American Airlines Flight 11 Explained

American Airlines Flight 11
Occurrence Type:Hijacking
Date:
Summary:Terrorist suicide hijacking
Site:North Tower (WTC 1) of the World Trade Center, New York City, U.S.
Total Fatalities: (2,763 combined with UA 175)
Plane1 Image Upright:1.2
Plane1 Caption:N334AA, the aircraft involved, taxiing at Manchester Airport on April 8, 2001.
Aircraft Type:Boeing 767-223(ER)
Operator:American Airlines
Iata:AA11
Icao:AAL11
Callsign:AMERICAN 11
Tail Number:N334AA
Origin:Logan International Airport
Destination:Los Angeles International Airport
Occupants:92 (including 5 hijackers)
Passengers:81 (including 5 hijackers)
Crew:11
Fatalities:92
Survivors:0
Ground Fatalities: in or near the North Tower of the World Trade Center
Plane1 Image:N334AA B767-223ER American MAN 08APR01 (6839074488).jpg

American Airlines Flight 11 was a domestic passenger flight that was hijacked by five al-Qaeda terrorists on the morning of September 11, 2001, as part of the September 11 attacks. The hijacked airliner was deliberately crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center complex in New York City, killing everyone still alive aboard the flight and resulting in the deaths of more than one thousand people in the top 18 stories of the skyscraper in addition to causing the demise of numerous others below the trapped floors, making it not only the deadliest of the four suicide attacks executed that morning in terms of both plane and ground fatalities, but also the single deadliest act of terrorism in human history and the deadliest plane crash of all time. The aircraft involved, a Boeing 767-200(ER) (registration) with 92 passengers and crew, was flying American Airlines' daily scheduled morning transcontinental service from Boston Logan International Airport in Massachusetts to Los Angeles International Airport in California.

The airplane left the runway at 07:59. Not more than 15 minutes after takeoff, the hijackers injured two people, murdered one, and breached the cockpit while forcing the passengers and crew to the rear of the aircraft against their will. The assailants quickly overpowered both the captain and the first officer and possibly killed them, allowing lead hijacker Mohamed Atta to take over the controls, having intensively trained as a pilot in the lead-up to the attacks. Air traffic controllers suspected that the flight was in distress because the crew were no longer responding. They realized the plane had been hijacked when Atta's falsely reassuring announcements for the hostages were transmitted to air traffic control instead of the cabin's PA system as intended. Two flight attendants were able to contact American Airlines and passed along information relevant to the situation, in particular casualties suffered by the passengers and crew.

Atta flew the plane into the tower's north face from floors 93 through 99 at 08:46 local time. The impact was witnessed by countless people in the streets of New York City as well as the nearby state of New Jersey, but few video recordings captured the moment. Jules Naudet captured the only known footage clearly depicting Flight 11's impact. The media quickly began reporting on the incident and speculated that the crash had been an accident. Seventeen minutes later, United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the World Trade Center's South Tower at 09:03, instantly dispelling any notion it was accidental.

The damage caused by the plane and the fires ignited by its crash caused the North Tower to collapse at 10:28 that morning, resulting in hundreds of additional casualties. While the recovery effort at the World Trade Center site did lead to the discovery and identification of body fragments from certain individuals who boarded Flight11, many have not been identified.

Flight

The aircraft involved in the hijacking was a Boeing 767-223ER with registration number N334AA.[1] The capacity of the aircraft was 158passengers (9 in first class, 30 in business class and 119 in economy class), but the September11 flight carried 81passengers and 11crew members. This was a light load at 58percent capacity, but higher than the average load factor for Flight11 on Tuesday mornings of 39percent in the months preceding September11. The crew members were Captain John Ogonowski (50), First Officer Thomas McGuinness Jr. (42) (a former Navy fighter pilot), purser Karen Martin and flight attendants Barbara Arestegui, Jeffrey Collman, Sara Low, Kathleen Nicosia, Betty Ong, Jean Roger, Dianne Snyder, and Amy Sweeney.[2]

Pilots!Role!Name!Age
CaptainJohn Ogonowski50
First OfficerThomas McGuinness Jr.42
Cabin crew[3] !Position!Name!Age!Jumpseat!Class of Service
1Karen Martin401LFirst Class Cabin
2Kathleen Nicosia543LCoach Class Galley
3Betty Ong453RCoach Class Cabin
4Dianne Snyder422RBusiness Class Galley
5Barbara Arestegui381R CenterFirst Class Galley
6Jeffrey Collman412LCoach Class Cabin / Assist First Class Cabin If Needed
7Sara Low292RBusiness Class Cabin
8Jean Roger241L CenterBusiness Class Cabin
9Madeline Sweeney353LCoach Class Cabin
All 92 people on board were killed,[4] including Frasier creator and executive producer David Angell, his wife Lynn Angell, actress Berry Berenson, and Akamai Technologies co-founder Daniel Lewin.[5] Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane had been scheduled to be on the flight but overslept due to a hangover and arrived at the airport too late.[6] Actor Mark Wahlberg was also scheduled to be on the flight but changed his plans and canceled his ticket the day before.[7] Actress Leighanne Littrell, wife of Backstreet Boys singer Brian Littrell, had also previously been booked on the flight but, like Wahlberg, changed her plans.[8]

Boarding

Portland, Maine

Mohamed Atta, the ringleader of the attacks, and fellow hijacker Abdulaziz al-Omari arrived at Portland International Jetport in Maine at 05:41 Eastern Daylight Time on September11, 2001. At the Portland ticket counter, Atta asked ticket agent Mike Tuohey for his boarding pass for Flight 11. When Tuohey told Atta he would have to check in a second time when he reached Logan, Atta appeared on the verge of anger, telling Tuohey that he had been assured he would have "one-step check-in." Out of concern he was racially profiling Atta as an Arab terrorist, Tuohey did not budge or rise to his hostility, and simply told him that he would better hurry if he did not want to miss the flight. Although Atta still looked cross, he and Omari left the ticket counter for the Portland airport's security checkpoint.[9] [10]

They boarded Colgan Air Flight5930, which was scheduled to depart at 06:00 and fly to Boston. Both hijackers had first class tickets with a connecting flight to Los Angeles; Atta checked in two bags, while Omari checked in none.[11] When they checked in, the Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS) selected Atta for extra luggage scrutiny, but he boarded without incident.[12]

The flight from Portland departed on time and arrived in Boston at 06:45. Three other hijackers, Waleed al-Shehri, Wail al-Shehri, and Satam al-Suqami, arrived at Logan Airport at the same time, having left their rental car in the airport parking facility. At 06:52, Marwan al-Shehhi, the hijacker pilot of United Airlines Flight 175, made a call from a pay phone in Logan Airport to Atta's cell phone. This call was apparently to confirm that the attacks were ready to begin.[11] [13]

Boston, Massachusetts

Since they were not given boarding passes for Flight11 in Portland, Atta and Omari checked in and went through security in Boston.[14] Suqami, Wail al-Shehri, and Waleed al-Shehri also checked in for the flight in Boston. Wail al-Shehri and Suqami each checked one bag; Waleed al-Shehri did not check any bags.[11] CAPPS selected all three for a detailed luggage check.[15] As the CAPPS' screening was only for luggage, the three hijackers did not undergo any extra scrutiny at the passenger security checkpoint.[16]

First Officer Lynn Howland had just arrived in Boston after copiloting the flight from San Francisco that would be redesignated American Flight 11. As she walked off the aircraft and entered the passenger lounge, Atta approached her and asked if she would be flying the plane back across the country. When Howland told him she just brought the aircraft in, Atta turned his back and walked away. As he boarded Flight 11, Atta asked a gate agent whether the two bags he had checked earlier in Portland had been loaded onto the plane. In the rushed check-in after the flight from Portland, airline officials did not load Atta's bags on Flight11.[17] [18]

By 07:40, all five hijackers were aboard the flight, scheduled to depart at 07:45.[19] Atta sat in business class seat 8D with al-Omari in 8G and Suqami in 10B. Waleed and Wail al-Shehri sat in first class seats 2B and 2A. Shortly before takeoff, American Airlines flight service manager Michael Woodward walked aboard for a final check. He briefly passed Atta, making note of this passenger's brooding expression, and then left the plane.[20] At 07:46, one minute behind schedule, the aircraft received clearance to push back from Gate B32,[21] and was cleared to taxi to the runway at 07:50. The aircraft began its takeoff roll from Logan International Airport at 07:59 from runway4R.[22] [23]

Hijacking

"Okay, my name is Betty Ong. I'm [Flight Attendant] Number3 on Flight11. Our Number1 got stabbed. Our purser is stabbed. Nobody knows who stabbed who and we can't even get up to business class right now because nobody can breathe. And we can't get to the cockpit, the door won't open."
style="text-align: left;" - Flight attendant Betty Ong to the American Airlines emergency line.[24]
The 9/11 Commission estimated that the hijacking began at 08:14 when the pilots stopped responding to requests from the Boston Air Route Traffic Control Center (Boston ARTCC). At 08:13:29, as the aircraft was passing over central Massachusetts at 26000feet, the pilots responded to a request from Boston ARTCC to make a 20-degree turn to the right. At 08:13:47, Boston ARTCC told the pilots to ascend to a cruising altitude of 35000feet, but received no response. At 08:16, the aircraft leveled off at 29000feet and shortly thereafter deviated from its scheduled path.

At 08:17:59, flight controllers at Boston Center heard a brief, unknown sound on the radio frequency used by Flight 11 and other nearby flights, a noise that was later described as sounding like a scream.[25] Boston ARTCC made multiple attempts to talk to Flight11 without reply.[13] The commission believes that the hijackers were in absolute control of the aircraft by 08:20,[26] six minutes after launching their assault. The flight's Mode-C transponder signal was then switched off by someone in the cockpit at 08:21.[23] At 08:23 and 08:25, Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) tried to contact the flight. The first message read, "Good morning, ATC looking for you on 135.32"; the other read, "Please contact Boston Center ASAP. They have lost radio contact and your transponder signal." Flight 11 did not reply.[27]

Reports from flight attendants

According to flight attendants Amy Sweeney and Betty Ong, who contacted American Airlines during the hijacking, the hijackers had stabbed flight attendants Karen Martin and Barbara Arestegui and slashed passenger Daniel Lewin's throat.[28] [29] [30] It is unknown how the hijackers gained access to the cockpit; FAA rules at the time required that the doors remain closed and locked during flight. Ong said she thought that the hijackers had "jammed their way" in.

The commission suggested they attacked the flight attendants to get a cockpit key, to force one of them to open the cockpit door, or to lure the captain or first officer out of the cockpit.[13] It is theorized that the al-Shehri brothers made the first move by attacking Martin and Arestegui. Sweeney said that Martin was badly injured and being given oxygen. Sweeney and Ong said Arestegui's injuries were not as serious. Ong said she heard loud arguing after the hijackers entered the cockpit.[31] It is believed that the hijackers either killed or incapacitated Ogonowski and McGuinness.[32] Sweeney said that one of the hijackers had shown her a device with red and yellow wires that appeared to be a bomb.[33] Ong and Sweeney said that the coach passengers did not seem to fully understand the peril, and were under the impression that there was a routine medical emergency in the front section of the plane, and that the other flight attendants were helping passengers and finding medical supplies.[13] Ong said Lewin appeared to be dead, while Sweeney said that Suqami had attacked Lewin. Lewin was seated in 9B, and Suqami sat directly behind him in 10B.[34]

One assumption is that Suqami attacked Lewin, unprovoked, to frighten other passengers and crew into compliance. Alternatively, Lewin, an American-Israeli Internet entrepreneur who understood Arabic, and had served as an officer in the elite Sayeret Matkal special operations unit of the Israel Defense Forces,[35] [36] may have attempted to stop the hijacking, and confronted one of the hijackers in front of him, unaware of Suqami behind him.[13] Lewin is believed to be the first fatality in the 9/11 attacks.[36] [37] During a four-minute call to the American Airlines operations center, Ong provided information about lack of communication with the cockpit, lack of access to the cockpit, and that she thought someone had sprayed Mace in the business class cabin.[38] She also provided the seat locations of the hijackers, which later helped investigators to determine their identities.

Hijacker's transmissions

At 08:24:38, a hijacker broadcast to Boston ARTCC.[39] Air traffic controllers heard the hijacker announce, "We have some planes. Just stay quiet and you'll be O.K. We are returning to the airport." At 08:24:56 he announced, "Nobody move. Everything will be okay. If you try to make any moves, you'll endanger yourself and the airplane. Just stay quiet."[23]

As Atta spoke English fluently, he likely made the transmissions. It is also possible that Atta's seatmate, al-Omari, accompanied him into the cockpit.[13] Atta apparently tried to make an announcement to the passengers, but keyed the wrong switch and instead his voice was picked up and recorded by air traffic controllers. After Atta's transmissions and the inability to contact the airliner, air traffic controllers at Boston ARTCC realized that Flight 11 was being hijacked.[40] At 08:26, after crossing the Massachusetts-New York border, the plane turned 100 degrees to the south, following the Hudson River that would lead directly to New York City.[23] At 08:32, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Command Center in Herndon, Virginia, notified FAA headquarters.[13]

At 08:33:59, the hijacker announced a third and final transmission: "Nobody move, please. We are going back to the airport. Don't try to make any stupid moves."[23] At 08:37:08, the pilots of United Airlines Flight175 verified Flight11's location and heading to flight control.[41] Seconds before their plane was also hijacked, at 8:42 a.m., the pilots of Flight 175 informed New York Center that they previously heard a suspicious announcement over the radio as they were climbing out of Logan 28 minutes earlier, which would have been around the same time Flight 11 was hijacked. This particular transmission was never picked up by controllers on the ground unlike the other three, but the pilots reported hearing the words, "Everyone, stay in your seats."[42]

Fighter jets dispatched

Boston ARTCC bypassed standard protocols and directly contacted the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) Northeast Air Defense Sector (NEADS) in Rome, New York.[13] NEADS called on two F-15 fighter jets at Otis Air National Guard Base in Mashpee, Massachusetts, to intercept. Officials at Otis spent a few minutes getting authorization for the fighters to take off. The order to dispatch the fighters at Otis was given at 08:46, and the F-15s took off at 08:53,[13] roughly seven minutes after American Airlines Flight11 had already crashed into the North Tower. Of the four hijacked aircraft on 9/11, the nine minutes of advance notification about the hijacking of Flight11 was the most time that NORAD had to respond before the aircraft crashed into its intended target.[43]

Crash

"Battalion 1 to Manhattan. We have a number of floors on fire. It looked like the plane was aiming towards the building."
Chief Joseph Pfeifer, making the first official report after seeing the crash with his own eyes.[44]
At 8:37 a.m., Flight 11 began a rapid descent of 3,200 feet per minute toward New York City, gradually losing speed. Three minutes before impact, Atta completed his final turn toward Manhattan,[23] flying south over the city in the direction of the World Trade Center. At 08:46, flight attendant Amy Sweeney panicked that her plane was "flying way too low" just as Atta deliberately crashed into the North Tower. The airplane, traveling about 440mph and loaded with around 10000U.S.gal of jet fuel, struck the skyscraper's northern façade between floors 93 and 99, its nose impacting the 96th floor.[45] Hundreds were killed instantly, including everyone on the plane and numerous workers in the North Tower.[46] Many who had been outside of the path of the crashing airliner were incinerated as its fuel exploded.[47] Studies suggest that as many as 1,426 people may have been present on the top 18 floors of the North Tower when it was struck almost midway into its central core. The core housed three stairwells (A, B and C) extending from the roof to the ground floor, with a distance of just 70feet between each one in the impact region.[48] The size of the hijacked 767 easily severed all three, trapping close to a thousand crash survivors.[49] All stairwells from floors 93 up to 99 were destroyed or blocked and elevator service was disrupted from the 50th floor upward.[50] The airplane descended downward at an angle of about 10 degrees at impact, pushing rubble into stairwells as many as six stories below where it hit; consequently, the 92nd floor was also sealed off from the rest of the tower when falling debris from Flight 11's impact zone walled off each of its stairwells.[51] The highest survivors in the North Tower came from the 91st floor, while anyone above was left to burn alive, asphyxiate, succumb to toxic exposure from ignited chemicals or be killed in the tower's eventual collapse. Some 100–200 people plummeted from the upper floors, most of whom died by jumping to escape the intense heat, smoke and flames.[52] [53] Light-to-moderate damage was reported on every floor from ground level to the 92nd, including collapsed walls, missing ceiling tiles, severed wires and smashed windows. The sprinkler system was severed by the impact, causing flooding on various floors throughout the tower. Moreover, burning jet fuel was channeled through the building via elevator shafts and ductwork,[54] igniting small-scale fires on many floors between the 77th and 91st. Three major flash fires occurred in the 78th and 44th floor skylobbies as well as the main lobby at the base, causing fatal burns nearly a hundred floors below the impact.[55] The shockwave was felt in both towers.[56] The northern and western façades of the South Tower were battered by debris[57] and a limited number of windows were broken by the explosion. Prevailing winds from the northwest caused the top of the South Tower to become engulfed by the thick smoke pouring southeast, and a number of employees at that altitude reported that the fumes began filtering into their floors alongside the intense heat.[58] [59]

Countless people in both the city and state of New York as well as the adjacent state of New Jersey saw first-hand what had happened to the North Tower, and the smoke billowing over the horizon very quickly became visible from parts of Connecticut as well. Despite this, only four people happened to be recording at 08:46. French cameraman Jules Naudet, who was filming a documentary about the FDNY, rode with Battalion 1 to investigate a suspected gas leak in a storm drain at the intersection of Church and Lispenard streets, where he caught the only known clear footage of the plane flying into the tower. Pavel Hlava, a Czech immigrant, unknowingly taped the plane from far away while preparing to drive into the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel from Brooklyn. Just south of the World Trade Center, the New York City-based television station WNYW had been filming in nearby City Hall Park when Flight11 crashed into the tower offscreen. Reporter Dick Oliver picked up the camera and recorded the immediate aftermath.[60] [61] [62] A webcam set up by Wolfgang Staehle at an art exhibit in Brooklyn to take images of Lower Manhattan every four seconds also captured stills of Flight11 flying towards the North Tower and the explosion that followed.[63]

Some reporters claimed that the plane that struck the North Tower was a "small, twin-engine jet," despite the size of the hole in the skyscraper. At 08:55, senior advisor to the president Karl Rove conveyed this misleading information to President George W. Bush as he arrived at Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, Florida; the president's surmise was that the crash "must have been caused by pilot error." Shortly after, in an on-air phone call from his office at the CNN New York bureau, CNN vice president of finance Sean Murtagh reported that a large passenger commercial jet had hit the World Trade Center,[64] and other television networks began interrupting regular broadcasting with news of the crash within minutes.

The general assumption was that Flight 11's crash was a tragic accident, although some news stations suggested it could have been on purpose. Though many people in the South Tower chose to evacuate after seeing what had happened in the North Tower, the Port Authority made the decision not to initiate an immediate full-scale evacuation of the South Tower immediately following the first plane crash, operating under the assumption that it was an accident. Seventeen minutes after the first impact, the World Trade Center's South Tower was hit by United Airlines Flight 175, confirming to the entire world that it was in fact deliberate.[65]

Aftermath

See main article: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks. After the crash, the North Tower burned for 102minutes before collapsing at 10:28. Although the impact itself caused extensive structural damage, the long-lasting fire ignited by jet fuel was blamed for the structural failure of the tower.[66] [67] [68] In addition to the aircraft passengers and building occupants, hundreds of rescue workers also died when the tower collapsed.[69] Despite being the first of the two buildings to be hit, the North Tower was the second to collapse. Furthermore, it stood for nearly twice as long after being struck as the South Tower, with the latter burning for only 56 minutes before collapsing. This is because Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower at a lower speed and much higher up than Flight 175 did into the South Tower, leading to there being far less structural weight above the impact zone; the North Tower had 11 floors above the point of impact while the South Tower had more than twice that amount.[70] Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., an investment bank on floors 101–105 of the North Tower, lost 658employees, considerably more than any other employer.[71]

Rescue workers at the World Trade Center site began to discover body fragments from Flight11 victims within days of the attack. Some workers found bodies strapped to airplane seats and discovered the remains of a flight attendant with her hands bound, suggesting the hijackers might have used plastic handcuffs.[72] [73] Within a year, medical examiners had identified the remains of 33victims who had been on board Flight11.[74] They identified two other Flight11 victims, including purser Karen Martin, in 2006, while other unrelated body fragments were discovered near Ground Zero around the same time.[75] [76] In April 2007, examiners using newer DNA technology identified another Flight11 victim.[77] The remains of two hijackers, potentially from Flight11, were also identified and removed from Memorial Park in Manhattan.[78] The remains of the other hijackers have not been identified and are buried with other unidentified remains at this park.[79]

Suqami's passport survived the crash and landed in the street below. Soaked in jet fuel, it was picked up by a passerby who gave it to a New York City Police Department (NYPD) detective shortly before the South Tower collapsed.[80] [81] Investigators retrieved Mohamed Atta's luggage, which had not been loaded onto the flight. In it, they found Omari's passport and driver's license, a videocassette for a Boeing 757 flight simulator, a folding knife, and pepper spray. In a recording, a few months later in Afghanistan, Al Qaeda's leader, Osama bin Laden, took responsibility for the attack. The attack on the World Trade Center exceeded even bin Laden's expectations: he had expected only the floors above the plane strikes to collapse.[82] The flight recorders for Flight11 and Flight175 were never found.[83] After the attacks, the flight number for the scheduled flight on the same route with the same takeoff time was changed, and as of 2023, is flown using an Airbus A321 instead of a Boeing 767. An American flag is flown on the jet bridge of gate B32 from which Flight11 departed Logan Airport.[84]

In 2002, the first recipients of the annual Madeline Amy Sweeney Award for Civilian Bravery were Sweeney and Ong. Ogonowski also received a posthumous award. They were all residents of Massachusetts. Relatives of all three accepted the awards on their behalf.[85]

On April 26, 2013, a piece of the wing flap mechanism from a Boeing 767 was discovered wedged between two buildings at Park Place, near where other landing gear parts were found.[86] [87] The onboard defibrillator from Flight11 was found in 2014 during roadwork near Liberty Street.[88]

At the National September 11 Memorial, the names of the 87victims of Flight11 are inscribed on the North Pool, on Panels N-1 and N-2, and Panels N-74N-76.[89]

See also

References

Works cited

External links

Notes and References

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  3. Web site: 9/11 Commission Staff Report. August 26, 2004. National Security Archive. March 26, 2023. October 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211013181312/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB148/911%20Commission%20Four%20Flights%20Monograph.pdf. live.
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  5. News: American Airlines Flight 11 – Victims . CNN . June 6, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080516104740/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/victims/AA11.victims.html. May 16, 2008.
  6. News: Weinraub. Bernard. The Young Guy Of 'Family Guy'; A 30-Year-Old's Cartoon Hit Makes An Unexpected Comeback. October 4, 2011. The New York Times. July 7, 2004. November 9, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141109002645/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/07/arts/young-guy-family-guy-30-year-old-s-cartoon-hit-makes-unexpected-comeback.html?pagewanted=all. live.
  7. News: Mark Wahlberg sorry for saying he would have thwarted 9/11 terrorists . Fox News . January 18, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20131102202329/http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2012/01/18/mark-wahlberg-said-would-have-defeated-11-terrorists-on-flight-3/ . November 2, 2013 .
  8. Web site: Copley . Rich . Backstreet Boy feels victims' families' pain | Flight 5191: Stories from Sept. 2–21, 2006 . Kentucky.com . July 3, 2013. https://archive.today/20130411062106/http://www.kentucky.com/2006/09/10/10835/backstreet-boy-feels-victims-families.html. April 11, 2013.
  9. Web site: Ticket agent recalls anger in Atta's eyes. NBC News. March 7, 2005. May 11, 2021. May 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210508192019/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7117783. live.
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  13. Web site: We Have Some Planes . July 2004 . National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States . May 25, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080511160550/http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_ch1.htm. May 11, 2008 . live.
  14. News: Kehaulani Goo, Sara . Papers Offer New Clues On 9/11 Hijackers' Travel . February 13, 2005 . The Washington Post . May 22, 2008 . August 21, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080821180154/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A19784-2005Feb12.html . live .
  15. News: Investigating 9-11 – The doomed flights . San Francisco Chronicle . July 23, 2004 . May 22, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120523011824/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2004%2F07%2F23%2FFLIGHTS.TMP . May 23, 2012 . dead .
  16. Web site: The Aviation Security System and the 9/11 Attacks – Staff Statement No. 3 . National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States . May 25, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080528201527/http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/staff_statement_3.pdf. May 28, 2008 . live.
  17. News: Unraveling 9-11 was in the bags . Newsday . April 17, 2006 . Dorman, Michael. https://web.archive.org/web/20131103204142/http://www.newsday.com/news/unraveling-9-11-was-in-the-bags-1.591192 . November 3, 2013 .
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  19. Web site: 9/11 Investigation (PENTTBOM) . . . September 2001 . May 22, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080514074545/http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/penttbom/aa11/11.htm . May 14, 2008.
  20. Book: Zuckoff, Mitchell . 2019 . Fall and Rise: The Story of 9/11 . . . 42–43 . 978-1442232853 . March 18, 2023 . April 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404173524/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y151DwAAQBAJ&dq=Something+about+Mohamed+Atta%E2%80%99s+brooding+look+seemed+wrong.+But+the+flight+was+already+behind+schedule,+and+Michael+wouldn%E2%80%99t+challenge+a+passenger+simply+for+glaring+at+him&pg=PT42 . live .
  21. News: October 16, 2001. Transcripts of Flight11 and Flight175. The New York Times. December 3, 2009. 0362-4331. January 16, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170116062508/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/16/national/transcripts-of-flight-11-and-flight-175.html. live.
  22. News: Probe reconstructs horror, calculated attacks on planes . Johnson . Glen . November 23, 2001 . The Boston Globe. https://web.archive.org/web/20121202072139/http://www.boston.com/news/packages/underattack/news/planes_reconstruction.htm . December 2, 2012 .
  23. Web site: Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090201053016/https://www.ntsb.gov/info/Flight_%20Path_%20Study_AA11.pdf . February 1, 2009 . . February 19, 2002 . May 25, 2008.
  24. Web site: Transcript . September 14, 2007 . . . May 24, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080427204235/http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/09142007/transcript1.html. April 27, 2008 . live.
  25. Web site: FAA Summary of Air Traffic Hijack Events, September 11, 2001.. Federal Aviation Administration. May 11, 2021. April 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210423082228/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB165/faa7.pdf. live.
  26. Web site: 9/11 Commission Staff Report. September 2005. May 3, 2023. live. July 12, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140712075041/http://www.archives.gov/research/9-11/staff-report-sept2005.pdf.
  27. Book: Spencer, Lynn . Touching History: The Untold Story of the Drama That Unfolded in the Skies Over America on 9/11 . Simon and Schuster . 2008 . 978-1-4165-5925-2 . 34 . registration .
  28. News: Excerpt: A travel day like any other until some passengers left their seats . . July 23, 2004 . May 23, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20111119033249/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2001986488_planes23.html . November 19, 2011 .
  29. Web site: Inside the failed Air Force scramble to prevent the Sept. 11 attacks . . June 28, 2004 . May 23, 2008. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090918164352/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5315883/ . September 18, 2009 .
  30. News: Woolley . Scott . Video Prophet . April 23, 2007 . Forbes . May 23, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081216103647/http://www.forbes.com/home/technology/forbes/2007/0423/068.html . December 16, 2008 .
  31. Web site: The eleventh day. Anthony. Summers. September 11, 2011. May 11, 2021. April 8, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230408022156/https://nypost.com/2011/09/11/the-eleventh-day/. live.
  32. Web site: Lisinski . Chris . For pilot's widow, life goes on. 'It has to.' – Lowell Sun Online . Lowellsun.com . September 18, 2017 . October 29, 2018 . December 30, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191230173240/https://www.lowellsun.com/2006/09/11/for-pilots-widow-life-goes-on-it-has-to/amp/ . live .
  33. News: Sheehy, Gail . 'Stewardess ID'd Hijackers Early, Transcripts Show' burden . https://web.archive.org/web/20071207153421/http://www.observer.com/node/48805 . dead . December 7, 2007 . New York Observer . February 15, 2004 . Sep 30, 2010.
  34. News: Eggen . Dan . Airports Screened Nine of Sept. 11 Hijackers, Officials Say; Kin of Victims Call for Inquiry into Revelation . The Washington Post . March 2, 2002.
  35. [Seymour Hersh|Hersh, Seymour M.]
  36. News: Sisk . Richard . El-Faizy, Monique . First Victim Died A Hero On Flt. 11 Ex-Israeli commando tried to halt unfolding hijacking . July 24, 2004 . . May 23, 2008 . October 6, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131006114255/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/victim-died-hero-flt-11-ex-israeli-commando-halt-unfolding-hijacking-article-1.566014 . live .
  37. Ron Jager, Danny Lewin: The First Victim Of 9/11, 5TJT, September 8, 2011
  38. News: Sullivan . Laura . 9/11 victim calmly describes hijack on haunting tape . January 28, 2004 . . May 22, 2008 . June 4, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110604182608/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/custom/attack/bal-te.terror28jan28,0,6896536.story . dead .
  39. Web site: Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 11 . www.ntsb.gov . June 29, 2020 . November 5, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151105103018/http://www.ntsb.gov/about/Documents/Flight_Path_Study_AA11.pdf . live .
  40. News: June 17, 2004. 9/11 recordings chronicle confusion, delay. CNN. May 24, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211001/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/17/911.transcript/. October 29, 2013.
  41. News: Ellison . Michael . 'We have planes. Stay quiet' – Then silence . The Guardian . London . October 17, 2001 . May 26, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080617223154/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/oct/17/september11.usa. June 17, 2008 . live.
  42. Book: 9/11 Final Report of the National Commission. "We have some planes". 2004. February 1, 2023. September 12, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912055527/https://9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf. live.
  43. NEADS/NORAD (the military) was notified about Flight11 at 08:37, nine minutes before the crash. This nine minutes was the amount of time available to them to respond to the situation. They were notified about United Airlines Flight175 at 09:03, the same time it crashed into the South Tower. They were notified about American Airlines Flight 77 four minutes before it crashed into the Pentagon. The military was notified about United Airlines Flight 93 at 10:07 (four minutes after it crashed in Pennsylvania). The nine minutes with Flight11 was the most time they had to do something in response. Source: Book: Kean, Thomas H. . Hamilton, Lee H. . Without Precedent . The Story in the Sky . 263 . Alfred A. Knopf . 978-0-307-26377-3 . registration . https://archive.org/details/withoutprecedent00kean . 2006 .
  44. News: Barry. Dan. THREATS AND RESPONSES: ABOUT NEW YORK; Chief Mourns a Brother, and Lives With a Decision. The New York Times. May 19, 2004. August 22, 2023. August 22, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230822114804/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/19/nyregion/threats-responses-about-new-york-chief-mourns-brother-lives-with-decision.html. live.
  45. Web site: NIST NCSTAR1-5: Reconstruction of the Fires in the World Trade Center Towers . October 2005 . . May 25, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080530151724/http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1-5.pdf. May 30, 2008 . live.
  46. Web site: Heroism and Horror . 2004 . National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States . August 18, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070815141749/http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch9.htm. August 15, 2007 . live.
  47. Book: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers. 2005. February 25, 2023. July 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210707002217/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1.pdf. live. 73.
  48. News: How the Design of the World Trade Center Claimed Lives on 9/11. History.com. August 22, 2023. en. June 5, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190605220000/https://www.history.com/news/world-trade-center-stairwell-design-9-11. live.
  49. Galea . Edwin R . Hulse . Lynn . Day . Rachel . Siddiqui . Asim . Sharp . Gary . 2012 . The UK WTC 9/11 evacuation study: An overview of findings derived from first-hand interview data and computer modelling . Fire and Materials . 36 . 5–6 . 501–521 . 10.1002/fam.1070 . 110718132 . Wiley . August 19, 2023 . June 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230629193351/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/fam.1070 . live .
  50. Book: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Final Reports from the NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation. 2005. 74. February 25, 2023. July 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210707002217/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1.pdf. live.
  51. News: Dwyer . Jim . Lipton, Eric . 102 Minutes: Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die . May 26, 2002 . The New York Times . May 23, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20131114063928/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/26/nyregion/102-minutes-last-words-at-the-trade-center-fighting-to-live-as-the-towers-die.html . November 14, 2013 . etal.
  52. Web site: 2005 . OBSERVATIONS OF FALLING HUMAN BEINGS FOR WTC 1 . August 19, 2023 . National Institute of Standards and Technology . May 29, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210529184432/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Appendix-M_NIST-NCSTAR_1-5A_Sept2005_PDF-pp227-232.pdf . live .
  53. News: Desperation forced a horrific decision. USAToday. September 2, 2002. Cauchon, Dennis and Martha Moore. February 25, 2023. September 1, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120901152537/http://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-09-02-jumper_x.htm. live.
  54. News: Cauchon . Dennis . Moore . Martha T. . Elevators were disaster within disaster . September 4, 2002 . USA Today . May 23, 2008 . September 11, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120911090208/http://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-09-04-elevator-usat_x.htm . live .
  55. Zero Hour . Inside 9/11 . Inside 9/11 . 2005-09-23 . Producers: Colette Beaudry and Michael Cascio . National Geographic Channel.
  56. Book: Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers . National Institute of Standards and Technology . 2005 . 87 . February 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210707002217/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NCSTAR/ncstar1.pdf . July 7, 2021 . live.
  57. Web site: Rob Fazio lost his dad in the 9/11 World Trade Center attacks. Now he's working to make sure his father's last, selfless act continues to help others.. 2018. June 25, 2023. September 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210909035934/https://holdthedoor.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/penn-stater.pdf. live.
  58. News: May 26, 2002 . Accounts From the South Tower . The New York Times . live . May 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190814233011/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/26/nyregion/accounts-from-the-south-tower.html . August 14, 2019 . 0362-4331.
  59. News: September 11 survivor: 'As I left the south tower I heard a plane roaring towards the World Trade Center — I thought it was the end and screamed out my mummy's name'. September 11, 2021. May 24, 2023. live. May 18, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230518220101/https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/people/sept-11-survivor-i-thought-this-was-the-end-i-screamed-out-my-mummys-name-3379975.
  60. News: Carter . Bill . CBS to Broadcast Videotape Shot Inside Towers During Trade Center Attack . February 6, 2002 . The New York Times . May 23, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20131225000202/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/06/nyregion/cbs-to-broadcast-videotape-shot-inside-towers-during-trade-center-attack.html . December 25, 2013 .
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  62. Web site: 9/11 WTC Rare Video of First Plane Attack - WNYW TV . . October 2008 . April 13, 2023 . April 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230413022952/https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=cVEmAWaKoYQ . live .
  63. Rare Scenes from 9/11 . Staehle, Wolfgang . Vanity Fair . June 12, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20131215195309/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2006/09/wtc_photoessay200609?slide=2 . December 15, 2013 .
  64. News: CNN Breaking News Terrorist Attack on United States . September 11, 2001 . CNN . May 23, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080705234434/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0109/11/bn.01.html. July 5, 2008 . live.
  65. News: Deans. Jason. 'Within 10 minutes of the first crash, around 4m people were in front of a TV watching the tragedy unfold.'. February 24, 2023. The Guardian. August 25, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130825144716/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2001/sep/12/overnights.september112001. live.
  66. Book: National Construction Safety Team . http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf . Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers . National Institute of Standards and Technology, Technology Administration, United States Department of Commerce . Executive Summary . September 2005. May 21, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080527193541/http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf. May 27, 2008 . live.
  67. News: Miller . Bill . Report Assesses Trade Center's Collapse . May 1, 2002 . The Washington Post . June 12, 2008 . March 5, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305090932/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2002/05/01/report-assesses-trade-centers-collapse/d6839e94-9bd3-410c-b18c-cbc30a9e318c/ . live .
  68. News: Williams . Timothy . Report on Trade Center Collapses Emphasizes Damage to Fireproofing . April 5, 2005 . The New York Times . June 12, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120107205236/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/05/nyregion/05cnd-wtc.html . January 7, 2012 . dead .
  69. News: Police back on day-to-day beat after 9/11 nightmare . July 21, 2002 . CNN . May 23, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080517155430/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/07/20/wtc.police/index.html . May 17, 2008 . dead . mdy .
  70. News: Lipton. Eric. Glanz. James. February 23, 2002. A NATION CHALLENGED: THE TRADE CENTER CRASHES; First Tower to Fall Was Hit At Higher Speed, Study Finds. The New York Times. October 15, 2022. October 16, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221016011731/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/23/us/nation-challenged-trade-center-crashes-first-tower-fall-was-hit-higher-speed.html. live.
  71. News: Cantor rebuilds after 9/11 losses . BBC . September 4, 2006 . May 20, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080406160843/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5282060.stm?lsf. April 6, 2008 . live.
  72. News: Sachs . Susan . After the Attacks: The Trade Center; Heart-Rending Discoveries as Digging Continues in Lower Manhattan . September 15, 2001 . The New York Times . May 24, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20131225060439/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/15/us/after-attacks-trade-center-heart-rending-discoveries-digging-continues-lower.html . December 25, 2013 .
  73. Web site: Gardiner, Sean . Rayman, Graham . Hijackers May Have Used Handcuffs . . September 15, 2001 . May 24, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070327214337/http://www.amny.com/news/local/groundzero/ny-nycuff152367641sep15%2C0%2C1025711.story . March 27, 2007 . dead .
  74. News: O'Shaughnessy . Patrice . More Than Half Of Victims Id'd . September 11, 2002 . Daily News . May 24, 2008 . New York. https://web.archive.org/web/20090825205238/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2002/09/11/2002-09-11_more_than_half_of_victims_idd.html . August 25, 2009 .
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  76. News: Holusha . John . 3 Trade Center Victims Identified by DNA . November 2, 2006 . The New York Times . May 24, 2008 . January 24, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160124030231/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/02/nyregion/02cnd-dna.html?pagewanted=all . live .
  77. News: Gaskell . Stephanie . 9/11 Plane Passenger Id'd . April 11, 2007 . New York Post . September 12, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121024075017/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/regional/item_YwDxX7wYogy7cOkTC7xBrN%3Bjsessionid%3DA256450D5E18EC6C2F1E7A1D9B938FDC . October 24, 2012 . dead .
  78. News: Kelley . Tina . Officials Identify Remains of Two Hijackers Through DNA . March 1, 2003 . The New York Times . May 24, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20131225060445/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/01/nyregion/officials-identify-remains-of-two-hijackers-through-dna.html . December 25, 2013 .
  79. News: Standora . Leo . ID Remains OF 2 WTC Hijackers . March 1, 2003 . Daily News . May 24, 2008 . New York. https://web.archive.org/web/20090825204415/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2003/03/01/2003-03-01_id_remains_of_2_wtc_hijackers.html . August 25, 2009 .
  80. Book: http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/911_TerrTrav_Ch2.pdf . Monograph on 9/11 and Terrorist Travel . Chronology . National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States . 40 . May 25, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080529193648/http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/911_TerrTrav_Ch2.pdf. May 29, 2008 . live.
  81. Web site: Hijackers Timeline . Federal Bureau of Investigation / 911myths.com . May 26, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080530151722/http://www.911myths.com/images/5/55/Hijackers_Timeline_OCR.pdf . May 30, 2008 . dead . mdy-all .
  82. Web site: Transcript of Bin Laden videotape . . December 13, 2001 . May 24, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080512083711/http://www.npr.org/news/specials/response/investigation/011213.binladen.transcript.html. May 12, 2008 . live.
  83. Web site: 9-11 Commission Report – Notes . 2004 . National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States . Note 76. May 24, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080530161252/http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Notes.htm. May 30, 2008 . live.
  84. News: Guzman . Dan . At Logan, Some 9/11 Tributes Go Unnoticed By Most Of The Flying Public . 2 December 2018 . www.wbur.org . September 8, 2016 . en . December 2, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070820/http://www.wbur.org/morningedition/2016/09/08/logan-memorial . live .
  85. News: Heroes' Moment Honors Trio on Flight 11 Will Recognize Courage. Tangeny. Chris. February 12, 2002. The Boston Globe. .
  86. News: 11 Years Later, Debris From Plane Is Found Near Ground Zero . The New York Times . Joseph . Goldstein . April 26, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20140417120152/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/27/nyregion/airplane-debris-found-near-world-trade-center-site.html?_r=0 . April 17, 2014 . live .
  87. News: Jet Debris Near 9/11 Site Is Identified as Wing Part . The New York Times . J. David . Goodman . April 29, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20140104140602/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/29/plane-debris-near-ground-zero-is-identified-as-part-of-a-wing-flap/ . January 4, 2014 . live .
  88. News: Saving the Scars of 9/11. David W.. Dunlap. The New York Times. April 20, 2016. May 1, 2020. November 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201108122334/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/21/nyregion/saving-the-scars-of9-11.html. live.
  89. http://names.911memorial.org/#lang=en_US&page=about&id=7 About: The Memorial Names Layout

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