Amycolatopsis Explained

Amycolatopsis is a genus of high GC-content bacteria within the family Pseudonocardiaceae.The genus is known for producing many types of antibiotics, including

• Epoxyquinomicin, related to Amycolatopsis sulphurea, are a class of weak antibiotic and anti-inflammatory agent.^[1]
• Vancomycin, obtained from Amycolatopsis orientalis, is being used for infections resistant to other antibiotics.
• Ristocetin, made by Amycolatopsis lurida, was an antibiotic but ceased to apply due to adverse effects of platelet agglutination. Now it is used to assay von Willebrand disease.

Degradation of bio-polymers

Several bacteria from the genus Amycolatopsis are able to enzymatically hydrolyze the ester bonds of poly-lactic acid (PLA) films in aquatic medium. So far, it is one of the few known bacteria able to biodegrade the bioplastic outside compost facilities in a relatively short period of time.^{[2] [3]}

Species

Amycolatopsis comprises the following species:^[4]

• A. acidicola Teo et al. 2020
• A. acididurans Teo et al. 2021
• A. acidiphila Oyuntsetseg et al. 2017
• "A. aidingensis" Li et al. 2021
• A. alba Mertz and Yao 1993
• A. albidoflava corrig. Lee and Hah 2001

• A. albispora Zhang et al. 2016
• A. alkalitolerans Narsing Rao et al. 2020
• A. anabasis Wang et al. 2020
• A. antarctica Wang et al. 2018
• A. arida Nouioui et al. 2018
• A. australiensis Tan et al. 2006
• A. azurea (Ōmura et al. 1983) Henssen et al. 1987
• A. balhimycina Wink et al. 2003
• A. bartoniae Zucchi et al. 2012
• A. benzoatilytica Majumdar et al. 2006
• A. bullii Zucchi et al. 2012
• "A. camponoti" Zakalyukina et al. 2022
• A. cappadoca Işık et al. 2019
• A. cihanbeyliensis Tatar et al. 2013
• A. circi Everest and Meyers 2012
• A. coloradensis Labeda 1995
• A. decaplanina Wink et al. 2004
• A. dendrobii Tedsree et al. 2021
• A. deserti Busarakam et al. 2017
• A. dongchuanensis Nie et al. 2012
• A. eburnea Chaiya et al. 2019
• A. echigonensis Ding et al. 2007
• A. endophytica Miao et al. 2012
• A. equina Everest and Meyers 2012

• "A. flava" Wei et al. 2015
• A. granulosa Zucchi et al. 2012

• A. halotolerans Lee 2006
• A. helveola Tamura et al. 2010
• A. hippodromi Everest and Meyers 2012
• A. japonica corrig. Goodfellow et al. 1997

• A. jejuensis Lee 2006
• A. jiangsuensis Xing et al. 2014
• A. jiguanensis Huang et al. 2021^[5]
• A. kentuckyensis Labeda et al. 2003
• A. keratiniphila Al-Musallam et al. 2003
• "A. lactamdurans" Barreiro et al. 2000
• A. lexingtonensis Labeda et al. 2003
• A. lurida (Lechevalier et al. 1986) Stackebrandt et al. 2004
• A. magusensis Camas et al. 2013
• A. marina Bian et al. 2009
• A. mediterranei (Margalith and Beretta 1960) Lechevalier et al. 1986
• A. methanolica De Boer et al. 1990
• A. minnesotensis Lee et al. 2006
• A. nigrescens Groth et al. 2007
• A. niigatensis Ding et al. 2007
• A. nivea Niu et al. 2020
• A. oliviviridis Penkhrue et al. 2018
• A. orientalis (Pittenger and Brigham 1956) Lechevalier et al. 1986
• A. palatopharyngis Huang et al. 2004
• A. panacis Peng et al. 2019
• A. pigmentata Tamura et al. 2010

• A. pithecellobii corrig. Mingma et al. 2020
• "A. pittospori" Kaewkla and Franco 2021
• A. plumensis Saintpierre-Bonaccio et al. 2005
• A. pretoriensis Labeda et al. 2003
• A. regifaucium Tan et al. 2007
• A. rhabdoformis Souza et al. 2015
• A. rhizosphaerae Thawai 2018
• A. rifamycinica Bala et al. 2004
• A. roodepoortensis Everest et al. 2015
• A. ruanii Zucchi et al. 2012
• A. rubida Huang et al. 2001

• A. saalfeldensis Carlsohn et al. 2007
• A. sacchari Goodfellow et al. 2001

• A. samaneae Duangmal et al. 2011
• A. silviterrae Jamjan et al. 2018
• A. speibonae Everest et al. 2015
• A. stemonae Klykleung et al. 2015
• A. suaedae Chantavorakit et al. 2019
• A. sulphurea Lechevalier et al. 1986
• A. taiwanensis Tseng et al. 2006
• A. thailandensis Chomchoei et al. 2011
• A. thermalba Zucchi et al. 2012
• A. thermoflava Chun et al. 1999
• A. thermophila Zucchi et al. 2012
• A. tolypomycina Wink et al. 2003
• A. tucumanensis Albarracín et al. 2010
• A. ultiminotia Lee 2009
• A. umgeniensis Everest et al. 2013^[6]
• A. vancoresmycina Wink et al. 2003
• A. vastitatis Idris et al. 2019
• A. viridis Zucchi et al. 2012
• A. xuchangensis Huang et al. 2021
• A. xylanica Chen et al. 2010

Notes and References

1. NAOKI. MATSUMOTO. November 1997. Epoxyquinomicins A, B, C and D, new antibiotics from Amycolatopsis. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and antimicrobial activities.. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 50. 11. 900–905. 9592560. 10.7164/antibiotics.50.900. free.
2. Book: Poly(lactic acid) : synthesis, structures, properties, processing, and applications. 2010. Wiley. Auras, Rafael.. 978-0-470-64983-1. Hoboken, N.J.. 709664760.
3. Y. Ikura, T. Kudo. Isolation of a microorganism capable of degrading poly-(L-lactide). J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.. 45. 5. 247–251. 12501367. 1999. 10.2323/jgam.45.247. free.
4. Web site: Euzéby JP, Parte AC . Amycolatopsis . August 29, 2022 . List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN).
5. Xing . Ke . Liu . Wei . Zhang . Yue-Ji . Bian . Guang-Kai . Zhang . Wen-Di . Tamura . Tomohiko . Lee . Jung-Sook . Qin . Sheng . Jiang . Ji-Hong . 2013 . Amycolatopsis jiangsuensis sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinomycete isolated from a coastal plant in Jiangsu, China . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek . 103 . 2 . 433–439 . 10.1007/s10482-012-9823-y . 23053697 . 254226376 .
6. Everest . Gareth J. . Roes-Hill . Marilize le . Omorogie . Clifford . Cheung . Shuk-Kwan . Cook . Andrew E. . Goodwin . Candice M. . Meyers . Paul R. . 2013 . Amycolatopsis umgeniensis sp. nov., isolated from soil from the banks of the Umgeni River in South Africa . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek . 103 . 3 . 673–681 . 10.1007/s10482-012-9851-7 . 23180373. 254237727 .