Provincial deputation in Spanish America explained

Provincial Deputation
Current Number:	20 (1812)

The Diputación Provincial, Spanish for Provincial Deputation, was a type of institution created by the Spanish Constitution of 1812 to provide a representation of the territorial divisions of both Spain and the Hispanic American territories of the Spanish Empire, during the term of the Cortes of Cádiz. The Cortes created new structures for home rule, the provincial deputations and the constitutional ayuntamientos (local governments). The provincial deputations were a way by which regions ruled by juntas and areas in rebellion in the Americas could keep local control, but maintain their ties to the larger Spanish Empire.^[1]

The term "province" in America had an imprecise meaning. The American deputies with the word referred to the small province (Partido), while the European deputies did with great province (kingdom, viceroyalty). The Spanish courts identified province with Intendancy. Previously, the decree of the Supreme Central Junta defined the American territories not as colonies, but as an integral part of the Hispanic Monarchy.

With the constitution and the creation of provincial deputations, the Cortes abolished the viceroyalties; the provincial deputations dealt directly with the government in Spain.^[2] The province was governed by a Jefe Político (political chief) appointed by the central government, and a seven-member Diputación Provincial (provincial council), popularly elected. With the absolutist restoration in Spain in 1814 and 1823, the provinces as political entities disappeared and their territories were again included in the restored viceroyalties. However, by 1825 all but Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines remained of The Indies, following the Spanish American wars of independence.

American Provinces of Spain under the Spanish Constitution of 1812

A commission of American deputies subsequently presented its opinion on May 1, 1812, to have the number of American provinces described in the Spanish Constitution of 1812 raised to twenty. This was approved by the Cortes. Later, the American deputies demanded an even greater subdivision, and after the installation of the Trienio Liberal in 1820, the Spanish Cortes agreed in their decree of May 9, 1821, to convert all intendancies into provinces. However, these provinces were merely nominal, since many of the territories were part of the new independent Spanish-American states. In any case, all the provinces were directly dependent on Madrid, autonomous and without any institutional relationship among themselves.^[3] The province was subdivided into partidos, governed by Jefes Políticos Subalternos (sub-level political chief).

American Provinces and Intendancies of Spain under the Spanish Constitution of 1812^{[4] [5]} ! Province!Jurisdictional territories! Capital

	Intendancy of Mexico Intendancy of Oaxaca	Mexico City^[6]
General Command of the Internal Provinces of the East	Nueva Extremadura New Kingdom of León Nuevo Santander Texas	Monterrey^[7]
General Command of the Internal Provinces of the West	Alta California Baja California New Navarre Nueva Vizcaya Santa Fe de Nuevo México	Durango^[8]
San Luis Potosí	Intendancy of San Luis Potosí	Guanajuato^[9]
	Intendancy of Guadalajara Intendancy of Zacatecas	Guadalajara^[10]
		Mérida^[11]
	Intendancy of Guatemala Intendancy of San Salvador
		León
	West Florida East Florida	La Habana
	Puerto Rico Spanish Virgin Islands	San Juan
Cuba		Santiago de Cuba
Captaincy General of Santo Domingo	Santo Domingo	Santo Domingo
	Barinas Province Guayana Province Maracaibo Province Margarita Province	Caracas
New Kingdom of Granada	Cartagena Province Pamplona Province Popayán Province Santa Marta Province Santafé de Bogotá Province Tunja Province	Santa Fe
	Governorate of Quito	Quito
Province of Lima	Intendancy of Huamanga Intendancy of Huancavelica Intendancy of Lima Intendancy of Tarma Intendancy of Trujillo General Command of Maynas	Lima
Province of Cuzco	Intendancy of Arequipa Intendancy of Cuzco Intendancy of Puno	Cuzco
Province of Chile	Intendancy of Chiloé	Santiago
Province of Río de la Plata	Intendancy of Salta del Tucumán Intendancy of Paraguay	Buenos Aires
Upper Peru	Intendancy of Chuquisaca Intendancy of Puno	Chuquisaca

See also

• Cortes of Cádiz
• Spanish Constitution of 1812
• National sovereignty
• Liberalism

Bibliography

• Berry, Charles R. "The Election of Mexican Deputies to the Spanish Cortes, 1810-1822", in Mexico and the Spanish Cortes, 1810-1822, Nettie Lee Benson, ed. University of Texas Press 1971, pp. 10-42.
• Rieu-Millan, Marie Laure. Los diputatods americanos en las Cortes de Cádiz. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1990.
• Municipios y provincias: historia de la organización territorial española

Notes and References

1. Rodríguez O., Jaime E. The Independence of Spanish America. New York: Cambridge University Press 1998, p.87.
2. Rodríguez O., The Independence of Spanish America, p. 87.
3. Book: Los diputados americanos en las Cortes de Cádiz: igualdad o independencia. Marie Laure Rieu-Millán. 1990. 248. 9788400070915.
4. Book: Lee Benson, Nettie. La diputación provincial. 69.
5. Book: Laure Rieu-Millán, Marie. Los diputados americanos en las Cortes de Cádiz. 249. Las Cortes de 1820 erigieron en Provincias finalmente todas las intendencias..
6. Berry, Charles R. "The Election of Mexican Deputies to the Spanish Cortes, 1810-1822", in Mexico and the Spanish Cortes, 1810-1822, p. 22
7. Berry, "The Election of Mexican Deputies", p. 22
8. Berry, "The Election of Mexican Deputies", p. 22
9. Berry, "The Election of Mexican Deputies", p. 22
10. Berry, "The Election of Mexican Deputies", p. 22
11. Berry, "The Election of Mexican Deputies", p. 22