Anbar campaign (2015–2016) explained

Conflict:Anbar campaign (2015–2016)
Partof:the War in Iraq (2013–2017)
Date:July 13, 2015 – 30 June 2016
Place:Anbar Governorate, Iraq
Territory:
Result:Major Iraqi Government victory
Combatant1: Iraq

Support

Air support[4]

Combatant2:
Commander1: Haider al-Abadi Gen. Othman al-Ghanmi
Commander2: Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (Leader)[7]
Abu Mohammad al-Adnani (ISIL Spokesman)[8] [9]
Abu Suleiman al-Naser (Military Chief)
Dohan al-Rawi (ISIL War Minister)[10]
Abu Waheeb (Top ISIL Commander in Anbar)[11]
Khaled al-Sadoun (ISIL Governor of Anbar Province)[12]
Abu Bakr (Top ISIL commander in Ramadi)[13]
Strength1:13,000+ fighters[14] [15]
  • 2,500+ Iraqi tribal fighters[16]
  • 3,000+ Shi'ite militiamen (Not involved in Ramadi city)
Strength2:Several thousand fighters
Units1:Quwat al-Shaheed al-Sadr al-Awal[17]
Saraya al-Jihad[18] Harakat Ahrar al-Iraq[19]
Units2:Military of ISIL
Casualties1:
  • During Battle of Ramadi, Iraqi casualties of 1,000 wounded and about 100 killed (U.S. Defense Department statement, early Jan. 2016)[20]
  • Jan. 17, 2016: 12 Iraqi soldiers killed outside Ramadi[21]
  • Jan. 23, 2016: up to 48 Iraq police and security forces killed in ISIL suicide bombings[22]
  • Jan. 27, 2016: at least 55 Iraqi soldiers and allied tribal fighters killed in ISIL attacks outside Ramadi[23]
  • Feb. 4, 2016: At least 28 Iraqi soldiers killed in ISIL suicide attacks in Ramadi and Fallujah[24]
  • Late Feb./early Mar. 2016: 31 Iraqi soldiers killed in ISIL shelling and a suicide car bomb attack outside Ramadi[25]
  • Mar. 13-14, 2016: At least 47 Iraqi soldiers killed in ISIL attacks outside Ramadi[26]
Casualties2:
  • Early December 2016: U.S. military stated that 350 ISIL militants in Ramadi were killed by U.S. airstrikes[27]
  • Late January 2016: Anbar Tribal Force reported 700 ISIL militants killed over previous two weeks[28]
  • Middle East Eye, citing Iraqi military sources: Reported that over five-week battle of Fallujah, 2,500 ISIL militants were killed and 2,186 were arrested.[29]
  • Late January 2016: Anbar Police report arrest of 190 suspected ISIL militants
  • June 2016 news reports: 250 ISIL militants killed in U.S.-led coalition and Iraqi airstrikes outside Fallujah
Casualties3:15+ civilians killed[30]
505,300+ civilians displaced[31] [32]
143+ civilians killed[33] [34] [35] [36]

The Anbar campaign (2015–2016) was a military campaign launched by the Iraqi Armed Forces and their allies aimed at recapturing areas of the Anbar Governorate held by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), including the city of Ramadi, which ISIL seized earlier in 2015. The United States and other nations aided Iraq with airstrikes.

Background

See main article: Battle of Ramadi (2014–2015).

On May 17, 2015, ISIL captured the city of Ramadi, after launching multiple waves of suicide attacks during a sandstorm, which caused Iraqi forces to retreat from the city.

The offensive

Initial assault

On the dawn of July 13, the Iraqi Army, backed by the Shiite and Sunni pro-government militias, launched an assault on several fronts in Anbar, including on Ramadi. According to the police sources in the province, the Iraqi forces pushed towards Ramadi from the west and the south. According to ISIL supporters, the advances of the Iraqi forces were repelled by militants.[37] By the afternoon, the Iraqi Army retook the Ramadi Olympic stadium in western Ramadi and reached the eastern part of the city. According to Iraqi officials, pro-government fighters also pushed the extremists from the areas east of Ramadi.[38] On July 20, the Olympic stadium was destroyed by ISIL militants with remotely detonated explosives. According to military officials said that there may have been number of Shiite militia fighters may have been inside the stadium at the time of its destruction, but they did not offer casualty figures.[39] On July 23, Iraqi government announced that it had deployed United States-trained Iraqi troops for the first time to retake Ramadi. The Shiite militia commanders said that currently the initial main focus was on retaking Fallujah rather than Ramadi and the Iraqi government indicated that will not be used to liberate Ramadi.[40] On July 26, pro-government forces took back the complete control of University of Anbar from ISIL fighters. It was retaken by forces from Iraq's Counter Terrorism Services with support from the Iraqi army and air support from the international coalition and Iraqi aircraft.[41] On July 29, 12 Iraqi soldiers were killed when ISIL suicide attackers rammed 2 explosive-laden Humvees into forces deployed outside the university's compound.[42]

On August 11, a senior official with the US-led Coalition said that Iraqi forces had surrounded the city and were preparing for a final assault to retake it.[43] On August 23, 23 Iraqi soldiers including 17 Iraqi military soldiers and 6 allied Sunni fighters were killed by ISIL in an attack that involved the use of suicide bombers and artillery.[44] On August 25, Iraqi forces repelled an ISIL suicide attack west of Ramadi by destroying three booby-trapped vehicles and killing everyone inside them.[45] On August 27, 2 Iraqi army generals and 3 soldiers were killed in a suicide attack while 10 other soldiers were wounded.[46] On September 10, an airstrike by the US-led coalition destroyed an ISIL operating base and staging area in a stadium near Ramadi.[47] On September 15, it was reported that a force of 160 US troops had arrived at Habbaniyah air base and were expected to help the Iraqi army retake Ramadi. The unconfirmed reports also claimed that USA agreed to take part in ground combat against ISIL if the Popular Front forces withdrew from Anbar. However, these reports were dismissed by an Iraqi army spokesman who said that the US troops at the air base were there to simply provide military advice and coordinate raids against ISIL targets. Popular Front spokesman Karim Al-Nouri also dismissed these reports saying that the Popular Front militia was still deployed in Anbar.[48]

Offensive stalls

By late September, the operation to retake Ramadi was considered to have stalled, with Iraqi security forces positioned on the outskirts of Ramadi, but unable to mount an incursion into the city.[49] [50] Political squabbles between Iranian backed militias and the Abadi administration were also hampering potential offensives.[51] On September 25, the United States urged the Iraqi Army to hasten the operation, acknowledging that "...the Iraqis have not made any significant forward movement recently".[52]

Renewed operations

On October 7, Iraqi forces renewed their operations in Ramadi, capturing several areas to the north and west, including the main road west of Ramadi.[53] By October 13, Iraqi troops had advanced 15 kilometers and encircled the city according to US officials.[54] [55] Further Iraqi military reinforcements including artillery batteries and tanks arrived in the nearby town of Khaldiyah on November 10, in preparation for another assault on Ramadi.[56] Iraqi forces recaptured the emergency directorate headquarters in Ramadi on November 14.[57]

Battle for Ramadi

See main article: Battle of Ramadi (2015–2016).

On November 25, Iraqi forces launched the offensive to recapture Ramadi,[58] cutting ISIL's last supply line into the city of Ramadi, via the Euphrates River, by seizing the strategic Palestine Bridge.[59]

On December 8, Iraqi forces pushed into the city,[60] and Iraqi forces captured Tamin, a key district in the south-western area of Ramadi.[61] The Iraqi Army also recaptured the Anbar Operation Control Center, near the Palestine Bridge.[62] On December 10, ISIL forces blew up the Warrar Dam,[63] which linked the Anbar Operations Control Center to northwestern Ramadi city, leaving the Qassim Bridge as the last working bridge in Ramadi.

On December 22, Iraqi forces advanced into the center of the city of Ramadi, and headed towards the main government complex.[64] The attack was launched from al-Tamim and al-Humaira Districts in the southwest and south, northwards on 3 axes into the central al-Hoz District, and the Andalus and al-Malab Districts further east.[65] On December 27, the Iraqi Army captured the government complex, after which they declared victory in Ramadi,[66] and claimed to be in full control of the city center.[67] However, on the following day, it was confirmed ISIL was still in control of 30 percent of the city.[68] On December 30, 2015, the Iraqi Prime Minister visited Ramadi and raised the Iraqi flag at the government complex. ISIL casualties during the battle were reportedly high, while Iraqi Army casualties were low.[69]

On January 3, 2016, the Iraqi Government declared that it had recaptured 80% of Ramadi city, and that the only pockets of ISIL resistance remaining were located in the al-Malab and 20th Street areas of the city.[70] On January 20, the city of Ramadi was reportedly cleared of ISIL forces, after over 6 months of fighting.[71] Iraqi forces began moving eastward to Khalidiya Island, after clearing ISIL-held neighborhoods near the area.[72] On January 21, US Vice President Joe Biden congratulated the Iraqi Security Forces for liberating the city of Ramadi from ISIL control, during a meeting with Iraqi Prime Minister al-Abadi.[73]

On January 22, Iraqi forces fully entered the Sajjariyah District, and they also entered the ISIL-held areas in the Joabah and Husaiyah Districts, to the east of Ramadi.[74] On January 23, ISIL launched suicide attacks in the Kilo 70 area west of Ramadi, and in the Tal Msheheidah east of Ramadi, as well as areas to the north of Ramadi; the ensuing clashes and airstrikes led to the deaths of 62 ISIL militants and 48 Iraqi fighters.[22] On January 24, Iraqi Defense Minister said that the Iraqi Army was preparing for an offensive on Mosul, stating that the Iraqi Army and Coalition forces had defeated ISIL in Ramadi.[75] Later on the same day, 190 people suspected of collaborating with ISIL were arrested in Ramadi,[76] even as fighting shifted to the Husaiybah District, to the east of Ramadi.[77] On January 26, the Iraqi Army found and destroyed the ISIL headquarters in eastern Ramadi, in the al-Sofiyah District, killing at least 6 ISIL militants.[78]

During the next week, as the Iraqi Army closed in on the Sajjariyah District, the last area in Ramadi held by ISIL,[79] ISIL launched multiple waves of suicide attacks in the Ramadi area, killing dozens of Iraqi soldiers.[80] [81] On February 4, 2016, the Iraqi Army recaptured the Sajjariyah District, fully expelling ISIL from Ramadi.[82] The 2015–2016 Battle of Ramadi was the first time since the Fall of Mosul in which the Iraqi Army played the primary role in combating ISIL.[71]

Khalidiya Island offensive

On February 1, the Iraqi Army launched an offensive on the Khalidiya Island area, which is the region located between the villages Albu Nasir and Albu Shajal, situated between Ramadi and Fallujah.[83] On the same day, the Iraqi Army managed to capture the villages of Albu Shalib and Albu Shajal, to the northwest of Fallujah.[84] On February 2, the Iraqi Army fully severed the last supply lines between the Khalidiya Island region and the city of Fallujah, completely besieging the city.[85] This led to concerns that an estimated 30,000 civilians trapped in Fallujah would starve, due to the lack of airdropped supplies into the city.[86] On February 4, after Ramadi city was recaptured from ISIL, offensive operations shifted further eastward to the Khalidiya Island area.[87]

On February 8, the Iraqi Army recaptured the Juwaybah District, to the east of Ramadi, east of the Sajjariyah District.[88] On February 9, Iraqi forces entered the center of Husaiybah, the last ISIL-held village to the east of Ramadi.[89] Later on the same day, the Iraqi Army fully recaptured the Husaiybah Al-Sharqiyah District, about 10 kilometers (6 miles) east of Ramadi, thus fully expelling ISIL from the environs of Ramadi.[90] [91] [92] Dozens of ISIL militants were killed in the clashes in Husaiybah.[93] The Iraqi Army also began evacuating 1,500 civilians from the Husaiybah Al-Sharqiyah District.[94] Afterwards, the Iraqi Government reopened the Ramadi-Habbaniyah Highway. ISIL militants were still holed up in some farmlands in Khalidiya Island, to the north of the town of Al Khalidiya. On February 10, it was reported that the Iraqi Army had fully recaptured the Khalidiya District, including the Khalidiya Island area,[95] but there was renewed fighting in Khalidiya Island area since March 2016.[96] Because there was still resistance in the area, the army started a new offensive on May 25, 2016.[97]

On February 14, an Iraqi airstrike killed an ISIL commander in the Kartan area of the Khalidiya District, along with 14 other ISIL militants.[98] Later on the same day, the Iraqi Government reported that the Sedikiyah area in the eastern Khalidiya District was ready for the return of displaced civilians, after IEDs left behind by ISIL in the area had been dismantled.[99] On February 16, the Iraqi Army launched a clearing operation in the Hamidiyah District, to the northeast of Ramadi's Albu Ghanem District.[100] On February 19, the Iraqi Army completely cleared the Hamidiyah District from ISIL forces, killing dozens of ISIL fighters.[101] On February 21, the US-led Coalition bombed an ISIL gathering in Khalidiya Island, killing 7 ISIL leaders.[102]

Siege of Fallujah

See main article: Siege of Fallujah (2016).

From February 15 to 19, the Iraqi Army launched an offensive into the town of Al-Karmah, to the northeast of Fallujah, killing dozens of ISIL militants.[103] [104]

On February 18, a large number of local Sunni tribesmen revolted against ISIL, after ISIL beat a woman, among other restrictive practices enforces by ISIL's Al-Hisbah secret police, amid an ongoing siege. ISIL was reported to have withdrawn into Fallujah city, after local Sunnis burned the Al-Hisbah headquarters and clashes spread.[105] [106] On February 20, the clashes began to die down as ISIL began carrying out mass arrests, and it was reported that there were still some Sunni fighters who were pinned down in parts of Fallujah, who would likely be massacred if the Iraqi Government or the US-led Coalition does not intervene.[107] On February 21, the Iraqi Army began shelling ISIL positions on the outskirts of Fallujah, in support of the Sunni tribal fighters.[108] Late on February 21, ISIL crushed the revolt, and detained 180 men.[109] However, on the same day, the Iraqi Army deployed reinforcements to Fallujah, in preparation to storm the city.[110]

On February 23, the Iraqi Army fully recaptured the town of Al-Karmah, after they destroyed ISIL's last stronghold in the town.[111] On February 25, the Iraqi Governor of Anbar stated that the battle for Fallujah would begin soon, and that it would be much shorter than the battle for Ramadi.[112]

On February 27, the Iraqi Government reported that 600 ISIL fighters had managed to flee Fallujah to nearby areas,[113] and to the city of Mosul.[114] On February 28, the Shi'ite militia forces repelled an ISIL attack on Al-Karmah, which was described as one of the largest attacks on the town.[115] Later on the same day, Iraqi government forces repelled a massive ISIL suicide attack in Abu Ghraib and western Baghdad, which was the largest attack carried out by the group in the area in nearly 2 years. The assault left 30 ISIL militants and 30 Iraqi soldiers dead.[116] The Iraqi army carried out an offensive on the city of Fallujah liberated the hospital and captured al-Karmah on May 23, 2016.[117] On June 26, 2016, the Iraqi Army liberated Al-Fallujah after liberating the last ISIS held neighborhood of Al-Jolan.[118] [119] [120]

Hīt offensive

See main article: Hīt offensive (2016).

On February 19, it was revealed that the next target of Iraqi operations in the Anbar Province was going to be the town of Hīt, with an estimated 12,000 civilians and 300–400 ISIL militants in the town, and many more ISIL militants in the surrounding area.[121] On February 23, the Iraqi government deployed reinforcements to the Ain al-Assad airbase near Hīt, in preparation for a future offensive to recapture both Kabisa and the Hīt District from ISIL.[122] On the same day, clashes erupted between local Sunni tribesmen and ISIL forces in the Hīt District.[123] On the next day, the US-led Coalition destroyed the ISIL headquarters in Hīt and Kabisa, killing multiple ISIL militants.[124] On February 28, the Iraqi government warned the civilians in Kabisa and the Hīt District to leave within 48 hours, to avoid an imminent offensive to recapture those areas.[125]

On March 12, the Iraqi Government launched the offensive to recapture the Hīt District, also known as Operation Desert Lynx.[126] On the same day, U.S.-led Coalition forces conducted several airstrikes within Hīt, killing a number of ISIL leaders and militants, which Iraqi officials confirmed.[127]

On March 17, Iraqi Security Forces and their allies drove ISIL forces out of al-Mohammadi, located southeast of Hīt.[128] On March 21, the Iraqi Army came within 1 kilometer of the eastern outskirts of Hīt.[129] On the same day, Iraqi forces paused offensive operations, to give the remaining civilians in the district time to flee.[130] On March 19, the Iraqi Army recaptured the town of Kabisa, to the west-southwest of Hīt.[131]

On April 1, the Iraqi Army recaptured the northern edge of the city.[132] The offensive was reported to have been delayed earlier, because hundreds of roadside bombs littering the surrounding area slowed progress for days. Furthermore, it was reported that a significant number of troops had been pulled out of Al Anbar Governorate earlier to protect protesters in Baghdad, which also resulted in delays.[133]

On April 5, it was reported that the Iraqi Security Forces had recaptured more than 70% of the Hīt District.[134] The state TV reported a local commander saying that the military had routed ISIL from the city, but that fighting was still going on. The Iraqi Army's control of the town appeared to be incomplete and fragile. An Iraqi commander informed that the insurgents had tried to retake a main street but were repelled. Iraqi forces also managed to seize the government compound and raised the Iraqi flag on a main building, after ISIL militants withdrew from the downtown and eastern part of the town.[135]

On April 8, Iraqi forces recaptured the Hit town center, and expelled ISIL forces from most of the city, but fighting still continued in the city. At least 30 Iraqi soldiers were killed, and more than 50 were wounded in the clashes.[136]

On April 14, Iraqi forces fully recaptured the town of Hīt, along with the remainder of the Hīt District.[137] [138] [139] [140]

Ar-Rutbah offensive

See main article: Ar-Rutbah offensive (2016). On March 13, a senior Iraqi general reported that ISIL has fully withdrawn from the city of Ar-Rutbah to Al-Qa'im, after they began leaving the night before. The withdrawal was confirmed by a member of Anbar's security council. It was also reported that ISIL had abandoned the town of Kabisa as well, and they had also withdrawn from Hīt to some degree, with Iraqi warplanes bombing the retreating militants. This was the first time that ISIL has withdrawn from a major urban area without an actual fight, and the retreat came after recent losses on the battlefield for ISIL in Syria and in the Anbar Province, including a recent offensive on Hīt.[141] [142] [143] However, ISIL returned to the town on the following day.[144]

On May 16, the Iraqi Army launched an offensive to recapture the town of Ar-Rutbah, and the rest of the Ar-Rutba District.[145] The Iraqi Army attacked the town from three directions.[146] A US official stated that Ar-Rutbah wasn't as well defended by ISIL as Ramadi or Fallujah, and that there were 100 to several hundred ISIL militants based in the town. On May 17, the Iraqi Army fully recaptured Ar-Rutbah, and the surrounding areas in the Ar-Rutbah District.[147] During the clashes, at least 4 Iraqi soldiers were killed and 5 more were wounded,[148] and around 100 ISIL fighters were killed.[149]

Battle of Fallujah

See main article: Battle of Fallujah (2016). On May 22, 2016, the Iraqi Army published a statement and asked residents of the battlefield to leave the area through secured routes. The Iraqi Army also said that local residents who could not move should raise white flags on top of their roofs.[150]

Haider al-Abadi ordered to beginning the operation on the early Monday of 23 May. "The Iraqi flag will be raised high over the land of Fallujah." al-Abadi said.[151] On May 23, 2016, it was reported the city of Al-Karmah was recaptured by Shiite militias of PMF.[152] Photos published by a PMF media shows Iran's Quds Force commander Qassem Suleimani and other PMF commanders discussing Fallujah battle strategies.[153] On the first day of the offensive 11 further villages and districts near Fallujah were recaptured, which forced ISIL fighters to retreat to the interior of the strategically important city. The offensive was slowed down because in the outskirts hundreds of improvised explosive devices were found.[154]

The Popular Mobilization Forces declared on 23 May that they had captured Al-Karmah,[155] about 16 kilometers (10 miles) northeast of Falluja, which brings most of the territory east of Falluja under government control.[156] They also announced the liberation of al-Harariyat, al-Shahabi and al-Dwaya and the killing of 40 ISIL militants during the military operation.[157] Iraqi government announced that pro-government fighters had captured the villages of Luhaib and Albu Khanfar on 24 May.[158]

On 25 May, 16 villages and districts on the eastern outskirts of Fallujah were cleared by the Iraqi Security Forces. Included in this were the gains from a column in the North-East, which liberated the town of Sejar days after the capture of Al-Karmah. These clashes resulted in the death of 40 ISIL militants.[159] An additional 163 ISIL militants, 15 civilians and 35 Iraqi forces and militiamen were killed[30] in clashes which gained the Iraqi army control over the remaining districts in the South-East, allowing them to create a corridor that cut the ISIL-controlled-zone in two. During the day, it was reported an Iranian Basij member was killed in fighting near Fallujah.[160] According to Qasm Araji, a member of the defense committee, the advancing forces are continuously gaining ground and "nearing Fallujah's Eastern gate."[30]

On 27 May, the US-led coalition conducted airstrikes in and around the city. US-led coalition air and artillery strikes airstrikes in and around Fallujah killed 70 ISIS fighters in Fallujah, including the top commander in the area, Maher Al-Bilawi [161] On 28 May, the Iraqi Army declared the start of an operation to liberate Fallujah's city center, considered to be ISIL's stronghold in the western province of Anbar.[162] [163]

Early on 30 May, the Iraqi forces began entering the city of Fallujah from 3 directions, and captured the village of Saqlawiyah.[164] [165] However, the Iraqi forces faced very stiff resistance from the ISIL forces inside of the city, slowing their advance.[166] By June 26, Fallujah had been declared "fully liberated" by the Iraqi army.[1]

From June 29 to 30, the US-led Coalition and the Iraqi Air Force bombed large convoys of ISIL vehicles fleeing the Ramadi, Khalidiya Island, and Fallujah areas, after ISIL's recent defeat in Fallujah. The airstrikes destroyed over 150 vehicles and killed at least 360 ISIL militants.[167]

Aftermath

See also: Western Anbar offensive (September 2017).

Iraqi Army along with the local tribes launched a new offensive on 5 January 2017 to capture the remaining areas under ISIL control in Anbar with the main targets being the towns of Aanah, Rawa and Al-Qaim.[168] The operation was however suspended after retaking of Sagra and Zawiya because of preparations for recapturing the western bank of Mosul.[169] Iraqi forces began a new offensive to dislodge the group from the area along the border in September 2017.[170]

See also

Notes and References

  1. https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/fallujah-the-resistance-city-is-liberated-yet-again-for-the-fourth-time-in-a-decade-a7104321.html Fallujah, the 'resistance' city, is liberated yet again – for the fourth time in a decade
  2. Web site: 20 pc of Anbar still under ISIS control: Governor Rawi. Iraqi News. 25 July 2016.
  3. Web site: Iraqi forces closing in on ISIS in Ramadi - CNN.com. Susanna Capelouto and Hamdi Alkhshali, CNN. December 23, 2015. CNN.
  4. Web site: Roadside bombs slow Iraqi forces' advance on Ramadi.
  5. Jean-Dominique Merchet, Irak : la participation française à la bataille de Ramadi, l'Opinion, December 30, 2015.
  6. David Pugliese, Canadian CF-18s supporting Iraqi efforts to retake Ramadi, Ottawa Citizen, December 11, 2015.
  7. Web site: Isis head Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in Ramadi to fight Iraqi forces, replaces foreign leaders with locals. October 5, 2015. International Business Times, India Edition. February 5, 2016.
  8. Web site: Iraq military says ISIS spokesman Adnani wounded: state TV. Reuters Editorial. January 7, 2016. Reuters. February 5, 2016.
  9. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2016/01/08/ISIS-spokesman-Adnani-wounded-in-Iraqi-airstrike.html ISIS spokesman Adnani ‘wounded’ in Iraqi airstrike
  10. Web site: URGENT: ISIS War Minister killed in aerial bombing in Barwana. Abdelhak Mamoun. January 6, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news. January 9, 2016.
  11. Web site: IS Governor of Anbar killed in Airstrike. March 24, 2016.
  12. Web site: ISIS new Wali of Anbar killed in aerial bombing west of Ramadi. Abdelhak Mamoun. February 20, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. March 24, 2016.
  13. Web site: Iraqi forces plan to retake Mosul from Daesh after battle for Ramadi is complete. Al Bawaba. February 5, 2016.
  14. Web site: Iraqi Military Spokesman Says Ramadi Is 'Fully Liberated' . Krishnadev Calamur. The Atlantic. December 28, 2015 . February 5, 2016.
  15. News: Ramadi battle: Shia militias near IS-held Iraqi city. BBC News. May 18, 2015. February 5, 2016.
  16. News: Celebrating Victory Over ISIS, Iraqi Leader Looks to Next Battles. December 30, 2015. The New York Times. February 5, 2016.
  17. Web site: قوات الشهيد الصدر الاول تتقدم بالكرمة . July 31, 2020 . December 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191215220714/http://almasalah.com/ar/news/53450/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9 . dead .
  18. Web site: سرايا الجهاد تقطع طرق إمداد الدواعش بين الكرمة والفلوجة . August 17, 2018 . August 17, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161555/http://alhurrya.com/archives/68544 . dead .
  19. Web site: Hashd Formations of Iraq: Interview with Harakat Ahrar al-Iraq.
  20. Web site: 'Squad-size' ISIS units remain in Ramadi. January 6, 2016. Military Times.
  21. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/iraq-civilians-killed-fleeing-isil-clashes-ramadi-160117133953656.html Iraq civilians killed fleeing ISIL clashes in Ramadi
  22. Web site: Over 100 killed in air strikes, clashes with IS militants in Iraq. Xinhua. https://web.archive.org/web/20160123172729/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-01/23/c_135038883.htm. dead. January 23, 2016. January 23, 2016.
  23. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/isil-bombs-kill-dozens-iraqi-soldiers-ramadi-160127102416122.html ISIL kills dozens of Iraqi soldiers near Ramadi
  24. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/iraq-blames-isil-deadly-attacks-troops-anbar-160204135259990.html Iraq blames ISIL for deadly attacks on troops
  25. http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/030220161 ISIS attacks kill 31 Iraqi soldiers in two days
  26. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/isis-attack-kills-22-iraqi-army-soldiers-ramadi-160314082417532.html ISIL attacks kill 47 Iraqi soldiers near Ramadi
  27. Web site: US says airstrikes have killed 350 Isis fighters in western Iraq city Ramadi. the Guardian. December 10, 2015. February 5, 2016.
  28. Web site: Iraqi tribal force announces death of 700 ISIS militants in recent clashes in Anbar. https://web.archive.org/web/20160125091537/http://aranews.net/2016/01/iraqi-tribal-force-announces-death-of-700-isis-militants-in-recent-clashes-in-anbar/. dead. January 25, 2016. ARA News. January 24, 2016. February 5, 2016.
  29. Web site: EXCLUSIVE: Iraqi troops' heavy toll for Fallujah victory is revealed.
  30. Web site: Iraqi, allied militias advance on Fallujah; new tactics squeeze ISIS. Rudaw English. May 25, 2016.
  31. Web site: Bombs laid by Islamic State hamper Iraqi troops in Ramadi after victory. Stephen Kalin. January 10, 2016. Reuters. February 5, 2016.
  32. Web site: Ramadi civilians force Iraq to adjust fight against Islamic State. Stephen Kalin. January 18, 2016. Reuters. February 5, 2016.
  33. Web site: Iraq civilians killed fleeing ISIL clashes in Ramadi. Al Jazeera. February 5, 2016.
  34. Web site: Daesh terrorists kill 40 Iraqi citizens north of Ramadi. Shahernama. February 5, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160129023645/http://shahernama.com/daesh-terrorists-kill-40-iraqi-citizens-north-of-ramadi/. January 29, 2016. dead. mdy-all.
  35. Web site: Iraq says 40 bodies found in mass grave in Ramadi. January 26, 2016. Military Times. February 5, 2016.
  36. Web site: Mass grave containing 50 bodies discovered in eastern Ramadi. Loaa Adel. February 16, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. March 24, 2016.
  37. News: Iraq launches offensive to drive Islamic State from biggest province . Reuters. July 13, 2015 . July 30, 2015. Evans . Dominic .
  38. Web site: Iraq Security Forces Launch Operation to Oust Islamists From Anbar Province . Matt Bradley And Ghassan Adnan. July 13, 2015. WSJ. July 30, 2015.
  39. Web site: ISIS Blows Up Iraqi Sports Stadium Near Ramadi . July 21, 2015. Newsweek. July 30, 2015.
  40. Web site: Iraq deploys U.S.-trained troops to Ramadi fight for first time. July 23, 2015. Yahoo News. July 30, 2015.
  41. Web site: Iraq forces retake university on edge of Ramadi. https://archive.today/20160822142204/http://www.economictimes.com/news/international/world-news/iraq-forces-retake-university-on-edge-of-ramadi/articleshow/48225137.cms. dead. August 22, 2016. The Economic Times. July 30, 2015.
  42. News: Suicide attacks kill at least 12 Iraqi troops near Ramadi . Al-Arabiya News . July 29, 2015 . January 5, 2016.
  43. Web site: Coalition says Iraqis close to taking Ramadi. August 11, 2015. USA TODAY. December 20, 2015.
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  46. Web site: Iraqi Army Generals Killed in ISIL Suicide Bombing - Al Jazeera America. December 20, 2015.
  47. Web site: US-led coalition airstrike destroys Islamic State base in Iraq – video. September 11, 2015. the Guardian. December 20, 2015.
  48. Web site: Iraq denies US participation in ground battles in Ramadi. Middle East Monitor - The Latest from the Middle East. December 20, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121452/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/21109-iraq-denies-us-participation-in-ground-battles-in-ramadi. March 4, 2016. dead.
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  50. News: The battle to retake Ramadi is going nowhere. Loveday Morris. September 6, 2015. Washington Post. December 20, 2015.
  51. Web site: Iraq political disarray slows Ramadi campaign. September 21, 2015. USA TODAY. December 20, 2015.
  52. News: U.S. urges Iraqi forces to move 'as quickly as possible' to retake Ramadi . . September 25, 2015 . Reuters. December 20, 2015.
  53. Web site: Iraqi forces retake areas around Ramadi. October 7, 2015. December 20, 2015.
  54. Web site: US, Iraqis ready to push ISIS out of Ramadi with air support. CBS News. October 13, 2015. December 20, 2015.
  55. Web site: Coalition Spokesman: Now Time for Push Into Ramadi. VOA. December 20, 2015.
  56. Web site: Assault on Ramadi looms as dozens are killed across Iraq - UPI.com. November 10, 2015. UPI. December 20, 2015.
  57. Web site: Iraqi army seizes emergency directorate HQ in Ramadi. Al Bawaba. December 20, 2015.
  58. Web site: Iraqis launch offensive to retake Ramadi from ISIS. November 26, 2015. MilitaryTimes. February 5, 2016.
  59. Web site: Iraqi Forces Cut Last ISIL Supply Line into Ramadi by Retaking Bridge. News Desk. Al-Masdar News. November 27, 2015. December 20, 2015.
  60. News: Iraqi Forces Fighting ISIS for Ramadi Push Toward City Center. December 23, 2015. The New York Times.
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  70. Web site: Anbar police announces liberating 80% of Ramadi. Amre Sarhan. January 3, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. February 5, 2016.
  71. Web site: Voices: A heartening victory over the Islamic State.. January 19, 2016. USA TODAY. February 5, 2016.
  72. Web site: Security forces ready to cleanse Khalidiya Island east of Ramadi. Abdelhak Mamoun. January 20, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. February 5, 2016.
  73. Web site: Readout of Vice President Biden's Meeting with Prime Minister Haidar Al-Abadi of Iraq. whitehouse.gov. January 21, 2016. National Archives. February 5, 2016.
  74. Web site: Iraqi army forces advance into Joabah, Sajariyah and Husaiybah areas east of Ramadi. Amre Sarhan. January 22, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. February 5, 2016.
  75. Web site: Iraqi forces are preparing to launch Mosul offensive, says Obeidi. Amre Sarhan. January 24, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. February 5, 2016.
  76. Web site: Anbar police arrests 190 suspects of links with lSIS in Ramadi. Loaa Adel. January 24, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. February 5, 2016.
  77. Web site: 11 ISIS fighters killed, 4 defense sites destroyed east of Ramadi. Loaa Adel. January 24, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. February 5, 2016.
  78. Web site: Security forces kill 6 ISIS fighters, destruct their headquarters in eastern Ramadi. Abdelhak Mamoun. January 26, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. February 5, 2016.
  79. Web site: Anti-Terrorism Bureau announces liberation of 95% of Ramadi. Loaa Adel. January 28, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. February 5, 2016.
  80. Web site: ISIL kills dozens of Iraqi soldiers near Ramadi. February 5, 2016.
  81. Web site: New ISIL attacks kill more than 30 Iraqi forces. www.aljazeera.com. January 29, 2016.
  82. Web site: Anbar Council announces liberating al-Sajariyah area east of Ramadi. Amre Sarhan. February 4, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. February 5, 2016.
  83. Web site: Army forces advance to liberate Albu Shehab & Albu Shagl areas in Khalidiya Island. Loaa Adel. February 1, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. February 5, 2016.
  84. Web site: Iraq Situation Report: January 26 – February 1, 2016. June 26, 2016.
  85. Web site: Security forces cut off ISIS supply routes between Fallujah and Khalediya Island. Amre Sarhan. February 2, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. February 5, 2016.
  86. News: Trapped by the Islamic State, Iraqis in Fallujah say they are going hungry, too. Loveday Morris. February 1, 2016. Washington Post. February 5, 2016.
  87. Web site: Joint forces launch massive attack south-east of Mosul. Abdelhak Mamoun. February 4, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. February 5, 2016.
  88. Web site: Security forces fully liberate Juwiba, raise Iraqi flag over its buildings. Loaa Adel. February 8, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. March 24, 2016.
  89. Web site: Iraq army enters last ISIL stronghold in Ramadi. March 24, 2016.
  90. Web site: Iraq's Ramadi retaken, but rebuilding it a huge task. February 9, 2016. Yahoo News. March 24, 2016.
  91. Web site: Iraqi Army liberates all of Ramadi. Leith Fadel. February 9, 2016. Al-Masdar News. March 24, 2016.
  92. Web site: Iraq's troubled finances slow efforts to rebuild Ramadi. Stephen Kalin and Ahmed Rasheed. February 9, 2016. Reuters. March 24, 2016.
  93. Web site: Security forces liberate Husaibah area, kill dozens of ISIS fighters east of Ramadi. Abdelhak Mamoun. February 9, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. March 24, 2016.
  94. Web site: Anti-Terrorism forces evacuate 1500 civilians from Husaibah. Loaa Adel. February 9, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. March 24, 2016.
  95. Web site: Iraqi troops fully capture Ramadi. The Financial Express Online Version. March 24, 2016.
  96. http://www.iraqinews.com/iraq-war/anbar-operations-start-liberating-khalidiya-island/ Anbar Operations start liberating Khalidiya Island
  97. http://www.iraqinews.com/iraq-war/anbar-operations-announces-starting-khalidiya-island-liberation-operation/ Anbar Operations announces starting Khalidiya Island liberation operation
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  99. Web site: Khalidiya Council: Sedikiya area is ready for displaced people return. Loaa Adel. February 14, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. March 24, 2016.
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  101. Web site: Anbar Operations announces liberating Hamediyah east of Ramadi. Amre Sarhan. February 19, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. March 24, 2016.
  102. Web site: 7 ISIS leaders killed in coalition bombardment in eastern Ramadi. Abdelhak Mamoun. February 21, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. March 24, 2016.
  103. Web site: Joint forces begin military operation to free Karmat Fallujah. Abdelhak Mamoun. February 15, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. March 24, 2016.
  104. Web site: Security forces advance into Karmat Fallujah, kill dozens of ISIS fighters. Abdelhak Mamoun. February 19, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. March 24, 2016.
  105. News: Islamic State faces new trouble in Fallujah as Sunni tribesmen revolt. Loveday Morris. February 19, 2016. Washington Post. March 24, 2016.
  106. Web site: ISIS Beating Woman Triggers Fallujah Clashes: Officials. NBC News. NBC News. March 24, 2016.
  107. News: Is the Islamic State losing its grip on Fallujah?. Loveday Morris. February 20, 2016. Washington Post. March 24, 2016.
  108. News: Fighting In Iraq's Fallujah 'Stops After IS Group Seizes Residents'. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. February 21, 2016 . March 24, 2016.
  109. Web site: Islamic State Reasserts Control Over Fallujah. Tamer El-Ghobashy. February 21, 2016. WSJ. March 24, 2016.
  110. Web site: Military reinforcements arrived in Fallujah, security forces prepare to storm the city. Abdelhak Mamoun. February 21, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. March 24, 2016.
  111. Web site: 9 ISIS suicide bombers killed while trying to attack security forces in Karma. Abdelhak Mamoun. February 23, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. March 24, 2016.
  112. Web site: Liberation of Fallujah will be faster than Ramadi, says Anbar Governor. Amre Sarhan. February 25, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. March 24, 2016.
  113. Web site: 600 ISIS Fighters Flee Fallujah in Northern Iraq. February 28, 2016. March 24, 2016.
  114. Web site: 600 ISIS fighters fled from Fallujah to Mosul. Abdelhak Mamoun. February 27, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. March 24, 2016.
  115. Web site: Volunteer forces repel ISIS attack on al-Karma, Anbar. Amre Sarhan. February 28, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. March 24, 2016.
  116. Web site: Islamic State Launches Attacks in Baghdad. Tamer El-Ghobashy and Ghassan Adnan. February 29, 2016. WSJ. March 24, 2016.
  117. Web site: Symbolic victory for the Iraqi Army in Karma. May 26, 2016.
  118. Web site: Breaking: Iraqi Army liberates Fallujah General Hospital. Fadel. Leith. May 23, 2016. Al-Masdar News. en-US. June 21, 2016.
  119. Web site: Iraqi Army officially liberates Fallujah. June 26, 2016.
  120. Web site: Iraqi Army Officially liberate Fallujah. Leith. Fadel. June 26, 2016.
  121. News: With Islamic State under pressure, Iraqi forces hope to reclaim city of Hit. Loveday Morris. February 19, 2016. Washington Post. March 24, 2016.
  122. Web site: Military reinforcements arrive in Assad base to participate in liberating Heet City, Anbar. Amre Sarhan. February 23, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. March 24, 2016.
  123. Web site: Armed clashes erupt between tribal fighters and ISIS in Heet, Anbar. Amre Sarhan. February 23, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. March 24, 2016.
  124. Web site: ISIS headquarters in Heet & Kabisa destructed by coalition bombardment. Loaa Adel. February 24, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. March 24, 2016.
  125. Web site: Security forces prepare to storm Heet and Kabisa, give residents 48 hours to leave. Abdelhak Mamoun. February 28, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. March 24, 2016.
  126. Web site: Iraqi Security Forces, Anbar Tribes Launch Operation Desert Lynx To Liberate Hit. International Business Times. March 12, 2016. June 26, 2016.
  127. Web site: U.S.-led coalition strikes ISIS Sharia Court in Iraq's Anbar, kills top leaders - ARA News. ARA News. March 31, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20171206005935/http://aranews.net/2016/03/u-s-led-coalition-strikes-isis-sharia-court-iraqs-anbar-kills-top-leaders/. December 6, 2017. dead.
  128. Web site: Security forces free village from IS militants in Iraq's Anbar. https://web.archive.org/web/20160423121902/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-03/17/c_135198909.htm. dead. April 23, 2016. Xinhua. March 17, 2016.
  129. Web site: Security forces advance 1 km away from Heet, Anbar - Iraqi News. Amre. Sarhan. March 21, 2016. June 26, 2016.
  130. Web site: Hit offensive halted by Iraqi Army. Rudaw.
  131. Web site: Security forces liberate Kabisa vicinity south of Heet - Iraqi News. Loaa. Adel. March 19, 2016. June 26, 2016.
  132. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/04/04/world/booby-traps-bog-iraqi-forces-verge-taking-islamic-state-held-hit/#.VwOTBzEfk3h Booby traps bog down Iraqi forces on verge of taking Islamic State-held Hit
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  139. Web site: Security forces expel ISIS from key district in Iraq's Anbar - ARA News. April 15, 2016. June 26, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20171206005939/http://aranews.net/2016/04/security-forces-expel-isis-key-district-iraqs-ramadi/. December 6, 2017. dead.
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  141. Web site: ISIS pulls out of town in Iraq's Anbar: general. The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon. March 24, 2016.
  142. Web site: IS jihadists pull out of several Iraq towns: officers. March 13, 2016. Yahoo News. March 24, 2016.
  143. Web site: Anbar officials see voluntary ISIS withdrawal from some towns. Rudaw. March 24, 2016.
  144. Web site: ISIS returns to Iraqi town, 24 hours after vacating it . March 14, 2016 . Deccanchronicle.com . June 4, 2016.
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  147. Web site: Security forces fully liberate al-Rutba District, announces Anbar Operations. Amre Sarhan. May 18, 2016. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news by Iraqi News. May 18, 2016.
  148. News: Mamoun . Abdelhak . 9 security members killed, wounded in battles of Rutba District . Iraqi News . May 19, 2016.
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  152. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iraqi-military-claims-advances-in-jihadist-held-fallujah/2016/05/23/45b266c6-20e6-11e6-b944-52f7b1793dae_story.html Iraqi military claims advances in Islamic State-held Fallujah
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  154. http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/iraqi-forces-liberate-villages-isis-fallujah-offensive-n579046 Iraqi Forces 'Liberate' Villages From ISIS in Fallujah Offensive
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  162. Web site: Iraq begins liberating heart of Fallujah. Al Arabiya English.
  163. Web site: Fallujah: Iraqi forces 'closing in' on ISIL-held city. Al-Jazeera English. May 28, 2016.
  164. Web site: ISIS fights Iraqi forces near Falluja, military says. Euan McKirdy . Joshua Berlinger. May 31, 2016 . CNN. June 26, 2016.
  165. Web site: Iraqi Army Advances Into Islamic State Stronghold of Fallujah As Suicide Attacks Rock Baghdad - VICE News. June 26, 2016.
  166. News: Iraqi Forces Begin Ground Assault on Fallujah. Nour. Malas. May 31, 2016. June 26, 2016. Wall Street Journal.
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