The Amyrgians (Ancient Greek: Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: {{script|Grek|Αμύργιοι ; Latin: Latin: {{script|Latn|Amyrgii; Old Persian: Persian, Old (ca.600-400 B.C.);: {{script|Xpeo|{{small|[[wikt: | ]] "Sakas who lay hauma (around the fire)")[1] were a Saka tribe.
The Greek name for this tribe, (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: {{script|Grek|Αμύργιοι), is the Hellenised form of the Old Persian term (Persian, Old (ca.600-400 B.C.);: {{script|Xpeo|{{small|[[wikt:|]]), meaning "who lay hauma (around the fire)," and can be interpreted as "revering hauma."[2] The full name of this tribe in Persians Achaemenid inscriptions is (Persian, Old (ca.600-400 B.C.);: {{script|Xpeo|{{small| ), that is the Sakas who lay hauma (around the fire).
The country of the may have been the same place named as Mujavant in Indo-Aryan literature, where it appears in close connection with Gandhāra and Bahlika.[3]
The were always mentioned alongside the in ancient Persian inscriptions, implying that the and were neighbours, although it is less certain whether the lived to the east or to the west of the . The most likely lived somewhere between the Caspian Sea and the Pamir Mountains, and to the north of the Oxus, near the Bactrians and Sogdians, possibly in the region corresponding to modern-day Tashkent or Dushanbe around Fergana, or across a large region stretching from Margiana to the upper Oxus river, or between the Altai and Pamir mountains, or in the territory corresponding to the modern-day Afghan district of Monjan in the upper Kokcha valley.
Based on Herodotus's list of the units of the Achaemenid army, within which the Amyrgii and the Bactrians together were under the command of Hystaspes, the scholar Willem Vogelsang locates the to the immediate north and east of Bactria.[4] [5] [6]
Other possible locations of the include the Fergana valley itself,[7] or both the Fergana and Alay valleys,[8] or the region to the north of the Iaxartes.[9]
According to the Greek historian Ctesias, once the Persian Achaemenid Empire's founder, Cyrus, had overthrown the Median king Astyages, the Bactrians accepted him as the heir of Astyages and submitted to him, after which he founded the city of Cyropolis on the Iaxartes river as well as seven fortresses to protect the northern frontier of his empire against the Saka. Cyrus then attacked the, initially defeated them and captured their king, Amorges. After this, Amorges's queen, Sparethra, defeated Cyrus with a large army of both men and women warriors and captured Parmises, the brother-in-law of Cyrus and the brother of his wife Amytis, as well as Parmises's three sons, whom Sparethra exchanged in return for her husband, after which Cyrus and Amorges became allies, and Amorges helped Cyrus conquer Lydia.[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]
Cyrus, accompanied by the of his ally Amorges, later carried out a campaign against the Massagetae/ in 530 BCE. After Cyrus had been mortally wounded by the Derbices and their Indian allies, Amorges and his Saka army helped the Persian soldiers defeat them. Cyrus told his sons to respect their own mother as well as Amorges above everyone before dying.[15]
The name of the Afghan district of Monjan in its Farsi, Yidgha and Kati forms might have been derived from that of the .[15]
The ("haoma-drinking Sacae") were subjected by Cyrus the Great. Herodotus calls them .
"Sanskrit may be the name for the land of the . In the Vedic texts, the land of is linked to Gandhâra (the Peshâwar valley) and (the Bactria of the classical source)."
"The are normally located east or north of ancient Bactria"
"the north and east of "
"The fact that the Amyrgaean Sakas and the Bactrians were united under one command, namely under a son of Darius and Cyrus's daughter Atossa bearing the name of Vishtaspa, again indicates the close relationship between the Bactrians and the Amyrgaean Sakas."