Anaxyrus Explained
Anaxyrus, containing the North American toads, is a genus of true toads in the family Bufonidae.[1] The genus is endemic to North and Central America, and contains many familiar North American toad species such as the American toad, Woodhouse's toad, and the western toad.
Most species in this genus were initially classified in Bufo, but were split due to their genetic divergence and geographic separation. Some authorities still consider Anaxyrus to be a subgenus within Bufo.[2] [3] However, other authorities have disputed this classification, as doing so would also require all morphologically distinct Old World toad species to also be placed in Bufo.
Species
| Binomial name | Described by, year | Common name |
|---|
| Anaxyrus americanus ↔ Bufo americanus | Holbrook, 1836 | American toad |
| Anaxyrus baxteri ↔ Bufo baxteri | Porter, 1968 | Wyoming toad |
| Anaxyrus boreas ↔ Bufo boreas | Baird & Girard, 1852 | western toad |
| Anaxyrus californicus ↔ Bufo californicus | Camp, 1915 | arroyo toad |
| Anaxyrus canorus ↔ Bufo canorus | Camp, 1916 | Yosemite toad |
| Anaxyrus cognatus ↔ Bufo cognatus | Say, 1823 | Great Plains toad |
| Anaxyrus compactilis ↔ Bufo compactilis | Wiegmann, 1833 | plateau toad, Texas toad |
| Anaxyrus debilis ↔ Bufo debilis | Girard, 1854 | North American green toad |
| Anaxyrus exsul ↔ Bufo exsul | G. Myers, 1942 | black toad |
| Anaxyrus fowleri ↔ Bufo fowleri | Hinckley, 1882 | Fowler's toad |
| Anaxyrus hemiophrys ↔ Bufo hemiophrys | Cope, 1886 | Canadian toad |
| Anaxyrus houstonensis ↔ Bufo houstonensis | Sanders, 1953 | Houston toad |
| Anaxyrus kelloggi ↔ Bufo kelloggi | Taylor, 1938 | little Mexican toad |
| Anaxyrus mexicanus ↔ Bufo mexicanus | Brocchi, 1879 | southwestern toad |
| Anaxyrus microscaphus ↔ Bufo microscaphus | Cope, 1867 | Arizona toad |
| Anaxyrus monfontanus ↔ Bufo monfontanus | Gordon, Simandle, Sandmeier & Tracy, 2020 | Hot Creek toad |
| Anaxyrus nelsoni ↔ Bufo nelsoni | Stejneger, 1893 | Amargosa toad |
| Anaxyrus nevadensis ↔ Bufo nevadensis | Gordon, Simandle, Sandmeier & Tracy, 2020 | Railroad Valley toad |
| Anaxyrus punctatus ↔ Bufo punctatus | Baird & Girard, 1852 | red-spotted toad, Baird's spotted toad |
| Anaxyrus quercicus ↔ Bufo quercicus | Holbrook, 1840 | oak toad |
| Anaxyrus retiformis ↔ Bufo retiformis | Sanders and H.M. Smith, 1951 | Sonoran green toad |
| Anaxyrus speciosus ↔ Bufo speciosus | Girard, 1854 | Texas toad |
| Anaxyrus terrestris ↔ Bufo terrestris | Bonnaterre, 1789 | southern toad |
| Anaxyrus williamsi ↔ Bufo williamsi | Gordon, Simandle, and Tracy, 2017 | Dixie Valley toad |
| Anaxyrus woodhousii ↔ Bufo woodhousii | Girard, 1854 | Woodhouse's toad | |
The following fossil taxa are also known, all of which were also previously placed in
Bufo:
[4] - †Anaxyrus defensor (Meylan, 2005) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Florida)
- †Anaxyrus hibbardi (Taylor, 1937) (Late Miocene of Kansas)
- †Anaxyrus pliocompactilis (Wilson, 1968) (Late Miocene of Kansas, possibly synonymous with Anaxyrus compactilis or Anaxyrus speciosus)
- †Anaxyrus repentinus (Tihen, 1962) (Mid-Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) of Kansas, possibly synonymous with Anaxyrus woodhousii or Anaxyrus cognatus)
- †Anaxyrus rexroadensis (Tihen, 1962) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Kansas)
- †Anaxyrus spongifrons (Tihen, 1962) (Late Miocene of Kansas)
- †Anaxyrus suspectus (Tihen, 1962) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene (Blancan) of Kansas)
- †Anaxyrus tiheni (Auffenberg, 1957) (Late Miocene of Florida)
- †Anaxyrus valentinensis (Estes & Tihen, 1964) (Middle Miocene (Barstovian) of Nebraska)
External links
- Frost DR, Grant T, Faivovich JN, Bain RH, Haas A, ((Haddad CLFB)), De Sá RO, Channing A, Wilkinson M, Donnellan SC, Raxworthy CJ, Campbell JA, Blotto BL, Moler P, Drewes RC, Nussbaum RA, Lynch JD, Green DM, Wheeler WC. Darrel R. Frost.
fr:Taran Grant
. fr:Julián Faivovich
. fr:Raoul Harley Bain
. de:Alexander Haas (Biologe)
. fr:Célio Fernando Baptista Haddad
. fr:Alan Channing
. fr:Mark Wilkinson (herpétologiste)
. Steve Donnellan (scientist). fr:Christopher John Raxworthy
. Jonathan A. Campbell. fr:Ronald Archie Nussbaum
. fr:John Douglas Lynch
. The Amphibian Tree of Life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 297. 1–291. 2006. 10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2. 2246/5781. free.
- Pauly GB, Hillis DM, Cannatella DC. David Hillis.
fr:David Charles Cannatella
. The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution. 58. 11. 2517–2535. November 2004. 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00881.x. 15612295. free.
- Pauly. Gregory B.. Hillis. David M.. Cannatella. David C.. Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names. Herpetologica. June 2009. 65. 2. 115–128. 10.1655/08-031R1.1. free.
Further reading
- Tschudi JJ (1845). "Reptilium conspectus quae in Republica Peruana reperiuntur et pleraque observata vel collecta sunt in itinere". Archiv für Naturgeschichte 11 (1): 150–170. (Anaxyrus, new genus, p. 170). (in Latin)
Notes and References
- Web site: Anaxyrus Tschudi, 1845 Amphibian Species of the World . 2024-03-22 . amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org.
- Crother . Brian I. . 2014 . A Checklist of North American Amphibians and Reptiles: The United States and Canada . Volume 1: Amphibians. Seventh Edition. By M. J. Fouquette Jr. and Alain Dubois. Bloomington (Indiana): Xlibris. $34.99 (hardcover); $23.99 (paper). 613 p.; index to generic and species names and index to common names. ISBN: 978-1-4931-7034-0 (hc); 978-1-4931-7035-7 (pb). 2014. . The Quarterly Review of Biology . en . 89 . 4 . 404–405 . 10.1086/678658 . 0033-5770.
- Gordon. Michelle R.. Simandle. Eric T.. Sandmeier. Franziska C.. Tracy. C. Richard. 2020. Two New Cryptic Endemic Toads of Bufo Discovered in Central Nevada, Western United States (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo [Anaxyrus])]. Copeia. 108. 1. 166–183. 10.1643/CH-18-086. 0045-8511. free.
- Sanchiz . B. . 2012-01-01 . Nomenclatural notes on living and fossil amphibians . Graellsia.
