| Amuesha | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nativename: | Yaneshac̈h/Yanešač̣ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pronunciation: | pronounced as /[janeʃaˀt͡ʂʰ]/ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| States: | Peru | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ethnicity: | Yanesha' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Date: | 2000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ref: | e18 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Familycolor: | American | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fam1: | Arawakan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fam2: | Southern | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fam3: | Western ? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Script: | Latin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Iso3: | ame | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glotto: | yane1238 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glottorefname: | Yanesha'| notice = IPA| region = Department of Pasco}} Yanesha' (Yaneshac̈h/Yanešač̣; literally 'we the people'), also called Amuesha or Amoesha is a language spoken by the Amuesha people of Peru in central and eastern Pasco Region. Due to the influence and domination of the Inca Empire, Yanesha' has many loanwords from Quechua, including some core vocabulary. Yanesha' may also have been influenced by Quechua's vowel system so that, today, it has a three-vowel system rather than a four-vowel one that is typical of related Arawakan languages. There are also many loanwords from Kampa languages.[1] PhonologyYanesha' has 26 consonants and 9 vowel phonemes. The consonants have a certain degree of allophonic variation while that of the vowels is more considerable. Consonants
Yanesha', similar to languages like Russian, Irish, and Marshallese, makes contrasts between certain pairs of palatalized and plain consonants:
The remaining two palatalized consonants, pronounced as //lʲ// and pronounced as //t͡ʃʲ//, don't offer a one-to-one contrast with plain consonants; the former because it is the only lateral consonant and so contrasts with no other phoneme on the basis of just palatalization; pronounced as //t͡ʃʲ//, while contrasting with pronounced as //t//, also contrasts with pronounced as //ts//, pronounced as //tʃ//, and pronounced as //tʂ//. The bilabial palatalized consonants have a more perceptible palatal offglide than the alveolar ones. Word-finally, this offglide is voiceless for pronounced as //pʲ// and pronounced as //lʲ// while being absent for pronounced as //mʲ//. Another general feature of Yanesha' is devoicing in certain contexts. In addition to the devoicing of palatal offglides above, the retroflex fricative pronounced as //ʐ// is voiceless when word final (final devoicing) or before a voiceless consonant (regressive assimilation): arrpa pronounced as //ˈaʐpa// → pronounced as /[ˈaʂpa]/. The approximants pronounced as //w// and pronounced as //j// are voiceless before voiceless stops, as in huautena pronounced as //wawˈteːna// and neytarr pronounced as //nejˈtaʐ// ; pronounced as //j// is also voiceless before affricates and word-finally: ahuey pronounced as //aˈwej// . Similarly, the stops pronounced as //p//, pronounced as /t//, and pronounced as //k// are aspirated word-finally ellap pronounced as //eˈlʲap// → pronounced as /[eˈlʲapʰ]/; preceding another stop or an affricate, a stop may be aspirated or unreleased so that etquëll pronounced as //eːtˈkelʲ// ('a fish') is realized as pronounced as /[eetʰkelʲ]/ or pronounced as /[eetkelʲ]/. The velar fricative pronounced as //x// is debuccalized to pronounced as /[h]/ before another consonant. VowelsYanesha' has three basic vowel qualities, pronounced as //a//, pronounced as //e//, and pronounced as //o//. Each contrasts phonemically between short, long, and "laryngeal" or glottalized forms as pronounced as //aˀ eˀ oˀ//. Laryngealization generally consists of glottalization of the vowel in question, creating a kind of creaky voice. In pre-final contexts, a variation occurs—especially before voiced consonants—ranging from creaky phonation throughout the vowel to a sequence of a vowel, glottal stop, and a slightly rearticulated vowel: ma'ñorr pronounced as //maˀˈnʲoʐ// → pronounced as /[maʔa̯ˈnʲoʂ]/. Before a word-final nasal, this rearticulated vowel may be realized as a syllabic quality of said nasal. Also, although not as long as a phonemically long vowel, laryngeal vowels are generally longer than short ones. When absolutely word-final, laryngealized vowels differ from short ones only by the presence of a following glottal stop. Each vowel varies in its phonetic qualities, having contextual allophones as well as phones in free variation with each other: pronounced as //e// is the short phoneme consisting of phones that are front and close to close-mid. Generally, it is realized as close pronounced as /[i]/ when following bilabial consonants. Otherwise, the phones pronounced as /[e]/ and pronounced as /[ɪ]/ are in free variation with each other so that pronounced as //nexˈse// ('my brother') may be realized as either pronounced as /[nehˈse]/ or pronounced as /[nehˈsɪ]/. pronounced as //eː// is the long counterpart to pronounced as //e//. It differs almost solely in its length, although when it follows pronounced as //k// it becomes a sort of diphthong with the first element being identical in vowel height while being more retracted so that quë' pronounced as //keː// is realized as pronounced as /[ke̠e]/. Laryngeal pronounced as //eˀ// consists of the same variation and allophony of the short phoneme with the minor exception that it is more likely to be realized as close following pronounced as //p// as in pe'sherr pronounced as //peˀˈʃeːʐ// → pronounced as /[piˀˈʃeeʂ]/. pronounced as //a// is the short phoneme consisting of phones that are central. Its most frequent realization is that of an open central unrounded vowel pronounced as /[ä]/ (represented hereafter without the centralizing diacritic). Before pronounced as //k//, there is free variation between this and pronounced as /[ə]/ so that nanac pronounced as //naˈnakʰ// may be realized as pronounced as /[naˈnakʰ]/ or pronounced as /[nanˈəkʰ]/. While the laryngeal counterpart is qualitatively identical to the short, the long counterpart, pronounced as //aː//, differs only in that pronounced as /[ə]/ is not a potential realization. pronounced as //o// is the short phoneme consisting of phones that are back as well as rounded. Generally, pronounced as /[o]/ and pronounced as /[u]/ are in free variation so that oyua pronounced as //ojoˈwa// may be realized as pronounced as /[ojoˈwa]/ or pronounced as /[ujuˈwa]/. The phone pronounced as /[ʊ]/ is another potential realization, although it most frequently occurs before stops so that not pronounced as //not// may be realized as pronounced as /[nʊtʰ]/. pronounced as /[ʊ]/ is not a potential realization of long pronounced as //oː// but both the long and laryngeal counterparts are otherwise qualitatively identical to short pronounced as //o//. PhonotacticsAll consonants appear initially, medially, and finally with the exception that pronounced as //ɣ// and pronounced as //w// do not occur word-finally. With two exceptions (pronounced as //tsʐ// and pronounced as //mw//), initial clusters include at least one stop. The other possible initial clusters are:
Word final clusters consist of either a nasal or pronounced as //x// followed by a plosive or affricate:
Medial clusters may be of two or three consonants. StressAlthough apparently phonemic, stress tends to occur on the penultimate syllable but also in the ultimate. Less frequently, it is antepenultimate. Some words, like oc̈hen pronounced as //ˈotʂen/~/oˈtʂen//, have stress in free variation. LexicographyA Yanesha' Talking Dictionary was produced by Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages.[2] References
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