Ambergris Explained

Ambergris (or ; Latin: ambra grisea; French, Old (842-ca.1400);: ambre gris), ambergrease, or grey amber is a solid, waxy, flammable substance of a dull grey or blackish colour produced in the digestive system of sperm whales.[1] Freshly produced ambergris has a marine, fecal odor. It acquires a sweet, earthy scent as it ages, commonly likened to the fragrance of isopropyl alcohol without the vaporous chemical astringency.[2]

Ambergris has been highly valued by perfume makers as a fixative that allows the scent to last much longer, although it has been mostly replaced by synthetic ambroxide.[3] It is sometimes used in cooking.

Dogs are attracted to the smell of ambergris and are sometimes used by ambergris searchers.[4]

Etymology

The English word amber derives from the Arabic word Arabic: ʿanbar (Arabic: عنبر|rtl=yes). [5] [6] Assimilated into Middle Persian the word ambar[7] migrated via Middle Latin ambar and Middle French ambre to be adopted in Middle English in the 14th century.

The word "ambergris" comes from the Old French ambre gris or "grey amber".[8] [9] The addition of "grey" came about when, in the Romance languages, the sense of the word "amber" was extended to Baltic amber (fossil resin), as white or yellow amber (ambre jaune), from as early as the late 13th century. This fossilized resin subsequently became the dominant (and now exclusive) sense of "amber", leaving "ambergris" as the word for the whale secretion.

The archaic alternate spelling "ambergrease" arose as an eggcorn from the phonetic pronunciation of "ambergris," encouraged by the substance's waxy texture.[10]

Formation

Ambergris is formed from a secretion of the bile duct in the intestines of the sperm whale, and can be found floating on the sea or washed up on coastlines. It is sometimes found in the abdomens of dead sperm whales.[8] Because the beaks of giant squids have been discovered within lumps of ambergris, scientists have theorized that the substance is produced by the whale's gastrointestinal tract to ease the passage of hard, sharp objects that it may have eaten.

Ambergris is passed like fecal matter. It is speculated that an ambergris mass too large to be passed through the intestines is expelled via the mouth, but this remains under debate.[11] Another theory states that an ambergris mass is formed when the colon of a whale is enlarged by a blockage from intestinal worms and cephalopod parts resulting in the death of the whale and the mass being excreted into the sea.[12] Ambergris takes years to form. Christopher Kemp, the author of Floating Gold: A Natural (and Unnatural) History of Ambergris, says that it is only produced by sperm whales, and only by an estimated one percent of them. Ambergris is rare; once expelled by a whale, it often floats for years before making landfall.[13] The slim chances of finding ambergris and the legal ambiguity involved led perfume makers away from ambergris, and led chemists on a quest to find viable alternatives.[14]

Ambergris is found primarily in the Atlantic Ocean and on the coasts of South Africa; Brazil; Madagascar; the East Indies; The Maldives; China; Japan; India; Australia; New Zealand; and the Molucca Islands. Most commercially collected ambergris comes from the Bahamas in the Atlantic, particularly New Providence. In 2021, fishermen found a 127 kg (280-pound) piece of ambergris off the coast of Yemen, valued at US$1.5 million.[15] Fossilised ambergris from 1.75 million years ago has also been found.[16]

Physical properties

Ambergris is found in lumps of various shapes and sizes, usually weighing from 15frac=2NaNfrac=2 to 50kg (110lb) or more.[8] When initially expelled by or removed from the whale, the fatty precursor of ambergris is pale white in color (sometimes streaked with black), soft, with a strong fecal smell. Following months to years of photodegradation and oxidation in the ocean, this precursor gradually hardens, developing a dark grey or black color, a crusty and waxy texture, and a peculiar odor that is at once sweet, earthy, marine, and animalic. Its scent has been generally described as a vastly richer and smoother version of isopropanol without its stinging harshness. In this developed condition, ambergris has a specific gravity ranging from 0.780 to 0.926 (meaning it floats in water). It melts at about to a fatty, yellow resinous liquid; and at 100C it is volatilised into a white vapor. It is soluble in ether, and in volatile and fixed oils.[8]

Chemical properties

Ambergris is relatively nonreactive to acid. White crystals of a terpenoid known as ambrein, discovered by Leopold Ružička and Fernand Lardon in 1946,[17] [18] [19] can be separated from ambergris by heating raw ambergris in alcohol, then allowing the resulting solution to cool. Breakdown of the relatively scentless ambrein through oxidation produces ambroxide and ambrinol, the main odor components of ambergris.

Ambroxide is now produced synthetically and used extensively in the perfume industry.[20]

Applications

Ambergris has been mostly known for its use in creating perfume and fragrance much like musk. Perfumes based on ambergris still exist.[21] Ambergris has historically been used in food and drink. A serving of eggs and ambergris was reportedly King Charles II of England's favorite dish.[22] A recipe for Rum Shrub liqueur from the mid 19th century called for a thread of ambergris to be added to rum, almonds, cloves, cassia, and the peel of oranges in making a cocktail from The English and Australian Cookery Book.[23] It has been used as a flavoring agent in Turkish coffee[24] and in hot chocolate in 18th century Europe.[25] The substance is considered an aphrodisiac in some cultures.[26]

Ancient Egyptians burned ambergris as incense, while in modern Egypt ambergris is used for scenting cigarettes.[27] The ancient Chinese called the substance "dragon's spittle fragrance".[28] During the Black Death in Europe, people believed that carrying a ball of ambergris could help prevent them from contracting plague. This was because the fragrance covered the smell of the air which was believed to be a cause of plague.

During the Middle Ages, Europeans used ambergris as a medication for headaches, colds, epilepsy, and other ailments.

Legality

From the 18th to the mid-19th century, the whaling industry prospered. By some reports, nearly 50,000 whales, including sperm whales, were killed each year. Throughout the 19th century, "millions of whales were killed for their oil, whalebone, and ambergris" to fuel profits, and they soon became endangered as a species as a result.[29] Due to studies showing that the whale populations were being threatened, the International Whaling Commission instituted a moratorium on commercial whaling in 1982. Although ambergris is not harvested from whales, many countries also ban the trade of ambergris as part of the more general ban on the hunting and exploitation of whales.

Urine, faeces, and ambergris (that has been naturally excreted by a sperm whale) are waste products not considered parts or derivatives of a CITES species and are therefore not covered by the provisions of the convention.[30]

Countries where ambergris trade is illegal include:

Countries where trade of ambergris is legal include:

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Encyclopedia: Ambergris . Britannica . 31 January 2013 .
  2. Book: Burr, Chandler. The Emperor of Scent: A Story of Perfume, Obsession, and the Last Mystery of the Senses. 2003. New York. Random House. 978-0-375-50797-7.
  3. Panten, J. and Surburg, H. 2016. Flavors and Fragrances, 3. Aromatic and Heterocyclic Compounds. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 1–45.
  4. Web site: Jovoy Paris 'Designed' for Fascinating Olfactory Experiences . Ikon London Magazine. October 2017 . October 12, 2017.
  5. Web site: amber Etymology, origin and meaning of amber by etymonline . 2023-01-11 . Online Etymology Dictionary.
  6. Edward Lipinski | Semitic Languages Outline of A Comparative Grammar | Department Of Oriental Studies Leuven Belgium | Assimilation stages of the word Anbar P.189 https://hcommons.org/?get_group_doc=1004138/1673969011-Lipinski_-_Semitic_Languages._Outline_of_a_Comparative_Grammar.pdf
  7. A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary . D. N. . MacKenzie . Oxford University Press . 2014-09-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121203034323/http://www.rabbinics.org/pahlavi/MacKenzie-PahlDict.pdf . 3 December 2012 . 1124409881 . 9781136613951. on Google Books
  8. Ambergris . 1 . 794.
  9. Wedgwood . Hensleigh . Hensleigh Wedgwood . On False Etymologies . Transactions of the Philological Society . 1855 . 6 . 66.
  10. 28 February 2023. December 2022.
  11. Book: William F. Perrin . Bernd Wursig . J. G.M. Thewissen. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals . 2009 . Academic Press . 978-0080919935 . 28 .
  12. Clarke . R. . 2006 . The origin of ambergris . Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals . 5 . 7–21 . 10.5597/lajam00087 . 2236-1057. free .
  13. Book: Kemp, Christopher . Floating Gold: A Natural (and Unnatural) History of Ambergris . 2012 . University of Chicago Press . 978-0-226-43036-2 . 12–13.
  14. Web site: Daley . Jason . Your High-End Perfume Is Likely Part Whale Mucus . Smithsonian . 14 April 2016 . 6 August 2018.
  15. Web site: A group of fishermen netted a $1.5 million whale-vomit windfall after dredging up a 127 280-pound hunk of the stuff . Business Insider.
  16. Baldanza . Angela . Roberto . Bizzarri . Federico . Famiani . Paolo . Monaco . Roberto . Pellegrino . Paola . Sassi . Enigmatic, biogenically induced structures in Pleistocene marine deposits: A first record of fossil ambergris . Geology . 41 . 10 . 1075 . 30 July 2013 . 10.1130/G34731.1 . 2013Geo....41.1075B.
  17. 10.1002/hlca.19460290414. Zur Kenntnis der Triterpene. (105. Mitteilung) Über das Ambreïn, einen Bestandteil des grauen Ambra . 1946 . Ruzicka . L. . Lardon . F. . Helvetica Chimica Acta . 29 . 4 . 912–921.
  18. Prelog . Vladimir . Vladimir Prelog . Jeger . Oskar . 10.1098/rsbm.1980.0013 . Leopold Ruzicka (13 September 1887  - 26 September 1976) . . 26 . 411–501 . 1980 . 71933568 . free.
  19. Hillier . Stephen G. . Lathe . Richard . Terpenes, hormones and life: Isoprene rule revisited . 2019 . Journal of Endocrinology . 242 . 2 . R9–R22 . 31051473 . 10.1530/JOE-19-0084 . free.
  20. Web site: Ambrox/Ambroxan: a Modern Fascination on an Elegant Material . 5 November 2010 . Perfume Shrine . 31 January 2013 .
  21. Ambergris, Treasure of the Deep . https://web.archive.org/web/20120114153426/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/ambergris-treasure-of-the-deep-01122012.html . dead . January 14, 2012 . January 12, 2012 . Eric . Spitznagel . Bloomberg Businessweek . 31 January 2013 .
  22. Book: Lord Macaulay . The History of England from the Accession of James II . 1848 . Harper . http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1468 . 1 . IV . 222 . Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay .
  23. Book: Abbott, Edward . The English and Australian Cookery Book . 1864 . 272 (at the top).
  24. Web site: The starting point of Turkish coffee: Istanbul's historic coffeehouses . The Istanbul Guide . 26 October 2018 . 18 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201018170334/https://www.theguideistanbul.com/istanbul-historic-coffeehouses/ . dead .
  25. News: Green. Matthew. How the decadence and depravity of London's 18th century elite was fuelled by hot chocolate. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/surprising-history-of-london-chocolate-houses/ . 2022-01-12 . subscription . live. The Daily Telegraph. July 15, 2017. March 11, 2017.
  26. Book: Kemp, Christopher . Floating Gold: A Natural (& Unnatural) History of Ambergris . http://press.uchicago.edu/books/excerpt/2012/kemp_floating.html . The Origin of Ambergris . 2012-05-11 . 787843317. 9780226430379 . University of Chicago Press.
  27. Book: Ambergris . Materials Handbook: An Encyclopedia for Managers, Technical Professionals, Purchasing and Production Managers, Technicians, and Supervisors . 64 . Brady . George Stuart . Clauser . Henry R. . Vaccari . John A. . 978-0-07-136076-0 . 2002 . McGraw-Hill.
  28. Strange but True: Whale Waste Is Extremely Valuable . April 26, 2007 . Cynthia . Graber . Scientific American . 31 January 2013.
  29. Book: Sherrow, Victoria L.. For Appearance' Sake: The Historical Encyclopedia of Good Looks, Beauty, and Grooming. Greenwood. 2001. 9781573562041. 129.
  30. https://cites.org/sites/default/files/common/cop/16/sum/E-CoP16-Com-II-Rec-02.pdf CITES CoP16 Com. II Rec. 2 (Rev. 1), Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Bangkok (Thailand), 3–14 March 2013 Summary record of the second session of Committee II
  31. Web site: Whale and Dolphin permits – Ambergris . Environment.gov.au . 1979-06-28 . 2014-03-13.
  32. Ambergris, Treasure of the Deep . https://web.archive.org/web/20120114153426/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/ambergris-treasure-of-the-deep-01122012.html#p2 . dead . January 14, 2012 . Businessweek . 2012-01-12 . 2014-03-13.
  33. Web site: Ambergris: lucky, lucrative and legal?. 10 September 2015.

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