lived in the south/southern direction". The name Telugu, then, is a result of an "n" to "l" alternation established in Telugu.[46]

P. Chenchiah and Bhujanga Rao note that Atharvana Acharya in the 13th century wrote a grammar of Telugu, calling it the Trilinga Shabdānushāsana (or Trilinga Grammar).[47] However, most scholars note that Atharvana's grammar was titled Atharvana Karikavali.[48] [49] [50] [51] Appa Kavi in the 17th century explicitly wrote that Telugu was derived from Trilinga. Scholar Charles P. Brown made a comment that it was a "strange notion" since the predecessors of Appa Kavi had no knowledge of such a derivation.

George Abraham Grierson and other linguists doubt this derivation, holding rather that Telugu was the older term and Trilinga must be the later Sanskritisation of it. If so the derivation itself must have been quite ancient because Triglyphum, Trilingum and Modogalingam are attested in ancient Greek sources, the last of which can be interpreted as a Telugu rendition of "Trilinga".

Andhra

See main article: Andhras.

Andhra is an ethnonym used for Telugu people since antiquity. As per Iravatham Mahadevan, non-Aryan people living beyond the borders of the region inhabited by the Indo-Aryan speakers were known as the Andhras.[52] Mahadevan notes that since most Dravidian-speaking men had names ending with the suffIx -(a)nṟ, the Dravidian etymon -(a)nṟ was borrowed as a loanword into Indo-Aryan as andha and later as āndhra to denote the name of the neighbouring Dravidian-speaking people.

History

Andhra (Telugu: ఆంధ్ర) was a kingdom mentioned in the epic Mahabharata. It was a southern kingdom, currently identified as Indian state of Andhra Pradesh where it got its name from. Andhra communities are also mentioned in the Vayu and Matsya Purana. In the Mahabharata the infantry of Satyaki was composed by a tribe called Andhras, known for their long hair, tall stature, sweet language, and mighty prowess. They lived along the banks of the Godavari river. Andhras and Kalingas supported the Kauravas during the Mahabharata war. Sahadeva defeated the kingdoms of Pandya, Andhra, Kalinga, Dravida, Odra and Chera while performing the Rajasuya Yajna. Buddhist references to Andhras are also found.[53] [54] [55]

Andhra was mentioned in the Sanskrit sources such as Aitareya Brahmana . According to Aitareya Brahmana of the Rigveda, the Andhras left North India from the banks of river Yamuna and migrated to South India.[56] [57] They were also mentioned in the Mahabharata and Buddhist Jataka tales. In the seventh century BCE, Asmaka was one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas. Andhras were mentioned by Megasthenes in his Indica as being second only to Mauryans in military strength in the entire Indian subcontinent. They had 30 fortified towns along the Godavari River and an army of 1,00,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 1,000 elephants. They are mentioned at the time of the death of the great Mauryan King Ashoka in 232 BCE.[58] [59] [60] The first major Andhra polity was the Satavahana dynasty (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE) which ruled over the entire Deccan plateau and established trade relations with the Roman Empire.[61] [62] [63] The kingdom reached its zenith under Gautamiputra Satakarni. Their capital city, Amaravati was the most prosperous city in India in 2nd century CE. At the end of the Satavahana rule, the Telugu region was divided into Kingdoms ruled by lords. In the late second century CE, the Andhra Ikshvakus ruled the eastern region along the Krishna River. During the fourth century, the Pallava dynasty extended their rule across southern Andhra Pradesh and Tamilakam and established their capital at Kanchipuram. Their power increased during the reigns of Mahendravarman I (571–630) and Narasimhavarman I (630–668). The Pallavas dominated the southern Telugu-speaking region and northern Tamilakam until the end of the ninth century. Later, various dynasties have ruled the area, including the Salankayanas, Cholas, Vishnukundinas and Eastern Chalukyas.Between 1163 and 1323 the Kakatiya dynasty emerged, bringing the distinct upland and lowland cultures of Telugu lands, which brought into being a feeling of cultural affinity between those who spoke the Telugu language. Kakatiya era also saw the development of a distinct style of architecture which improved and innovated upon the existing modes.[64] Most notable examples are the Thousand Pillar Temple in Hanamkonda, Ramappa Temple in Palampet, Warangal Fort, Golconda Fort and Kota Gullu in Ghanpur.[65] During this period, the Telugu language emerged as a literary medium with the writings of Nannaya, Tikkana, Eranna, Pothana etc. are the translators and poets of the great Hindu epics like Ramayana, Mahabharatha, Bhagavatha etc.

Telingana, a term referring to the land inhabited by Telugus, was first used during the 14th century CE.[66] In 1323 the sultan of Delhi, Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, sent a large army commanded by Ulugh Khan (later, as Muhammad bin Tughluq, the Delhi sultan) to conquer the Telugu region and lay siege to Warangal. The fall of the Kakatiya dynasty led to an era with competing influences from the Turkic kingdoms of Delhi and the Persio-Tajik sultanate of central India. The struggle for Andhra ended with the victory of the Musunuri Nayaks over the Turkic Delhi Sultanate.The Telugus achieved independence under Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646). The Qutb Shahi dynasty of the Bahmani Sultanate succeeded that empire. The Qutub Shahis were tolerant of Telugu culture from the early 16th to the end of the 17th centuries.[67]

The arrival of Europeans (the French under the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau and the English under Robert Clive) altered polity of the region . In 1765, Clive and the chief and council at Visakhapatnam obtained the Northern Circars from Mughal emperor Shah Alam. The British achieved supremacy when they defeated Maharaja Vijaya Rama Gajapati Raju of Vizianagaram in 1792.

Andhra's modern foundation was laid in the struggle for Indian independence under Mohandas Gandhi. Potti Sreeramulu's campaign for a state independent of the Madras Presidency and Tanguturi Prakasam Panthulu and Kandukuri Veeresalingam's social-reform movements led to the formation of Andhra State, with Kurnool its capital and freedom-fighter Pantullu its first chief minister. A democratic society, with two stable political parties and a modern economy, emerged under the Chief Ministership of N. T. Rama Rao.

India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947. Although the Muslim Nizam of Hyderabad wanted to retain independence from India, he was forced to cede his kingdom to the Dominion of India in 1948 to form Hyderabad State. Andhra, the first Indian state formed primarily on a linguistic basis, was carved from the Madras Presidency in 1953. In 1956, Andhra State was merged with the Telugu-speaking portion of Hyderabad State to create the state of Andhra Pradesh. The Lok Sabha approved the formation of Telangana from ten districts of Andhra Pradesh on 18 February 2014.[68]

Culture

See main article: Culture of Andhra Pradesh and Culture of Telangana.

Cuisine

Different regions of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana all produce distinctive variations of Telugu cuisine. Telugu cuisine is generally known for its tangy, hot, and spicy taste. Andhra Pradesh is the leading producer of red chili and rice in India. The concentration of red chili production in Andhra Pradesh has led to the liberal use of spices in Andhra cuisine. Rice is the staple in Telugu culture along with Ragi (రాగి) which is popular in Rayalaseema and Palnadu regions.

Language

See main article: Telugu language. Telugu is a South-Central Dravidian language primarily spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where it is also the official language. The oldest inscriptions with Telugu words date to 400 BCE found at Bhattiprolu in Guntur district.[69] Other early inscriptions with more refined language were found in Kantamanenivarigudem, Guntupalli in West Godavari district and Gummadidurru and Ghantasala in Krishna district. The earliest inscription completely written in Telugu dates to 575 CE were found at Kalamalla village in Kadapa district.

Literature

See main article: Telugu literature. Telugu has an unbroken and diverse literary tradition of over a thousand years. The earliest Telugu literature dates to 11th century CE with Nannaya's Andhra Mahabharatam. The language experienced a golden age under the patronage of the Vijayanagara king-poet Krishnadevaraya.

Performing arts

Kuchipudi, originating from the eponymous village in Krishna district, is of the eight major Indian classical dances.[70] [71] It is a dance-drama performance, with its roots in the ancient Hindu Sanskrit text of Natya Shastra.[72] It developed as a religious art linked to traveling bards, temples and spiritual beliefs, like all major classical dances of India.[73] Other Telugu performing arts include:

Architecture

Amaravati School of Art

Amaravati School of Art is an ancient Indian art style that evolved in the region of Amaravati (then known as Dhānyakaṭaka) from 2nd century BCE to the end of the 3rd century CE.[74] [75] [76] It is also called the Andhra School or Vengi School. Art historians regard the art of Amaravati as one of the three major styles or schools of ancient Indian art, the other two being the Mathura style, and the Gandharan style.[77] [78] Amaravati school flourished under the local Sada rulers, Satavahanas, and Andhra Ikshvakus till 325340 CE. Amaravati Stupa is the most famous monument of this style, and it was for some time "the greatest monument in Buddhist Asia",[79] and "the jewel in the crown of early Indian art".[80] Apart from Amaravati, the style is also found in Nagarjunakonda and Chandavaram Buddhist site.

Largely because of the maritime trading links of the East Indian coast, the Amaravati school of sculpture had great influence on art in South India, Sri Lanka, and South-East Asia.[74] [81] Buddha image in sculptures which later on became the prototype of images in different Buddhist countries was standardised here.[82] The Amaravati style of Buddha image retained its popularity in Sri Lanka till the 12th century.

Kakatiya architecture

See main article: Kakatiya architecture. Kakatiya era also saw the development of a distinct style of architecture which improved and innovated upon the existing modes.[83] It is a fusion of Dravidian architecture and Nagara Bhumija styles in which sandbox technology is used to construct Vimana—horizontal stepped tower. Most notable examples are the Thousand Pillar Temple in Hanamkonda, Ramappa Temple in Palampet, and Kota Gullu in Ghanpur.[65] Ramappa Temple, also known as the Rudreswara temple, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Mulugu.[84]

Cinema

See main article: Telugu cinema. Telugu cinema is the largest film industry in India in terms of box-office as well as admissions.[85] The industry has produced some of India's most expensive and highest-grossing films of all time over the years.

Clothing

  1. Uttareeyam (Uttariya) or Pai Pancha (Angvastram or veil)
  2. Pancha (Dhoti)
  3. Jubba (Kurta) The top portion
  4. Lungi (Casual dress)
  1. Langa voni (Half sari)
  2. Pattu pavada
  3. Cheera (sari)

Festivals

See also: List of festivals in Andhra Pradesh. Important festivals celebrated by Telugu people include:

Population

Castes and communities

See main article: List of Telugu castes.

The Telugu people are subdivided into several castes and communities such as the Telugu Brahmin, Komati, Reddy, Raju, Kamma, Kapu, Telaga, Balija, Velama, Boya, Devanga, Padmasali, Bhatraju, Golla, Goud, Mala, Madiga, Jangam, Kuruba, Relli, and Vaddera.

Distribution

Telugu is the third most common language in India, right behind Bengali. Telugu is predominantly spoken in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, although it’s also the official language of several other states like Andaman and Nicobar, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Orissa, Kharagpur of West Bengal, Bellary Of Karnataka. It is a part of the Dravidian language family, which has been around for about 5,000 years.

Outside Telugu states the largest number of Telugu speakers are found in Tamil Nadu (4.2 million) and Karnataka (3.7 million), making them the second largest language groups in those neighbouring states.[86] In Tamil Nadu, Telugu people who migrated during the Vijayanagara period have spread across several northern districts and constitute a significant percentage of the population in Chennai city. In Karnataka, Telugu people are predominantly found in the border districts with majority in Bengaluru city and Bellary city. In Maharashtra, the Telugu population is over 1.4 million, followed by 0.7 million in Orissa. Other states with significant populations include West Bengal, Chhattisgarh and Gujarat with 200,000, 150,000 and 100,000 respectively.

Members of the overseas Telugu diaspora are spread across countries like United States, Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, New Zealand in the Anglosphere; Malaysia, Myanmar, Mauritius, Fiji, South Africa; UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait in the Arabian Gulf.[87] Telugu speakers number more than 1,000,000 in the United States, with the highest concentration in Central New Jersey, Texas, and California.[88] There are around 300,000 Telugu people in Malaysia,[89] and 200,000 in Myanmar.[90]

Notable Telugu people

See main article: List of Telugu people.

See also

References

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. News: Telugu population figure worldwide. March 2023. Ethnologue.
  2. Web site: Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  3. Web site: 2024-06-27 . Telugu population in US grow 4-fold in 8 years, language among most-spoken . 2024-08-10 . India Today . en.
  4. Web site: Telugu-speaking South Asian in Saudi Arabia. 2023-03-11. Joshua Project. en.
  5. Web site: Telugu-speaking South Asian in Myanmar (Burma). 2023-03-11. Joshua Project. en.
  6. Web site: Telugu-speaking South Asian in Malaysia. 2023-03-11. Joshua Project. en.
  7. Web site: Language spoken at home Australia Community profile . 2023-03-10 . .id (informed decisions).
  8. Web site: Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions. Census Profile, 2021 Census. 7 May 2021. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. 3 January 2023.
  9. Web site: In Dhaka Telugu Christians from Andhra Pradesh celebrate Christmas in extreme poverty . 18 December 2018. AsiaNews.
  10. Web site: Language, England and Wales: Census 2021 . 2023-03-10 . Office for National Statistics.
  11. Web site: Telugu-speaking South Asian in Fiji. 2023-03-11. Joshua Project. en.
  12. Web site: Telugu-speaking South Asian in Mauritius. 2023-03-11. Joshua Project. en.
  13. Web site: 30 April 2020 . 2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights (updated) . 11 March 2023 . Statistics New Zealand.
  14. Web site: Telugu-speaking South Asian in South Africa. 2023-03-11. Joshua Project. en.
  15. News: Jain . Bharti . 21 June 2014 . Nearly 60% of Indians speak a language other than Hindi . .
  16. https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/ Statistics
  17. Book: Oonk, Gijsbert . Global Indian Diasporas: Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory . 2007 . Amsterdam University Press . 978-90-5356-035-8 . 92–116 . en . 14 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130853/https://books.google.com/books?id=BkwsMTyShi8C&dq=telugu+diaspora&pg=PA92 . 13 October 2022 . live.
  18. News: 2018-10-20 . Do you speak Telugu? Welcome to America . en-GB . BBC News . live . 2022-08-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191213071110/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45902204 . 13 December 2019.
  19. Web site: Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20141028043044/http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions . 28 October 2014 . 6 December 2014 . Government of South Africa.
  20. Book: Subramanian, K. R. . Buddhist Remains in Andhra and the History of Andhra Between 225 and 610 A.D. . 1989 . . 978-81-206-0444-5 . 8, 9 . en.
    • Book: Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra . Ancient India . 1977 . . 978-81-208-0436-4 . 132 . en . R. C. Majumdar.
    • Book: Singh, K. S. . People of India: Andhra Pradesh . 1992 . . 978-81-7671-006-0 . 646 . en . Kumar Suresh Singh.
    • Mahadevan . Iravatham . Iravatham Mahadevan . 1 January 2010 . Harappan Heritage of Andhra: A New Interpretation . dead . International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics . 39 . 1 . 12, 14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210610153451/https://rmrl.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/papers/41.pdf . 10 June 2021 .
  22. Book: Chopra, Pran Nath . Encyclopaedia of India: Andhra Pradesh . 1994 . Rima Publishing House . 135 . en.
  23. Book: V. D., Mahajan . Vidya Dhar Mahajan . Ancient India . 2016 . . 978-93-5253-132-5 . 297 . en.
    • Book: Wolpert, Stanley A. . A New History of India . 1989 . . 978-0-19-505636-5 . 75, 76 . en . Apparently originating somewhere between the peninsular rivers Godavari and Krishna, homeland of the Dravidian Telugu-speaking peoples whose descendants now live in a state called Andhra, the great Andhra dynasty spread across much of south and central India from the second century BC till the second century AD. . Stanley Wolpert.
    • Web site: History of Andhra Pradesh . 2023-03-26 . . en . About the 1st century CE the Satavahanas (or Satakarni), one of the most-renowned of the Andhra dynasties, came to power..
    • Book: Shastri, Ajay Mitra . The Sātavāhanas and the Western Kshatrapas: A Historical Framework . 1998 . Dattsons . 978-81-7192-031-0 . 11, 12 . en . Ajay Mitra Shastri.
  25. Book: Wolpert, Stanley A. . A New History of India . 1989 . . 978-0-19-505636-5 . 75, 76 . en . Amaravati on the banks of the Krishna, which was later the southeast capital of the Satavahanas, flourished in its trade with Rome, Ceylon, and Southeast Asia, and may well have been the most prosperous city of India during the second century of the Christian era. . Stanley Wolpert.
  26. Miśra, Bhāskaranātha; Rao, Manjushri; Pande, Susmita, eds. (1996). India's Cultural Relations with South-east Asia. Sharada Publishing House. pp. 70, 71. ISBN 978-81-85616-39-1.
  27. Book: Talbot, Cynthia . Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra . 2001 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-513661-6 . 126 . en.
  28. Book: Varadaraja, V. Raman . Glimpses of Indian Heritage . Popular Prakashan . 978-81-7154-758-6 . 136 . en . Varadaraja V. Raman.
  29. Book: Asher, Catherine B. . India before Europe . Talbot . Cynthia . 2006 . . 978-0-521-80904-7 . 75 . The Telugu language became particularly prominent in ruling circles by the early sixteenth century, because of the large number of warrior lords who were either from Andhra or had served the kingdom there..
    • Book: Cambridge Economic History Of India Vol-1 . 2009 . . 978-81-250-2730-0 . Habib . Irfan . Irfan Habib . 106, 457 . en . Irfan Habib . Raychaudhuri . Tapan . Tapan Raychaudhuri.
    • Book: Stein, Burton . The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara . 1990 . . 978-0-521-26693-2 . 130–132 . en . Burton Stein.
    • Web site: Pillalamarri . Akhilesh . 10 August 2018 . South India’s Warrior Lords: The Telugus . 2024-08-07 . . en-US . Telugu warrior nayaks (chiefs) were the ruling class over much of South India — including ethnic Tamil and Kannada areas — and were in some ways, served the same function as the rajput warrior clans of northern India. The last dynasty to rule Sri Lanka before the annexation of the Kingdom of Kandy by the British, were also Telugu nayaks..
    • News: Muthiah . S. . 2017-03-27 . The Nayaka kings of Kandy . 2020-10-23 . The Hindu . en-IN . 0971-751X . All four worshipped at Buddhist and Hindu shrines, used Sinhala and Tamil as court languages (though they spoke Telugu), and encouraged their courtiers to take wives from Madurai and Thanjavur..
    • Book: The Journal of Asian studies . 1994 . University of California . 53. Issue 1-2 . 1994 . 14 . en.
    • Book: Winterbottom, Anna . Hybrid Knowledge in the Early East India Company World . 2016-04-29 . Springer . 978-1-137-38020-3 . 120 . en . Telugu had become the language of high culture in southern India during the medieval period, and by the seventeenth century its status rivalled that of Sanskrit..
    • Book: Miller, Barbara Stoler . The Powers of Art: Patronage in Indian Culture . 1992 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-562842-5 . 132 . en . In Tyagaraja's time, Telugu was the language of high culture even in Tanjore, the heartland of the Tamil linguistic area. . Barbara Stoler Miller.
    • Book: Ramaswamy, Vijaya . Historical Dictionary of the Tamils . 2017-08-25 . . 978-1-5381-0686-0 . 88 . en . In precolonial or early-modern South India, Telugu became the cultural language of the south, including the Tamil country, somewhat similar to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era. Therefore, Telugu predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music, and it is the practice to teach Telugu language in music colleges to those aspiring to become singers..
  33. Book: Ramaswamy, Vijaya . Historical Dictionary of the Tamils . 2017-08-25 . . 978-1-5381-0686-0 . 88 . en . In precolonial or early-modern South India, Telugu became the cultural language of the south, including the Tamil country, somewhat similar to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era. Therefore, Telugu predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music, and it is the practice to teach Telugu language in music colleges to those aspiring to become singers..
    • Book: Warder, Anthony Kennedy . Indian Buddhism . 2004 . . 978-81-208-1741-8 . 336, 355, 402, 464 . en . Those of us who have studied the evidence above will prefer to locate this source of most of the Mahāyāna sutras in Andhra. (p. 355) From the internal evidence it appears that this sutra was written in South India, very likely in Andhra, in which case the country of origin of the Mahāyāna continued in the lead in the development of new ideas in India. (p. 402) . A. K. Warder.
    • Guang Xing. The Evolution of the Concept of the Buddha from Early Buddhism to the Formulation of the Trikaya Theory. 2002. p. 104. "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India, in the Andhra country, on the Krishna River."
    • Williams, Paul. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition. Routledge, 2009, p. 47.
  37. News: రెడ్డి . తులసీ ప్రసాద్ . 22 February 2022 . కడప జిల్లాలోని కలమల్ల శాసనమే తొలి తెలుగు శాసనమా? . 5 April 2023 . BBC News తెలుగు . te.
  38. Book: Greene . Roland . The Princeton Handbook of World Poetries . Cushman . Stephen . 2016-11-22 . Princeton University Press . 978-1-4008-8063-8 . 541 . en . Roland Greene.
  39. Book: Harder, Hans . Literature and Nationalist Ideology: Writing Histories of Modern Indian Languages . 2017-08-03 . Routledge . 978-1-351-38435-3 . en.
  40. Book: Osnes, Beth . Acting: An International Encyclopedia . 2001 . . 978-0-87436-795-9 . 152, 335 . en.
    • Web site: Wayang Indonesian theatre . 2023-04-03 . Encyclopedia Britannica . en . Developed before the 10th century, the form had origins in the tholu bommalata, the leather puppets of southern India. The art of shadow puppetry probably spread to Java with the spread of Hinduism..
    • Web site: Keith . Rawlings . November 1999 . Observations on the historical development of puppetry - Chapter Two . 2023-04-03 . Perhaps the most interesting of the south-Indian puppet types for me, however, were the tholu bommalata -- the articulated, leather, shadow puppets -- which are the probable ancestors of Indonesia's wayang..
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