Anambra State Explained

Anambra
Official Name:Anambra State
Flag Alt:Flag of Anambra
Seal Alt:Seal of Anambra State Government
Nicknames:Light of the Nation
Igbo: Ife Mbà
Coordinates:6.3333°N 7°W
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name: Nigeria
Established Date:27 August 1991
Seat Type:Capital
Seat:Awka
Governing Body:Government of Anambra State
Leader Party:APGA
Leader Title:Governor
Leader Name:Charles Chukwuma Soludo
Leader Name1:Gilbert Onyekachukwu Ibezim (APGA)
Leader Title2:Legislature
Leader Name2:Anambra State House of Assembly
Leader Title3:Chief Judge
Leader Name3:Prof. Sylvia Chika Ifemeje
Leader Title4:Senators
Leader Name4:

S

Vacant

Leader Title5:Representatives
Leader Name5:List
Unit Pref:Metric
Area Total Km2:4844
Area Rank:35 of 36
Population Total:4,177,821
Population As Of:2006 census
Population Density Km2:auto
Population Est:6,953,500
Pop Est As Of:2022[1]
Population Rank:9 of 36[2]
Population Demonyms:Ndi Anambra, Anambrarians
Demographics Type1:GDP (PPP)
Demographics1 Title1:Year
Timezone1:WAT
Utc Offset1:+01
Postal Code Type:postal code
Postal Code:420001
Area Code:+234
Area Code Type:Dialing Code
Iso Code:NG-AN
Blank Name Sec1:Language
Blank Info Sec1:Igbo
English
Blank Name Sec2:HDI (2021)
Blank Info Sec2:0.662[3]
· 3rd of 37
Footnotes: Preliminary results
Type:State
Demographics1 Info1:2021
Demographics1 Title2:Total
Demographics1 Info2:$33.26 billion[4]
6th of 36
Demographics1 Title3:Per capita
Demographics1 Info3:$5,231
12th of 36
Anthem:"With All Our Hearts, We Pray and Ask"

Anambra State is a Nigerian state located in the South-eastern region of the country.[5] The state was created on 27 August 1991.[6] Anambra state is bounded by Delta State to the west, Imo State and Rivers State to the south, Enugu State to the east and Kogi State to the north.[7] The state's capital is Awka, while the state’s largest city is Onitsha which is regarded as one of the largest metropolis in Africa. Nnewi is the second largest commercial and industrial city in Anambra State, and also a known automobile hub within Nigeria and Africa.[8]

The state name was formed in 1976 from the former East Central State. The state is named after Omambala River, a river that runs through the state. Anambra is the anglicized name of the Omambala.[9] [10] The State capital is Awka. The city of Onitsha, a historic port city from the pre-colonial era, remains an important centre of commerce within the state,while Nnewi is the second largest commercial and industrial city in the state.[11]

Nicknamed the "Light of the Nation", Anambra State is the fourteenth most populous state[12] in the nation, although that has seriously been argued against as Onitsha, the state's biggest and most populous urban area was discovered to be over 8.5 million in population in 2022 by Africapolis which makes Onitsha one of the largest urban areas in Nigeria by population.[13] [14] [15] [16] The area currently known as Anambra State has been the site of numerous civilizations since at least the 9th century AD, including the ancient Kingdom of Nri, whose capital was the historic town of Igbo-Ukwu within the state. Residents of Anambra State are primarily Igbo,[17] [18] with the Igbo language serving as a lingua franca throughout the state.[19]

During the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), Anambra State was part of the secessionist Republic of Biafra formed by Igbo nationalists. Anambra was severely affected by the war.[20] [21] Today, Anambra State is one of the most urbanized states in Nigeria.[22] [23]

Etymology

The name Anambra is the merging of Anam and the English word 'branch'. Anam is a clan in the Omambala region[24] and the last Igbo speaking community the British colonialists encountered while heading up to Northern Nigeria from across the riverine areas. They usually described present day Anambra as 'Anam branch' to their colleagues up North. Reason Anam together with some neighboring clans was Anambra LGA when the state was created. It is now Anambra-West LGA with Olumbanasa.

History

Anambra's history stretches to the 9th century AD, as revealed by archaeological excavations at Igbo-Ukwu and Ezira. It has great works of art in iron, bronze, copper, and pottery. These have revealed a sophisticated divine Kingship administrative system, which held sway in the area of Anambra from c. 948 AD to 1911. In some towns, such as Ogidi and others, local families had hereditary rights to kingship for centuries.[25] [26]

Great Britain recognised some of these traditional kings and leaders in their system of indirect rule of the Protectorate of South Nigeria. Beginning in the 19th century, they appointed some noble leaders as Warrant Chiefs, authorizing them to collect taxes, among other duties.

Anambra is in the Igbo-dominated area that seceded as part of an independent Biafra in 1967, following rising tensions with Northern Nigeria. During the Nigerian/Biafran war (1967–1970), Biafran engineers constructed a relief airstrip in the town of Uli/Amorka (code named "Annabelle"). Extremely dangerous relief flights took off from Sao Tome and other sites loaded with tons of food and medicine for the distressed Biafran population. Uli/Amorka airstrip was the site where American pilots such as Alex Nicoll, and scores of others, delivered tons of relief supplies to the Biafran population.[27]

Disgusted by the suffering and mounting death toll in Biafra from starvation, as well as the continuous harassment of the relief planes by the Nigerian Airforce, Carl Gustaf von Rosen resigned as a Red Cross relief pilot. He helped Biafra to form an Airforce of five Minicoin planes Malmö MFI-9 stationed at the Uga airstrip. He named his tiny but effective air force "Babies of Biafra" in honour of the babies who died from starvation inside Biafra.[28] [29] [30]

Old Anambra State was created in 1976 from part of East Central State, and its capital was Enugu. In 1991, a re-organisation divided Anambra into two states, Anambra and Enugu. The capital of the New Anambra is Awka.[31]

Geography

Location

Boundaries are formed by Delta State and Edo State to the west for about 97 km across the River Niger, Imo State and Rivers State (for four km) to the south, Enugu State to the east for 139 km, and Kogi State to the north for about 40 km. The name was derived from the Anambra River (Omambala) which flows through the area and is a tributary of the River Niger.

Anambra is the eighth-most populated state in the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the second-most densely populated state in Nigeria after Lagos State. The stretch of more than 45 km between the towns of Oba and Amorka contains a cluster of numerous thickly populated villages and small towns, giving the area an estimated average density of 1,500–2,000 persons per square kilometre.[32]

Climate

The state has a Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate with yearly temperature of 28.99 °C (84.18 °F) and it is -0.47% lower than Nigeria's averages. Anambra typically receives about 212.36 millimeters (8.36 inches) of precipitation and has 243.38 rainy days (66.68% of the time) annually.[33] [34]

The state has been described as one of the worst places affected by the climate change in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa in 2022 according to the Climate Change Education and Action Programme, (CLEAP).[35]

Administrative Division

Cities and administrative divisions

See also: List of villages in Anambra State. With an annual population growth rate of 2.21 percent per annum, Anambra State has over 60% of its people living in urban areas. It is one of the most urbanized states in Nigeria.[36]

The major urban centres of Anambra State are Onitsha, Nnewi, Ekwulobia, Ihiala, Aguleri and Awka, the state capital. Awka and Onitsha had developed as pre-colonial urban centres: Awka was the craft industrial centre of the Nri hegemony. Onitsha is a city state on the Niger, having developed as a river port and commercial centre.

Onitsha is a fast-growing commercial city and has developed to become a huge conurbation extending to Idemili, Oyi and Anambra East LGAs, with one of the largest markets in West Africa.

In 2012 the tri-city area was dubbed the Onitsha-Nnewi-Awka (ONA) Industrial Axis, in recognition of the expanding industrial capacity. Nnewi (sometimes called the Taiwan of Nigeria)[37] [38] is a rapidly developing industrial and commercial centre. Designated as the state capital, Awka has regained its precolonial administrative eminence.

Local government areas

Anambra State consists of 21 local government areas. They are:

Economy

Anambra houses the first Nigerian vehicle manufacturer, Innoson, an automobile manufacturer, located in Nnewi.[39] [40] [41]

People all over West Africa travel to Onitsha and Nnewi to trade, which boost the internal revenue of the state. Onitsha is among the top commercial cities in Africa.[42] [43]

Agriculture is an important economic sector in Anambra. Oil palms, maize, rice, yams and cassava are among the crops grown. Fishing is also part of the economic mainstay of Anambra State more especially for communities along the riverine areas.

Anambra is a home of innovation, inventions and creativity. There have been several innovations in Anambra, due to its appreciation of education, which has added to the state's GDP. One of those was in 2018, when two brothers, Atikpo Chukwuebuka and Ubaka Chukwuebuka, were the first to invent a machine, that could wash off the bitterness from bitter-leaf (a highly popular vegetable staple in Nigeria).[44] This machine will greatly improve the productivity of vegetable farming in the state.

The export of agricultural items is a continual boost to Anambra Internal Generated Revenue. In 2017, the state generated $5 million from the export of washed bitter leaf.

There is a huge deposit of oil and gas in Nigeria, with the Anambra Basin having a great potential of 1000 trillion cubic feet of gas reserves untapped. Having more than 13 oil wells situated in Anambra, the state has the capacity to produce more than 100,000 barrels of crude oil per day, with indigenous companies like Orient Petroleum, and Sterling Oil Exploration and Production Co. LTD (SEEPCO), already leading the way.[45]

Natural resources

Anambra is rich in natural gas, crude oil, bauxite, and ceramic.[46] It has an almost 100 percent arable soil.

Anambra state has many other resources in terms of agro-based activities such as fisheries and farming, as well as land cultivated for pasturing and animal husbandry.

Oil and gas

In the year 2006, a foundation-laying ceremony for the first Nigerian private refinery, Orient Petroleum Refinery (OPR), was made at Aguleri area.[47] The Orient Petroleum Resource Ltd (OPRL), owner of OPR, was licensed in June 2002, by the Federal Government to construct a private refinery with a capacity of .

In 2012, following the efforts of Governor Peter Obi and other stakeholders of Orient Petroleum, Anambra State became an oil-producing state. The indigenous company struck oil in the Anambra River basin.[48]

On 2 August 2015, the management of Orient Petroleum Resources Plc said the company planned to increase its crude oil production to 3,000 barrels per day by September 2015, as it stepped up production activities in two new oil wells in its Aguleri oil fields. An indigenous company, Nails and Stanley Ltd, was to establish a gas plant at Umueje in Ayamelum Local Government Area to support economic activities in the oil and gas industry in the state.[49]

Following the attribution of eleven (11) oil wells by the Revenue Mobilization Allocation and Fiscal Commission (RMAFC) in August 2021, Anambra State joined the league of oil producing States in Nigeria.[50] [51] [52] The process to amend the law that set up the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) through which infrastructure is provided to oil producing States has started. The purpose is to include Anambra State in the list of oil producing States as stated in the NDDC law through the amendment of Section 2(1)(b) of the NDDC Establishment ACT CAP N 86 LFN 2004.[53]

Infrastructure and urbanization

Since the late 1990s, there has been a migration from rural to urban areas in the state, resulting in Anambra becoming a highly urbanized state: 62% of its population lives in urban areas. In October 2015, the APGA-led state government of Willie Obiano, signed a memorandum of understanding with Galway modular housing company, Affordable Building Concepts International, for 10,000 housing units to be built in the state.[54]

Given decades of neglect of infrastructure and bad governance, the shift in human migration has posed problems for the state. Infrastructure improvements, both physical and social, have lagged behind the growth in population. There are problems in environmental sanitation, erosion control, and provision of social services. Major cities have become characterized by inadequate and deteriorated road networks and walkways, unregulated building patterns, poor sanitation, uncontrolled street trading, mountains of garbage, and chaotic transport systems, creating congestion, noise pollution, and overcrowding.[55]

The government of Peter Obi, with the assistance of the UN-HABITAT, produced 20-year structural plans (2009–2028) for three major cities in the State: Onitsha, Nnewi and Awka – the Capital Territory, to restore urban planning and guide their growth into the future.

The plans contain policies and proposals for land use, city beautification, road infrastructure, industrial development, housing, waste disposal, water supply and health and educational facilities to turn the cities into successful urban areas that can generate employment and wealth, and provide high living standards for their residents.[56]

Anambra became the first state in Nigeria to adopt structural plans for its cities. With effective implementation, it should systematically grow as a major economic center in Nigeria, and West Africa.

The process of urbanization is fairly contributed by population growth, immigration, migration, and infrastructure initiatives like good road, water, power, and gardens, resulting in the growth of villages into towns, town into cities and cities into metros. To have ecologically feasible development, planning requires an understanding of the growth dynamics. There is a fear that if too many people leave the villages, only the aged men and women will be left to farm. This pattern has been seen in Amesi, Akpo, and Achina towns in Aguata local government area. They have been important in the production of yam, cocoyam, and cassava through consistent agriculture, but such activities have suffered due to the out-migration of youth to the urban centres. There has been both food scarcity in the region and over-population in urban areas.

To upgrade the state capital and improve traffic, Awka, Governor Willie Obiano signed off on construction of three flyovers between the Amawbia and Arroma end of the Enugu-Onitsha Expressway, a distance of about three kilometres within the city.[57] Anambra International Cargo Airport, Umueri, opened on 7 December 2021.[58]

Transportation

Anambra has good transport links to other states in the country.Federal highways:

Other major roads include:

Water Transportation Service

The Niger River connects Onitsha Inland Port with the ports of Port Harcourt in Rivers State, and Bururu and Warri in Delta State. Nearing completion is the Second Niger Bridge at Onitsha.[59]

Road Transportation companies;

Air Transportation service;

Culture and tourism

Ogbunike Caves, listed by UNESCO[60] as a World Heritage Site,[61] is one of the most visited tourist sites in Anambra State. It is classified as a sandstone cave (Lateritic sandstones of Campanian-Miocene age).[62] The Owerre Ezukala caves and waterfalls are great tourist attractions in the state.[63] Largely unexplored, the caves are said to be the largest in West Africa.[64] [65]

The indigenous ethnic groups in Anambra state are the Igbo (99% of the population) and a small population of people who are bilingual[66]

Igbo Ukwu Museum:[67] Igbo Ukwu is an ancient town known for its astonishing metal crafts; it continues to attract tourists to see its bronze artifacts. First noticed in 1938, the bronzes were later excavated by Thurstan Shaw (an English archaeologist). They have been dated to the 9th century, and are of high value and historic relevance.[68]

Other places of interest in the state includes:

Cuisines

Anambra also has diverse delicacies; onugbu soup, a famous dish from the state. Nsala soup, Oha Soup, Egusi soup, Palm oil Stew, Nkwobi, Isi ewu, Abacha, Ukwa, and Akidi are some of the most common foods in Anambra.[70] [71]

Festivals

Music

Traditional music in Anambra includes a number of genres such as Igbo Highlife, Ogene, Igbo Gospel, Ekpili, etc. Some notable traditional musicians from Anambra includes: Chief Stephen Osita Osadebe, Chief Oliver De Coque, Maduka Morocco, Umu Obiligbo, Flavour, etc

Dance

Dance is one of the best ways of self-expression in the Igboland. The most popular dance from the state is Mkpokiti dance. Some of the most popular dances in Anambra include: Atilogwu Dance, Egedege dance, Igbo Ndi Eze, etc.[73]

Masquerades

Masquerades are mostly active during the festive seasons. Ijele Masquerade is the most popular masquerade from Anambra. Others include: Izaga, Ulaga, Agaba and Aji Busuu.

Religion

Anambra is a Christian State.[74] The churches in Anambra State include Catholic, Anglican, and Pentecostal.

The Catholic cathedral is the Cathedral Basilica of the Most Holy Trinity, located at 13B New Nkisi Rd, GRA 434106, Onitsha. The Catholic Church comprises the Archdiocese of Onitsha (1889 as Lower Niger) with 126 parishes under Archbishop Valerian Maduka Okele (2003), and three suffragan dioceses of Awka (1977) has 106 parishes under Bishop Paulinus Chukwuemeka Ezeokafor (2011), Ekwulobia (2020) with 83 parishes under Bishop Ebere Okpaleke (2020), and Nnewi (2001) with 115 parishes under Bishop Jonas Benson Okoye (2021).[75]

The Anglican Cathedral is All Saints Cathedral, GRA 434106, Onitsha.The Anglican Province on the Niger in Onitsha was the original diocese in Nigeria (1864 as the Diocese of Equatorial West Africa), under Archbishop Owen Chidozie Nwokolo (2017), and includes eight other Dioceses of Awka (1987) under Archbishop Alexander Chibuzo Ibezim, Nnewi (1996) under Bishop Ndubuisi Obi (2019), Aguata (2005) under Archbishop Samuel Ezeofor (2018), Ogbaru (2007) under Bishop Prosper Afam Amah (2018), Ihiala (2008) under Bishop Israel Kelue Okoye (2016), Niger West (2008) under Bishop Johnson Ekwe (2015) in Umueri, Mbamili (2008) under Bishop Obiora Uzochukwu (2021), Amichi (2009) under Bishop Ephraim Ikeakor (2009).

Anambra State also has numerous Pentecostal churches like Assemblies of God Church,[76] Redeemed Church,[77] House on the Rock, Dominion City,[78] Dunamis, Winners' Chapel, and Christ Embassy.

Education

Primary and secondary school

Anambra State Universal Education Board, (ASUBEB) is responsible for the coordination and organization of educational activities, promotion of effective teaching and learning in Anambra State Schools.

Education is compulsory from ages six to fifteen. It is required that any parents and guardians must ensure that their child is enrolled in and regularly attends private, public or a combination of schools for the academic session.Anambra is known to be leading in basic education in Nigeria, especially in science and technology. In 2018, five students from Regina Pacis Model Secondary School,[79] Onitsha, won gold medals at the World Technovation Challenge, held in Silicon Valley, San Francisco.[80] In 2019, Anambra State representatives from St. John's Science & Technical College Alor, won bronze at the International Festival of Engineering, Science and Technology I-FEST, held in Tunisia. In 2021, Seven students from Queen of the Rosary College, Onitsha defeated over five thousand other teams from around the world to win the Global Prize Award at Diamond Challenge Global Summit. Anambra students have also won series of International and National debate.[81]

Some of Anambra Best Secondary Schools include: Christ the King College Onitsha, Dennis Memorial Grammar School Onitsha, Lorreto Special Science School Adazi Nnukwu, Marist Comprehensive College Nteje, All hallows Seminary Onitsha, British Spring College Awka, Queen Of The Rosary College Onitsha, Grundtvig International Secondary School Oba, Mater Amabilis Secindary School Umuoji, St. Charles College Onitsha, Carol Standard Convent Ichi, Dominican Sisters College Abatete, Regina Pacis Model Secondary School Onitsha, St Joseph’s Seminary Special Science School Awka-Etiti, Maria Regina Model Comprehensive Secondary School Nnewi, etc.[82]

Colleges and Universities

Anambra state is a home to number of public and private tertiary institutions. Their activities are overseen by the Anambra state and Federal Ministry of Education.

Public

Private

The literacy rate in the state is comparatively high compared to other states. Anambra State students have won laurels, nationally and internationally in recent times. This is a pointer to the literacy rate of the state, when compared to others.[101] [102] [103] [104] Primary and secondary school enrollment in the state is one of the highest in the country.[105] Consequently, Anambra state has the highest number of JAMB candidates going after the limited number of spaces in Nigeria's tertiary colleges.[106] From 2011/2012 to 2014, its students had the best results in both WAEC and NECO-conducted senior secondary school examinations.[107] [108]

Anambra State has some of the best boarding and day secondary schools in Nigeria. The state places a high standard on secondary education.[109] [110]

Health

The successive government of the state had established Anambra State Health Insurance Scheme, to enable people pay a little amount of money for quality healthcare services noting that it is a way of strengthening the health sector and making health services accessible to the people of the State irrespective of their level of income.[111]

Notable Health Institutions in Anambra include:

Government and politics

The State has a three-tier administrative structure: State, Local and Autonomous community levels. The three arms at state level are the Executive, the Legislative and the Judiciary. The executive arm is headed by an elected governor, who is assisted by a deputy governor, commissioners and executive advisers.

Anambra's political history can be described as varied. Until the early 21st century, it was marked by considerable unrest. Having a long list of "firsts" in Nigerian history, it has been known by the sobriquet as, "The Light of The Nation". On 29 May 1999, Chinwoke Mbadinuju was sworn in as civilian governor of Anambra state, after many years of military rule. His administration was plagued by deep problems: the most notable was withholding of teachers' salaries in the school. The teachers finally conducted a ten-month strike in all the government secondary schools in the state.[113]

Before Mbadinuju's rule, secondary education had been free of charge. His administration imposed a tuition fee of 3,000 Naira per term, for all secondary schools, which led to an unprecedented massive demonstration by secondary school students from all over the state. Many people attribute Mbadinuju's failure to political godfathers; his successor also struggled. On 26 May 2003, Chris Ngige was sworn in as the new governor of the state, but he was removed in March 2006 after Peter Obi of APGA filed charges against him of electoral malpractice. The Court of Appeal in Enugu asserted that Ngige's apparent victory in the 2003 election was fraudulent and ordered him to leave the seat.[114]

Obi was ousted by a faction of the Anambra State House of Assembly on 2 November 2006 and replaced by Virginia Etiaba, his deputy.[115] On 9 February 2007, Etiaba handed power back to Obi after the Court of Appeal had nullified Obi's removal.[116]

On 14 April 2007, Andy Uba of PDP was "elected" as the new governor of the state and, on 29 May, was sworn in.[117] Reported to be massively rigged, the election was widely criticised. On 14 June 2007 the Supreme Court of Nigeria ruled that Peter Obi's tenure had not ended; therefore, there was no vacancy in the governorship. It removed Andy Uba from office and replaced him with his predecessor Obi.[118]

On 6 February 2010, Peter Obi was re-elected governor for a second term of four years, after a hot contest with Chris Ngige, a former governor of the state; Prof. Charles Soludo, a former governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria; and Andy Uba, who was a strong voice in the state's politics.[119] [120] Other contenders included Mrs Uche Ekwunife, Prince Nicholas Ukachukwu, and many others. Twenty-five contestants ran for the office. Obi was affirmed as the winner of the election, having more than 30% votes above the immediate runner-up. Chief Willie Obiano was sworn in on 17 March 2014 after winning the 16 November 2013 election. Governor Willie Obiano of All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) was sworn in for a second term in office on 17 March 2018 after the victory at 18 November 2017 elections.[121] He handed over to Charles Soludo, winner of the 9 November 2021 gubernatorial election in Anambra state on 17 March 2022.[122] [123]

Media

Notable media houses in Anambra include:

Television

Radio

Newspaper

Sports

The most popular sport in the state is Football. Anambra is home to a number of professional sports teams: the Ifeanyi Ubah FC of NPFL, the NPFL champion Udoji United FC, and Anambra Pillars FC.

Some notable stadiums include: Ifeanyi Ubah International Stadium Nnewi, Awka City Stadium, Chuba Ikpeazu Memmorial Stadium Onitsha, etc.[125]

Electoral system

The electoral system of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government areas.[126]

Notable people

Political Figures

Authors

Actors, Actresses, Film Directors, TV Hosts and Journalists

Educators, Inventors and Scientists

Musicians

Business Executives

Artists and Illustrators

Beauty Pageants

Religious Figures

Sports

Monarchs

See also

External links

Notes and References

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  2. https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/download/1241121 Demographic Statistics Bulletin 2020
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  8. Web site: 2023-11-28 . Awka Nigeria, Map, & Facts Britannica . 2023-12-11 . www.britannica.com . en.
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  18. Web site: The Igbo, sometimes (especially formerly) referred to as Ibo, are one of the largest single ethnicities in Africa. 2021-03-09. faculty.ucr.edu.
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  25. Onumonu . Ugo Pascal . The development of kingship institution in Oru-Igbo up to 1991 . 2016 . Ogirisi: A New Journal of African Studies . 12 . 68–96. 10.4314/og.v12i1.4 . free .
  26. News: Okonkwo . Nwabueze . 24 May 2017 . Appeal court ends 233-year old rule by Amobi family of Ogidi . Vanguard . 26 June 2022.
  27. Web site: Reference at ajcarchives.net. 8 January 2009. 23 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110723005150/http://ajcarchives.net/AJC_DATA/Files/661.PDF.
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