Amplectobeluidae Explained

Amplectobeluidae is a clade of Cambrian radiodonts. It currently includes five definitive genera, Amplectobelua, Lyrarapax, Ramskoeldia, Guanshancaris and a currently unnamed genus from the lower Cambrian aged Sirius Passet site in Greenland.[1] There is also a potential fifth genus, Houcaris, but that genus has become problematic in terms of its taxonomic placement.[2] [3]

Definition

In 2014, Amplectobeluidae was defined as the most inclusive clade including Amplectobelua symbrachiata but not Anomalocaris canadensis, Tamisiocaris borealis, or Hurdia victoria.[4]

Description

Amplectobeluids could be recognized by frontal appendages with well-developed first distal endite, which forming a pincer-like structure that presumably better suited for a grasping function.[5] Complete body fossils of amplectobeluids are only known by Amplectobelua and Lyrarapax, both showing combination of characters resembling Anomalocaris (i.e. streamlined body; small head with ovoid sclerites; well-developed swimming flaps; a pair of caudal furcae).[6] [7] [8] [9] Another distinctive features only known in amplectobeluid genera were pairs of gnathobase-like structures (known by Amplectobelua and Ramskoeldia),[10] or an oral cone with combination of tetraradial arrangement and scale-like nodes (known by Lyrarapax and Guanshancaris).[11] [12]

Classification

Early in 2014, "Anomalocaris" kunmingensis was tentatively assigned to Amplectobelua by Vinther et al.[4] Later that year, however, the discoverers of Lyrarapax unguispinus ignored that assessment and created a genus within Amplectobelua sensu Vinther et al. Indeterminate frontal appendages assignable to this group are known from the Parker Formation of Vermont.[13]

Phylogeny

An a posteriori-weighted phylogenetic analysis in 2014 found the following relationships within the Amplectobeluidae:[14]

Notes and References

  1. Park . Tae-Yoon S. . Nielsen . Morten Lunde . Parry . Luke A. . Sørensen . Martin Vinther . Lee . Mirinae . Kihm . Ji-Hoon . Ahn . Inhye . Park . Changkun . de Vivo . Giacinto . Smith . M. Paul . Harper . David A. T. . Nielsen . Arne T. . Vinther . Jakob . 2024-01-05 . A giant stem-group chaetognath . Science Advances . en . 10 . 1 . 10.1126/sciadv.adi6678 . 2375-2548. free . 10796117 .
  2. Zeng . Han . Zhao . Fangchen . Zhu . Maoyan . 2022-09-07 . Innovatiocaris, a complete radiodont from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte and its implications for the phylogeny of Radiodonta . Journal of the Geological Society . 180 . 10.1144/jgs2021-164 . 252147346 . 0016-7649.
  3. McCall . Christian . A large pelagic lobopodian from the Cambrian Pioche Shale of Nevada . Journal of Paleontology . 13 December 2023 . 97 . 5 . 1009–1024 . 10.1017/jpa.2023.63 .
  4. Vinther J, Stein M, Longrich NR, Harper DA . A suspension-feeding anomalocarid from the Early Cambrian . Nature . 507 . 7493 . 496–9 . March 2014 . 24670770 . 10.1038/nature13010 . 2014Natur.507..496V . 205237459 . David Harper (palaeontologist) .
  5. Daley AC, Paterson JR, Edgecombe GD, García-Bellido DC, Jago JB . 2013 . New anatomical information on Anomalocaris from the Cambrian Emu Bay Shale and a reassessment of its inferred predatory habits . Palaeontology . 56 . 5 . 971–990 . 10.1111/pala.12029 . free.
  6. Chen JY, Ramsköld L, Zhou GQ . May 1994 . Evidence for monophyly and arthropod affinity of Cambrian giant predators . Science . 264 . 5163 . 1304–8 . 1994Sci...264.1304C . 10.1126/science.264.5163.1304 . 17780848 . 1913482.
  7. Liu J, Lerosey-Aubril R, Steiner M, Dunlop JA, Shu D, Paterson JR . 2018-11-01 . Origin of raptorial feeding in juvenile euarthropods revealed by a Cambrian radiodontan . National Science Review . 5 . 6 . 863–869 . 10.1093/nsr/nwy057 . 2095-5138 . free.
  8. Cong P, Daley AC, Edgecombe GD, Hou X . August 2017 . The functional head of the Cambrian radiodontan (stem-group Euarthropoda) Amplectobelua symbrachiata . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 17 . 1 . 208 . 10.1186/s12862-017-1049-1 . 5577670 . 28854872 . free .
  9. Moysiuk J, Caron JB . August 2019 . A new hurdiid radiodont from the Burgess Shale evinces the exploitation of Cambrian infaunal food sources . Proceedings. Biological Sciences . 286 . 1908 . 20191079 . 10.1098/rspb.2019.1079 . 6710600 . 31362637.
  10. Cong PY, Edgecombe GD, Daley AC, Guo J, Pates S, Hou XG . 2018 . New radiodonts with gnathobase-like structures from the Cambrian Chengjiang biota and implications for the systematics of Radiodonta . Papers in Palaeontology . en . 4 . 4 . 605–621 . 10.1002/spp2.1219 . 90258934 . 2056-2802.
  11. Zeng H, Zhao F, Yin Z, Zhu M . 2018 . A new radiodontan oral cone with a unique combination of anatomical features from the early Cambrian Guanshan Lagerstätte, eastern Yunnan, South China . Journal of Paleontology . en . 92 . 1 . 40–48 . 10.1017/jpa.2017.77 . 2018JPal...92...40Z . 0022-3360 . 134157062.
  12. Jiao DG, Pates S, Lerosey-Aubril R, Ortega-Hernández J, Yang J, Lan T, Zhang XG . 2021 . The endemic radiodonts of the Cambrian Stage 4 Guanshan biota of South China . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica . en . 66 . 10.4202/app.00870.2020 . 0567-7920 . free.
  13. Pari . Giovanni . Briggs . Derek E.G. . Gaines . Robert R. . 2022-02-16 . The soft-bodied biota of the Cambrian Series 2 Parker Quarry Lagerstätte of northwestern Vermont, USA . Journal of Paleontology . 96 . 4 . 770–790 . 10.1017/jpa.2021.125 . 2022JPal...96..770P . 246933116 . 0022-3360. free .
  14. Cong P, Ma X, Hou X, Edgecombe GD, Strausfeld NJ . Brain structure resolves the segmental affinity of anomalocaridid appendages . Nature . 513 . 7519 . 538–42 . September 2014 . 25043032 . 10.1038/nature13486 . 2014Natur.513..538C . 4451239 .

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