Triple Crown (baseball) explained

In baseball, a player earns a Triple Crown when he leads a league in three specific statistical categories in the same season. The term "Triple Crown" generally refers to the batting achievement of leading a league in batting average, home runs, and runs batted in (RBI) over the same season.[1] [2] The term "Pitching Triple Crown" refers to the pitching achievement of leading a league in wins, strikeouts, and earned run average (ERA).

The term "Triple Crown" is typically used when a player leads one league, such as the American League (AL) or the National League (NL), in the specified categories. A tie for a lead in any category, such as home runs, is sufficient to be considered the leader in that category. A "Major League Triple Crown" may be said to occur when a player leads all of Major League Baseball in all three categories.

Hitting Triple Crown

The term "Triple Crown" generally refers to the hitting achievement. A hitter who completes a season leading a league in batting average, home runs, and runs batted in (RBI) may be said to have won the "Triple Crown".[1] The term, unless modified, connotes the batting achievement; it is not necessary to refer to it as the "hitting" Triple Crown.

The Triple Crown reflects the ability of a hitter to excel in three important ways: to hit safely a high percentage of the time (batting average); to hit the ball long distances (home runs); and to produce when runners are on base, driving them home to score (RBI). It is an uncommon feat to lead all hitters in each of these categories. It has been accomplished 17 times in a major league season, most recently in 2012, by Miguel Cabrera. Cabrera's was the first since 1967, when Carl Yastrzemski accomplished the feat. Yastrzemski won the Triple Crown the year after Frank Robinson did, the only time back-to-back Triple Crowns occurred in baseball history.

Hiromitsu Ochiai and Oscar Charleston are the only players to have won three batting Triple Crowns in any league. Ochiai won in 1982, 1985, and 1986 while competing in the PL of the NPB; Charleston won in 1921 while playing in the NNL, and again in 1924 and 1925 while playing in the ECL. In the American major leagues, the most batting Triple Crowns won by a player is two. Rogers Hornsby was the first to accomplish it, winning his first in 1922 and then leading both major leagues in 1925 en route to his second Triple Crown, both with the St. Louis Cardinals.[3] [4] Ted Williams later matched this mark, leading both leagues in 1942 and the American League in 1947 while with the Boston Red Sox.[5] [6]

The Cardinals have won the most hitting Triple Crowns as a franchise with four. Along with Hornsby's two, Tip O'Neill won in the now-defunct American Association in 1887 while the team was known as the St. Louis Browns,[7] and Joe Medwick added the Cardinals' fourth in 1937.[8] Eleven of the thirteen eligible[9] players who have batting Triple Crowns have been elected to the Hall of Fame.[10] [11] Baseball writer and ESPN contributor Tim Kurkjian believes the Triple Crown has become more difficult to win with the advent of more hitters who choose to specialize in either hitting for batting average or power.[12]

Pitching Triple Crown

A pitcher who leads the league in wins, strikeouts, and earned run average (ERA) is said to have won the "Pitching Triple Crown".[13] The term was previously defined as leading the league in wins, ERA, and winning percentage. It was used in that older sense to describe the (ultimately unsuccessful) pursuit of that goal by Johnny Antonelli of the New York Giants in 1954[14] and also by Sandy Koufax in 1963.[15] Koufax was first described as having won the Pitching Triple Crown in the current sense after his 1965 season[16] though the older sense continued to be used.[17]

In contrast to the respective batting statistics, the Pitching Triple Crown statistics are more or less complementary (for example, a pitcher who is especially proficient at striking out batters is likely to give up fewer earned runs, and consequently more likely to win games); therefore, the accomplishment is not as rare as the batting crown.

No one in professional baseball history has ever achieved a pitcher triple crown in three consecutive seasons in the MLB, and only two players in the Asian Baseball League - Yoshinobu Yamamoto and Sun Dong-yol. Yamamoto achieved this record in the NPB from 2021 to 2023, and Sun Dong-yol achieved it in the KBO League from 1989 to 1991.

In the major leagues, the Pitching Triple Crown has been accomplished 39 times. The most by one player is three, accomplished by three players. Grover Cleveland Alexander captured his first two in consecutive seasons with the Philadelphia Phillies (1915–1916), and won a third in 1920 with the Chicago Cubs. Alexander is the only pitcher to win a Pitching Triple Crown with more than one major league team.[18] [19] [20] Walter Johnson won his three Triple Crowns with the original Washington Senators, leading the league in all three categories in 1913, 1918, and 1924.[21] [22] [23] Sandy Koufax was the most recent to capture three Triple Crowns, winning his three within four seasons for the Los Angeles Dodgers (1963, 1965–1966); all of Koufax's crowns led both major leagues, the most for any player.

Other major league pitchers who have won multiple Pitching Triple Crowns include Christy Mathewson (1905 and 1908 New York Giants), Lefty Grove (1930 and 1931 Philadelphia Athletics), Lefty Gomez (1934 and 1937 New York Yankees), and Roger Clemens (1997 and 1998 Toronto Blue Jays).[24]

One pitcher, Guy Hecker, won a Triple Crown in a defunct 19th century major league; he led the original American Association in wins, strikeouts, and ERA in 1884 while pitching for the Louisville Colonels.[25]

Eighteen of twenty-four major league pitchers who have won a Triple Crown and are eligible for the Hall of Fame have been inducted.[26] The Triple Crown winners who most recently became eligible for the Hall are Pedro Martínez and Randy Johnson. Both were elected to the Hall of Fame in 2015, each in their first year of eligibility.[27]

The most recent major league pitcher to achieve the feat is Shane Bieber in 2020.[28]

Major league records

The first major league pitcher to achieve the pitching Triple Crown was Tommy Bond, in the NL in 1877. The following year, Paul Hines became the first major leaguer to lead the NL in the three batting categories; he, Heinie Zimmerman, and Miguel Cabrera are the only three players to be AL or NL Triple Crown winners and not reach the Hall of Fame, although Cabrera is still playing so therefore ineligible.[10] [24] The highest home run total reached by a Crown winner was Mickey Mantle, with 52 in 1956. The highest RBI total belongs to Lou Gehrig, with 165 in 1934. Rogers Hornsby has the highest home run total by an NL winner, 42, from his 1922 season. The NL high for RBI is 154, set by Joe Medwick in 1937. Hugh Duffy's .440 average in his 1894 Triple Crown season is the highest batting average by any player in major league history. Nap Lajoie, in 1901, set the all-time AL single-season high in batting average with .426.

Among the major leaguers who earned the pitching Triple Crown, the lowest ERAs belong to Walter Johnson (1.14 in 1913 AL) and Grover Alexander (1.22 in 1915 NL). The highest win total belongs to Charles Radbourn, amassed in 1884, who in that year set a major league single-season record with at least 59 wins.[29] [30] Radbourn struck out 441 batters that season, the highest total for a Triple Crown winner. Walter Johnson holds the highest win total by an AL pitching Triple Crown winner, with 36, attained in 1913. Among AL pitching Triple Crown winners, Pedro Martínez registered the highest season strikeout total, with 313 in 1999. Since 1901, the major league pitcher with the highest season strikeout total in the course of a Triple Crown season is Sandy Koufax, striking out 382 in 1965.

Triple Crown winners

Key
YearLinks to the article about the corresponding Professional Baseball season
Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum or Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame
Player is active
Denotes "Major League" Triple Crown
§Player also won the MVP Award in the same year
HRHome runs
RBIRuns batted in
AVGBatting average
WWins
KStrikeouts
ERAEarned run average
NLNational League
ALAmerican League
AAAmerican Association
CLCentral League
PLPacific League
NNLNegro National League (1920–1931)
ECLEastern Colored League
NALNegro American League
NN2Negro National League (1933–1948)

Major League Baseball

Batting

See also: List of Major League Baseball batting champions, List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders and List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders.

Research in 2015 restored the Chicago Cubs' Heinie Zimmerman of 1912 to the list.[31] There is doubt over whether Hugh Duffy's 1894 RBI totals were the highest.[32]

YearPlayerPositionTeamLeagueHRRBIAVGRef(s)
Center fielderProvidence GraysNL4*50*.358*[33]
Left fielderSt. Louis BrownsAA14123.435
OutfielderBoston BeaneatersNL18145.440[34]
Second basemanPhiladelphia AthleticsAL14125.426[35]
Right fielderDetroit TigersAL9*107*.377*[36] [37]
Third basemanChicago CubsNL14104.372[38]
Second basemanSt. Louis CardinalsNL42152.401
Second basemanSt. Louis CardinalsNL39*143*.403*[39]
First basemanPhiladelphia AthleticsAL48163.356[40]
Right fielderPhiladelphia PhilliesNL28120.368[41]
First basemanNew York YankeesAL49*165*.363*[42] [43]
Left fielderSt. Louis CardinalsNL31154.374[44]
Left fielderBoston Red SoxAL36*137*.356*[45]
Left fielderBoston Red SoxAL32114.343
Center fielderNew York YankeesAL52*130*.353*[46] [47]
Right fielderBaltimore OriolesAL49122.316[48]
Left fielderBoston Red SoxAL44121.326[49]
Third basemanDetroit TigersAL44139.330[50]

Pitching

See also: List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders, List of Major League Baseball annual strikeout leaders and List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders.

YearPlayerTeamLeagueERAWKRef(s)
Boston Red CapsNL2.1140170[51]
Louisville ColonelsAA1.8052385
Providence GraysNL1.3859441[52]
New York GiantsNL1.7435335[53]
Boston BeaneatersNL2.7349284[54]
New York GiantsNL2.7836195[55]
Boston AmericansAL1.6233158[56]
New York GiantsNL1.2731206[57]
Philadelphia AthleticsAL1.4827287[58]
New York GiantsNL1.4337259[59]
Washington SenatorsAL1.14*36*243*[60]
Philadelphia PhilliesNL1.22*31*241*[61]
Philadelphia PhilliesNL1.5533167
Washington SenatorsAL1.27*23*162*[62]
Chicago CubsNL1.7422148[63]
Chicago CubsNL1.9127173
Washington SenatorsAL2.7223158
Brooklyn RobinsNL2.16*28*262*[64] [65]
Philadelphia AthleticsAL2.54*28*209*[66] [67]
Philadelphia AthleticsAL2.06*31*175*[68] [69]
New York YankeesAL2.3326158[70]
New York YankeesAL2.3321194[71]
Cincinnati RedsNL2.2927137[72]
Cleveland IndiansAL2.6127261[73]
Detroit TigersAL1.81*25*212*[74] [75]
Los Angeles DodgersNL1.88*25*306*[76] [77]
Los Angeles DodgersNL2.04*26*382*[78] [79]
Los Angeles DodgersNL1.73*27*317*[80] [81]
Philadelphia PhilliesNL1.9727310[82]
New York MetsNL1.53*24*268*[83] [84]
Toronto Blue JaysAL2.0521292[85]
Toronto Blue JaysAL2.6520271[86]
Boston Red SoxAL2.0723313[87]
Arizona DiamondbacksNL2.3224334[88]
Minnesota TwinsAL2.77*19*245*[89] [90]
San Diego PadresNL2.5419240[91]
Los Angeles DodgersNL2.2821248[92]
Detroit TigersAL2.4024250[93]
Cleveland IndiansAL1.63*8*122*[94] [95]

Negro league baseball

On December 16, 2020, Major League Baseball announced that the records of Negro league baseball from 1920 to 1948 would be designated as major league status. As such, seven different leagues that existed in that time period are now recognized as being on the same level as MLB.[96] Seven batters and three pitchers achieved the Triple Crown in that era.[97]

Batting

YearPlayerPositionTeamLeagueHRRBIAVGRef(s)
Center fielderSt. Louis GiantsNNL1591.433[98]
OutfielderKansas City MonarchsNNL20120.406[99]
Center fielderHarrisburg GiantsECL1563.405[100]
Center fielderHarrisburg GiantsECL2097.427[101]
First basemanSt. Louis StarsNNL32130.425[102]
ShortstopSt. Louis StarsNNL17114.411[103]
CatcherPittsburgh CrawfordsNNL21866.389[104]
CatcherHomestead GraysNNL22073.417[105]
Right fieldKansas City MonarchsNAL632.364[106]
First basemanNewark EaglesNNL21156.347[107]

Pitching

YearPlayerTeamLeagueERAWKRef(s)
1934Philadelphia StarsNN21.24 20 164[108]
1938Homestead GraysNN21.88 14 70[109]
1938Kansas City MonarchsNAL1.92 9 88[110]
1943Homestead GraysNN22.54 18 94[111]

Nippon Professional Baseball

Batting

YearPlayerPositionTeamLeagueHRRBIAVGRef(s)
First BasemanTokyo GiantsJPBL10* 38*.361*
CatcherNankai HawksPL42110.320
First BasemanYomiuri GiantsCL51114.355
First BasemanYomiuri GiantsCL49107.332
Third BasemanLotte OrionsPL3299.325
First basemanHankyu BravesPL37130.355
Third BasemanLotte OrionsPL52146.367
First BasemanHanshin TigersCL54134.350
Third BasemanLotte OrionsPL50116.360
First BasemanHanshin TigersCL47109.389
Left FielderFukuoka Daiei HawksPL44120.358
Third BasemanTokyo Yakult SwallowsCL56134.318

Pitching

YearPlayerTeamLeagueERAWKRef(s)
Tokyo GiantsJPBL0.81* 24* 196*
Tokyo GiantsJPBL1.05* 19* 146*
Tokyo GiantsJPBL0.73* 34* 253*
Yomiuri GiantsJPBL1.84* 27* 187*
Chunichi DragonsCL1.39 32 273
Nankai HawksPL1.58 26 275
Kokutetsu SwallowsCL1.3031311
Nishitetsu LionsPL1.42 33 334
Nankai HawksPL1.40 38 336
Chunichi DragonsCL1.7035310
Nishitetsu LionsPL1.6942 353
Kintetsu BuffaloesPL2.02 25 178
Nippon Ham FightersPL2.28 22225
Yomiuri GiantsCL2.29 20 221
Chunichi DragonsCL2.65 17172
Kintetsu BuffaloesPL2.91 18287
Yomiuri GiantsCL2.09 20179
Fukuoka SoftBank HawksPL1.75 18205
Hiroshima CarpCL2.21 15 174
Yomiuri GiantsCL2.14 15200
Fukuoka SoftBank HawksPL2.16 11149
Orix BuffaloesPL1.39* 18*206*
Orix BuffaloesPL1.68* 15*205*
Orix BuffaloesPL1.2116169

KBO League

Batting

YearPlayerPositionTeamHRRBIAVGRef(s)
1984CatcherSamsung Lions2380.340
2006First BasemanLotte Giants2688.336
Third BasemanLotte Giants44133.364

Pitching

Since the KBO League's strikeout titles began to be officially awarded in the 1993 season, the criteria for KBO League pitchers Triple Crown until 1992 are wins, ERA, and a pitcher's winning percentage.[112]

The Standard of 1982–1992
YearPlayerTeamWPCTERAWKSO RankRef(s)
1982OB Bears.8571.84 24 108 2nd
1989Haitai Tigers.8751.17 211981st
1990Haitai Tigers.7861.13 221891st
1991Haitai Tigers.8261.55 192101st
The Standard of 1993–
YearPlayerTeamERAWKRef(s)
1986Haitai Tigers0.99 24 214
2006Hanwha Eagles.2.2318204
KIA Tigers2.45 17178
NC Dinos2.00 20209

Sun Dong-yol won the MVP of the season in 1986 with getting annual wins, strikeout, and ERA title. But as mentioned above, The KBO League's pitcher triple crown standard at that time was a winning-rate title, not a strikeout, so it is officially considered that Sun Dong-yeol in 1986 did not achieve the triple crown. Sun Dong-yol's winning percentage in the 1986 season was .800, ranking 2nd in the league.

See also

References

General and cited references

Citations

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Cabrera has a legit shot at triple crown. Morosi. Jon Paul. June 4, 2010. Fox Sports. June 11, 2010. June 6, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100606211022/http://msn.foxsports.com/mlb/story/miguel-cabrera-has-shot-at-triple-crown-060210. live.
  2. Lockwood. Wayne. December 1997. A Batter's Top Challenge: Winning the Triple Crown. Baseball Digest. 56. 12. 60–63. 0005-609X.
  3. Web site: 1922 National League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 11, 2010. October 19, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181019001840/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1922-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  4. Web site: 1925 Major League Baseball Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 11, 2010. April 20, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100420081731/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1925-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  5. Web site: 1942 American League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 11, 2010. March 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308140601/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1942-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  6. Web site: 1947 American League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 11, 2010. March 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210307222827/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1947-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  7. Web site: 1887 American Association Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 11, 2010. May 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210516130826/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AA/1887-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  8. Web site: 1937 National League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 11, 2010. June 5, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100605015347/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1937-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  9. Web site: Rules for Election. National Baseball Hall of Fame. June 21, 2010. May 30, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100530074537/http://baseballhall.org/hall-famers/rules-election/bbwaa. live.
  10. Web site: Hall of Fame Batting Register. Baseball-Reference.com. June 11, 2010. April 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110406111407/http://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/hof_batting.shtml. live.
  11. News: Nightengale. Bob. Tigers' Miguel Cabrera closes in on rare Triple Crown. USA Today. 28 September 2012. September 28, 2012.
  12. Web site: Pujols pushing for Triple Crown history. July 20, 2009. Tim. Kurkjian. June 10, 2010. ESPN. August 29, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100829183811/http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/columns/story?columnist=kurkjian_tim&id=4340877. live.
  13. Web site: Cheers and jeers as Major League season hits midway point. Connolly. Dan. July 9, 2007. The Post and Courier. Charleston, South Carolina. June 11, 2010.
  14. News: Antonelli out for pitchers' triple crown. 3 Aug 1954. The Boston Globe. 2 Jun 2019. Associated Press. 28. 20 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190620222000/http://www.newspapers.com/image/433543428/. live.
  15. News: A triple crown for Dodgers' hot (15-3) Koufax?. 13 Jul 1963. Philadelphia Daily News. 2 Jun 2019. United Press International. 23. 19 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190619054513/https://www.newspapers.com/image/185042189/. live.
  16. News: Koufax Hickock winner, Player 2nd vote getter. 24 Jan 1966. Atlanta Constitution. 2 Jun 2019. Associated Press. 13. 19 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190619073934/http://www.newspapers.com/image/398308755/. live.
  17. News: Gomez, Harridge earn berths in Hall of Fame. 31 Jan 1972. The Philadelphia Inquirer. 2 Jun 2019. United Press International. 21. 23 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190623163737/http://www.newspapers.com/image/180064254/. live.
  18. Web site: 1915 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 11, 2010. March 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210307224220/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1915-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  19. Web site: 1916 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 11, 2010. March 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054017/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1916-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  20. Web site: 1920 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 11, 2010. August 1, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210801020301/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1920-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  21. Web site: 1913 American League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 11, 2010. April 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210426023423/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1913-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  22. Web site: 1918 American League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 11, 2010. October 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211016102316/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1918-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  23. Web site: 1924 American League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 11, 2010. July 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724043958/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1924-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  24. Web site: MLB Triple Crown Winners. Baseball-Reference.com. June 11, 2010. April 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110406111353/http://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/triple_crowns.shtml. live.
  25. Web site: 1884 American Association Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 11, 2010. March 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308070504/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AA/1884-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  26. Web site: Hall of Fame Pitching Register. Baseball-Reference.com. January 14, 2016. November 24, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151124195141/http://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/hof_pitching.shtml. live.
  27. Web site: Whopper of a list of names await in 2013 . Tim . Kurkjian . . January 9, 2012 . October 3, 2012 . November 1, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141101215245/http://espn.go.com/mlb/hof12/story/_/id/7439370/2013-hall-fame-ballot-all-performance-enhancing-drugs . live .
  28. Web site: Bieber wins MLB pitching Triple Crown . Mandy . Bell . . September 27, 2020 . September 27, 2020 . October 8, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201008014431/https://www.mlb.com/news/shane-bieber-wins-pitching-triple-crown . live .
  29. Web site: Single-Season Leaders & Records for Wins. Baseball-Reference.com. June 11, 2010. January 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210102185550/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leaders/W_season.shtml. live.
  30. Book: cf. Macmillan Publishing Co.. The Baseball Encyclopedia (7th ed.) (Joseph Reichler ed.). 1988. Collier Books. 0025790307. (crediting Radbourn with 60 wins in 1884).
  31. Web site: Krabbenhoft: Solving the mystery of Heinie Zimmerman's 1912 National League Triple Crown Society for American Baseball Research. sabr.org. en. 2017-06-30. 2017-06-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20170625014143/http://sabr.org/latest/krabbenhoft-solving-mystery-heinie-zimmermans-1912-national-league-triple-crown. dead.
  32. Web site: Hugh Duffy Society for American Baseball Research. sabr.org. en. 2017-06-30. 2017-06-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20170624155249/http://sabr.org/bioproj/person/d208fb41#sdendnote17anc. live.
  33. Web site: 1878 National League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 9, 2010. June 8, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100608103825/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1878-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  34. Web site: Hugh Duffy Player Page. Baseball-Reference.com. October 4, 2012. July 9, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220709110656/https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/d/duffyhu01.shtml. live.
  35. Web site: 1901 American League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 9, 2010. June 5, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100605015250/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1901-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  36. Web site: 1909 American League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 9, 2010. April 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210430000903/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1909-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  37. Web site: 1909 Major League Baseball Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 9, 2010. December 12, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091212002652/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1909-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  38. Web site: A Look At Baseball's Triple Crown winners. mlb.com. April 7, 2019. April 8, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190408135006/https://www.mlb.com/news/a-look-at-baseballs-triple-crown-winners/c-129048700. live.
  39. Web site: 1925 National League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 9, 2010. February 8, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100208231422/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1925-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  40. Web site: 1933 American League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 9, 2010. December 31, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211231152142/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1933-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  41. Web site: 1933 National League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 9, 2010. December 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211207034639/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1933-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  42. Web site: 1934 American League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 9, 2010. June 5, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100605015300/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1934-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  43. Web site: 1934 Major League Baseball Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 9, 2010. February 27, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110227215429/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1934-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  44. Web site: 1937 National League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 9, 2010. June 5, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100605015347/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1937-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  45. Web site: 1942 Major League Baseball Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 9, 2010. February 26, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110226091241/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1942-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  46. Web site: 1956 American League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 9, 2010. June 5, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100605015317/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1956-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  47. Web site: 1956 Major League Baseball Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 9, 2010. December 15, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111215185340/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1956-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  48. Web site: 1966 American League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 9, 2010. May 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210509131847/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1966-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  49. Web site: 1967 American League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. June 9, 2010. March 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210307222604/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1967-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  50. Web site: 2012 American League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. October 4, 2012. October 3, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121003235708/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/2012-batting-leaders.shtml. live.
  51. Web site: 1877 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. November 15, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091115183204/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1877-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  52. Web site: 1884 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. January 11, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100111151005/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1884-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  53. Web site: 1888 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. January 9, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100109170003/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1888-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  54. Web site: 1889 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. January 23, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100123210103/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1889-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  55. Web site: 1894 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. March 12, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100312115932/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1894-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  56. Web site: 1901 American League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. February 27, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100227010109/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1901-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  57. Web site: 1905 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. November 21, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091121141730/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1905-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  58. Web site: 1905 American League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. January 6, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100106091700/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1905-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  59. Web site: 1908 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. January 17, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100117175619/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1908-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  60. Web site: 1913 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. November 7, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111107064931/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1913-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  61. Web site: 1915 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. December 20, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111220030518/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1915-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  62. Web site: 1918 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. September 29, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100929080724/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1918-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  63. Web site: 1918 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. February 14, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100214072228/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1918-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  64. Web site: 1924 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. September 4, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090904224836/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1924-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  65. Web site: 1924 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. September 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100918055544/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1924-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  66. Web site: 1930 American League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. September 5, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090905003939/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1930-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  67. Web site: 1930 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. November 15, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101115183324/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1930-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  68. Web site: 1931 American League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. September 5, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090905003944/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1931-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  69. Web site: 1931 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. September 18, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090918031141/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1931-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  70. Web site: 1934 American League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. September 5, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090905003959/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1934-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  71. Web site: 1937 American League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. March 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308151827/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1937-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  72. Web site: 1939 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. February 11, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100211085334/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1939-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  73. Web site: 1940 American League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. September 5, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090905004031/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1940-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  74. Web site: 1945 American League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. May 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210509132045/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1945-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  75. Web site: 1945 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. November 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111106191011/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1945-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  76. Web site: 1963 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. May 16, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230516140951/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/majors/1963-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  77. Web site: 1966 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. 2018-03-26. 2018-06-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165927/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1963-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  78. Web site: 1965 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. December 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211208190104/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/majors/1965-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  79. Web site: 1966 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. 2018-03-26. 2018-06-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165918/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1965-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
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  81. Web site: 1966 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. 2018-03-26. 2018-06-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20180617180046/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1966-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  82. Web site: 1972 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. March 5, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100305075051/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1972-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  83. Web site: 1985 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. January 25, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100125192018/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1985-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  84. Web site: 1985 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. October 20, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091020081930/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/1985-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  85. Web site: 1997 American League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. September 21, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130921101526/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1997-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  86. Web site: 1998 American League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. September 4, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090904224825/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1998-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  87. Web site: 1999 American League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. January 5, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100105071213/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/1999-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  88. Web site: 2002 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. September 4, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090904224901/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/2002-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  89. Web site: 2006 American League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. February 19, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100219074454/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/2006-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  90. Web site: 2006 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. August 7, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090807044258/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/2006-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  91. Web site: 2007 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 31, 2010. September 6, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090906193936/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/2007-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  92. Web site: 2011 National League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. September 27, 2011. April 2, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240402050058/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/2011-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
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  94. Web site: 2020 American League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. September 27, 2020. March 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210310164403/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL/2020-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
  95. Web site: 2020 Major League Baseball Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. 2024-03-06. 2021-06-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20210606084731/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/MLB/2020-pitching-leaders.shtml. live.
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  98. Web site: 1921 Negro National League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 12, 2021. December 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211223222105/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NNL/1921-standard-batting.shtml. live.
  99. Web site: 1923 Negro National League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 12, 2021. December 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211225051844/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NNL/1923-standard-batting.shtml. live.
  100. Web site: 1924 Eastern Colored League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 12, 2021. December 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211223162232/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/ECL/1924-standard-batting.shtml. live.
  101. Web site: 1925 Eastern Colored League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 12, 2021. December 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211223221851/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/ECL/1925-standard-batting.shtml. live.
  102. Web site: 1926 Negro National League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 12, 2021. December 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211223222242/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NNL/1926-standard-batting.shtml. live.
  103. Web site: 1930 Negro National League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 12, 2021. December 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211225120544/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NNL/1930-standard-batting.shtml. live.
  104. Web site: 1936 Negro National League II Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 12, 2021. September 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210920032132/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NN2/1936-standard-batting.shtml. live.
  105. Web site: 1937 Negro National League II Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 12, 2021. December 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211224201346/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NN2/1937-standard-batting.shtml. live.
  106. Web site: 1942 Negro American League Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 12, 2021. December 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211225120101/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NAL/1942-standard-batting.shtml. live.
  107. Web site: 1942 Negro National League II Batting Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 12, 2021. December 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211226185341/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NN2/1942-standard-batting.shtml. live.
  108. Web site: 1934 Negro National League II Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 12, 2021. December 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211225134007/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NN2/1934-standard-pitching.shtml. live.
  109. Web site: 1938 Negro National League II Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 12, 2021. December 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211207161633/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NN2/1938-standard-pitching.shtml. live.
  110. Web site: 1938 Negro American League Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. July 24, 2024. April 21, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230421095353/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NAL/1938-standard-pitching.shtml. live.
  111. Web site: 1943 Negro National League II Pitching Leaders. Baseball-Reference.com. January 12, 2021. December 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211226102826/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NN2/1943-standard-pitching.shtml. live.
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