Foreign relations of Iceland explained

Iceland took control of its foreign affairs in 1918 when it became a sovereign country, the Kingdom of Iceland, in a personal union with the King of Denmark. As a fully independent state, Iceland could have joined the League of Nations in 1920, but chose not to do so for cost reasons. It negotiated with Denmark to initially carry out most of its foreign relations, while maintaining full control. Denmark appointed a diplomatic envoy (Ambassador) to Iceland in 1919 and Iceland reciprocated in 1920, opening an Embassy in Copenhagen. Iceland established its own Foreign Service in April 1940^[1] when Denmark became occupied by Nazi Germany and ties between the two countries were severed. The Republic of Iceland was founded in 1944. The Icelandic foreign service grew slowly in the post-WWII period, but increased rapidly after the mid-1990s. Iceland's closest relations are with the Nordic states, the European Union and the United States.^[2] Iceland has been a member of the United Nations since 1946. Iceland was a founding member of the World Bank in 1946 and NATO in 1949. In terms of European integration, Iceland was a founding member of the OEEC (now OECD) in 1948 and the Nordic Council in 1952, it joined EFTA in 1970, was a founding member of the CSCE (now OSCE) in 1973 and the EEA in 1992 and joined Schengen in 1996.^[3]

From 1951 to 2006, there was an American military base and troop presence in Iceland.^[4] During the Cold War, Iceland had a close but contentious relationship with the United States, leading some scholars to describe Iceland as a "rebellious ally" and "reluctant ally."^[2] Iceland repeatedly threatened to leave NATO or cancel the US defence agreement during the Cold War.^[2] As a consequence, the United States provided Iceland with extensive economic assistance and diplomatic support.^[2] Iceland hosted the historic 1986 Reagan-Gorbachev summit in Reykjavík, which set the stage for the end of the Cold War.

Fishing rights

Iceland's principal historical international disputes involved disagreements over fishing rights. Conflict with the United Kingdom led to the so-called Cod Wars in 1952–56 because of the extension of the fishing zone from 3 to 4 nautical miles (6 to 7 km), 1958–61 because of extending the fishing zone to 12 nautical miles (22 km) in 1972–73 because of its further extension to 50 nautical miles (93 km) and in 1975–76 because of its extension to 200 nautical miles (370 km).^{[5] [6]} Disagreements with Norway and Russia over fishing rights in the Barents Sea were successfully resolved in 2000.

Whaling

Certain environmentalists are concerned that Iceland left the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in June 1992 in protest of an IWC decision to refuse to lift the ban on whaling, after the IWC Scientific Committee had determined that the taking of certain species could safely be resumed. That year, Iceland established a separate commission – along with Norway, Greenland and the Faroe Islands – for the conservation, management, and study of marine mammals. Since then, Iceland has resumed whaling for scientific purpose and has rejoined the IWC (in October 2002). The Icelandic Fisheries Ministry issued a permit to hunt 39 whales for commercial purposes on 17 October 2006.^[7] 25 states delivered a formal diplomatic protest to the Icelandic government on 1 November concerning resumed commercial whaling. The protest was led by the United Kingdom and supported by others such as Finland and Sweden.^[8]

Recognition of post-Soviet states

Iceland was the first country to recognize the regained independence of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan from the USSR in 1990–1991. Similarly, it was the first country to recognize Montenegro's independence from its former union with Serbia.^[9] Iceland was also the first country to recognize Croatia, having done so on 19 December 1991.^[10] Significantly, Iceland was also the first Western state to recognise Palestine when it did so in 2011.^[11] Iceland also is the greatest Nordic contributor per capita to NATO-led troops in Bosnia and Kosovo, to the police in Bosnia and to Bosnian/Kosovan reconstruction, resettlement and relief efforts.

Membership in international organizations

Iceland is a member of the following organisations: North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe; International Criminal Court; International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; International Development Association; International Finance Corporation; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; European Economic Area; European Free Trade Association; Council of Europe; International Criminal Police Organization; and the United Nations, since 19 November 1946, and most of its specialized agencies, including the International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Labour Organization, International Maritime Organization, International Telecommunication Union, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Universal Postal Union, World Health Organization, World Meteorological Organization and the International Whaling Commission.

Iceland was given the opportunity to join the League of Nations in 1920, but opted not to, primarily due to limited administrative resources.^[12] Iceland joined the UN in 1945 but took until 1965 to establish a permanent mission.^[13]

In the IMF, Iceland is in the Nordic-Baltic constituency of the 24-member executive board of the IMF, along with Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.^[14]

International disputes

Rockall

See main article: Rockall. Iceland has an ongoing dispute with Denmark (on behalf of the Faroe Islands) on the one hand and with the UK and Ireland on the other hand, concerning claims to the continental shelf in the Hatton–Rockall area of the North Atlantic under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982).^[15] Iceland's claim covers virtually the entire area claimed by the other three countries, except for a small portion in the south-east corner of the Irish claim,^[16] while the Faroes claim most of the area claimed by the UK and Ireland.^[17] Negotiations continue between the four countries in the hope of making a joint proposal to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf by May 2009.

Deposit insurance

See main article: Icesave dispute. Following the collapse of Icesave sparking the 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis, the U.K. and the Netherlands offered to insure the deposits of the bank's customers. They then sought repayment from Iceland, which held a referendum on the issue in 2010 and 2011, both of which failed. The two governments then said they would take the issue to European courts to seek redress they alleged is owed to them. In January 2013 the EFTA court cleared Iceland of all charges.

European Union application

See main article: Enlargement of the European Union.

Iceland has had a close relationship with the European Union (EU) throughout its development, but has remained outside (instead, joining the European Free Trade Area or EFTA). In 1972, the two sides signed a free trade agreement and in 1994 Iceland joined the European Economic Area which let itself and other non-EU states have access to the EU's internal market in exchange for Iceland contributing funds and applying EU law in relevant areas. The EU is Iceland's most important trading partner with a strong trade surplus in 2008/9 in terms of goods, services and foreign direct investment. Iceland also participates in the Schengen Area (as well as relevant police and judicial cooperation) and has non-voting representation in some EU agencies.^{[18] [19]}

However, after Iceland's financial crash in 2008, it has sought membership of the EU and the euro. Iceland applied on 16 July 2009 and negotiations formally began 17 June 2011.^[20] After an agreement is concluded, the accession treaty must be ratified by every EU state and be subject to a national referendum in Iceland.^[21] Since the application was submitted, popular support has declined and contentious issues around Icelandic fisheries may derail negotiations. However the Icelandic government is confident an agreement can be reached based on the flexibility shown by the EU in its previous negotiations with Norway.^[22]

In 2014, Iceland froze their application to join the European Union.^[23]

Agreed Minute

See main article: Agreed Minute.

The Agreed Minute was a statute governing the nature of the U.S. military presence in Iceland. The Agreed Minute was last renegotiated in 2001. At the time, the U.S. Air Force committed itself to maintaining four to six interceptors at the Keflavík base, supported by a helicopter rescue squad. The Air Force, in order to cut costs, announced plans to remove the four remaining jets in 2003. The removal was then delayed to address Icelandic demands for continued presence of the jets. After an unfruitful series of negotiations and two reshuffles of the Icelandic government the issue lay dormant until early 2006 when the U.S. Air Force issued an official statement that withdrawal of the aircraft was already being prepared. U.S. officials have since then argued that Iceland is in no need of a military presence.

NATO allies since then conduct air policing after the U.S. Air Force withdrawal.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Iceland maintains diplomatic relations with:

	Country	Date^[24]
1	Denmark
2	United Kingdom
3	Sweden
4	Norway
5	United States
6
7	Italy
8	Belgium
9	France
10	Netherlands
11	Czech Republic
12	Poland
13	Canada
14	Switzerland
15	Finland
16	Portugal
17	Ireland
18
19	Spain
20	Israel	^[25]
21	Argentina	^[26]
22	Brazil	^[27]
23	Germany
24	Serbia
25	Hungary
26	Cuba	^[28]
27	Romania
28	Japan
29	Turkey
30	Greece
31	Luxembourg
32
33	Chile
34	Bulgaria
35	Mexico
36	Austria
37	Peru
38	Egypt
39	Ethiopia
40	Niger
41	Tunisia
42	Nigeria
43	China
44	India
45	Lebanon
46
47
48	Kenya
49	Mongolia
50	Bahamas
51	Thailand
52	Albania
–
53	Pakistan	^[29]
54	Ghana
55
56	Cape Verde
57	Bangladesh
58	Iraq
59	Bahrain
60	San Marino
61	Barbados
62	Cyprus
63
64	Nepal
65	Colombia
66	Saudi Arabia
67	Nicaragua
68	Grenada
69	Algeria
70	Indonesia
71	Yemen
72	Lesotho
73	Australia
74	Somalia
75	Morocco
76	Angola
77	Botswana
78	New Zealand
79	Jordan
80	Maldives
81	Seychelles
82	Namibia
83	Uruguay
84	Estonia
85	Latvia
86	Lithuania
87	Liechtenstein
88	Slovenia
89	Oman
90	Ukraine
91	Croatia
92	Georgia
93	Slovakia	^[30]
94	Marshall Islands
95	Guatemala
96
97
98	South Africa
99
100	Andorra
101	Kuwait
102	Bosnia and Herzegovina
103	Costa Rica
104	Turkmenistan
105	Mozambique
106	Armenia
107	Uzbekistan
108	Azerbaijan
109	Malta
110	Malawi
111	Sri Lanka
112	Malaysia
113	Philippines
114	Singapore
115	Panama
116	Uganda
117	Jamaica
118	El Salvador
119	Kyrgyzstan	^[31]
120	Belarus
121	Burkina Faso
122	Qatar
123	Sudan
124	Cambodia
125	Dominican Republic
126	United Arab Emirates
127
128	Ecuador
129	Mauritius
130	Nauru
131	Antigua and Barbuda
132	Libya
133	Afghanistan
134	Paraguay
135	Senegal
136	Chad
137	Saint Kitts and Nevis
138
139	Gambia
140	Rwanda
141	Guinea
142	Kazakhstan
143	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
144	Dominica
145	Belize
146	Mali
147	Zambia
148	Papua New Guinea
149
150	Equatorial Guinea
151	Honduras
152
153	Guinea-Bissau
154
155	Vanuatu
156	Eritrea
157	Mauritania
158	Palau
159	Samoa
160	Comoros
161	Suriname
162	Togo
163
164	Benin
165	Guyana
166	Gabon
167	Djibouti
168	Tuvalu
169	Kiribati
170
171	Haiti
172	Tajikistan
173
174	Saint Lucia
175	Madagascar
176	Montenegro
177	Sierra Leone
178	Liberia
179	Burundi
180		^[32]
181	Solomon Islands
182	Cameroon
183
184	Tonga
185	Fiji
186
–
–
187	Myanmar
188	Trinidad and Tobago
189	Monaco
–	Cook Islands

Bilateral relations

Iceland's first embassy was established in Copenhagen in 1920. The second and third embassies were opened in London and Sweden in 1940. That same year, a consulate-general was installed in New York (a year later, an embassy was opened in Washington D.C.). The Icelandic foreign service grew slowly (both in terms of missions and staff) in the post-WWII period, but increased rapidly after the mid-1990s. The Icelandic foreign service is vastly smaller than those of its Nordic neighbors.

Africa

Country	Diplomatic Relations Established	Notes
Burkina Faso	2001	Burkina Faso is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.^[33]
< style="background: silver;"	Central African Republic	< style="background: silver;"	N/A	< style="background: silver;"	Iceland does not maintain diplomatic relations with Central African Republic.
Djibouti	2005	Djibouti is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Paris, France. Iceland is accredited to Djibouti from its embassy in Kampala, Uganda.
Kenya	1973	Iceland is accredited to Kenya from its embassy in Kampala, Uganda Kenya is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
Malawi	1998	Iceland has an embassy in Lilongwe. Malawi is accredited to Iceland from its high commission in London.
Mauritania	2004	Mauritania is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Brussels, Belgium. Iceland is represented in Mauritania by its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík.^[34]
Mozambique	1997	Iceland is accredited to Mozambique from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík and maintains an honorary consulate in Maputo. Mozambique is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
South Africa	1994	Iceland is accredited to South Africa from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík. South Africa is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway.
Uganda	2000	Iceland has an embassy in Kampala. Uganda is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.
< style="background: silver;"	Zimbabwe	< style="background: silver;"	N/A	< style="background: silver;"	Iceland does not maintain diplomatic relations with Zimbabwe.

Americas

Country	Diplomatic Relations Established	Notes
Argentina	1952	Argentina is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway. Iceland is accredited to Argentina from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík and maintains an honorary consulate Buenos Aires.
Barbados	1979	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 April 1979.^[35]
Belize	2004	Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 7 July 2004.^[36]
Brazil	1952	Brazil is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway and maintains an honorary consulate in Reykjavík. Iceland is accredited to Brazil from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík and maintains honorary consulates in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.
Canada	1947	See Canada–Iceland relations Canada has an embassy in Reykjavík.^[37] Iceland has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Winnipeg.^[38]
Chile	1963	Chile is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway. Iceland is accredited to Chile from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík.
Colombia	1981	Colombia is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Iceland is accredited to Colombia from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík.
Cuba	1956	Cuba is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Iceland is accredited to Cuba from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City.
Dominica	2004	Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2004.^[39] Iceland is represented in Dominica through its embassy in New York City, United States. Both countries have an agreement on cooperation on geothermal energy.^[40]
Guyana	2005	Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 10 March 2005.^[41]
Mexico	24 March 1964	See Iceland–Mexico relations Iceland is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington D.C., United States and maintains honorary consulates in Campeche City and in Mexico City.^[42] Mexico is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark and maintains an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.^[43]
	4 June 1999	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 June 1999.^[44] ^[45]
Paraguay	2004	Iceland is represented in Paraguay by its embassy in Washington, United States.^[46] Paraguay is represented in Iceland by its embassy in London, United Kingdom.^[47]
Peru	1967	Iceland is accredited to Peru from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík and maintains an honorary consulate in Lima. Peru is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	27 May 2004	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 May 2004.^[48] Iceland is represented in Saint-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines by its Mission to the United Nations in New York City, United States.^[49]
Saint Kitts and Nevis	2004	Iceland is represented in Saint Kitts and Nevis by its Mission to the United Nations in New York City, United States.
United States	1 July 1941	See Iceland–United States relationsIceland and the U.S. are NATO allies. The United States prides itself on being the first country to recognize the regained independence of Iceland. Iceland has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and a consulate-general in New York City. United States has an embassy in Reykjavík.^[50]
Uruguay	1991	Iceland is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States. Uruguay is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in London, United Kingdom and maintains an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.

Asia

Country	Diplomatic Relations Established	Notes
Armenia		Armenia is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Iceland is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia and maintains an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
Azerbaijan	1998	Azerbaijan is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in London, United Kingdom. Iceland is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
< style="background: silver;"	Bhutan	< style="background: silver;"	N/A	< style="background: silver;"	Iceland does not maintain diplomatic relations with Bhutan.
China	1971	See China–Iceland relations In May 1972, China assigned the first resident ambassador to Iceland. In January 1995, Iceland set up its embassy in Beijing and assigned its first resident ambassador to China. In December 1995, China resumed the practice of sending resident ambassadors to Iceland (between 1983 and 1995, the Chinese ambassador to Copenhagen, Denmark was also accredited to Iceland). In April 2013 Iceland entered into a free trade agreement with China.^[51] Iceland has an honorary consulate in Hong Kong. The honorary consulate is also accredited to Macao.^[52]
Georgia	21 September 1992	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 1992.
India	1972	See Iceland–India relations India has an embassy in Reykjavík. Iceland has an embassy in New Delhi and two consulates in Mumbai and Chennai.
Indonesia	1983	Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1983.^[53]
	1948	Iceland is accredited to Iran from its embassy in Oslo.^[54] Iran is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo.^[55]
Israel	May 1948	See Iceland–Israel relations Iceland is accredited to Israel directly from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and maintains an honorary consulate in Tel Aviv.^[56] Israel is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway and maintains an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.^[57]
Japan	8 December 1956	See Iceland–Japan relations Both countries find common interest on the matter of whaling. Iceland has an embassy in Tokyo and 3 honorary consulates in Kyoto, Nagano-shi, Tokyo.^[58] Japan has an embassy in Reykjavík. Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Iceland
Mongolia	1974	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 June 1974.^[59]
Nepal	1981	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 May 1981.^[60]
	1976	Pakistan maintain cordinal diplomatic relations with Iceland.^[61]
	2011	See Iceland–Palestine relationsOn 29 November 2011, the parliament of Iceland passed a resolution that authorized the government to officially recognize the state of Palestine within the 1967 borders.As of 15 July 2013, Iceland is the first and only Western European country to recognise the independence of Palestine. Full diplomatic relations exist between the two states. Iceland's representative to Palestine is a non-resident based at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík, while Palestine's ambassador to Iceland is also a non-resident based in Oslo, Norway.^[62]
	24 February 1999	See main article: Iceland–Philippines relations. Iceland has its representation in the Philippines through its embassy in Tokyo, Japan, and the Philippines' ambassador in Oslo, Norway is also accredited to Iceland; although both countries established honorary consulates in Reykjavík^[63] and Makati, Metro Manila,^[64] respectively.
Singapore	1999	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 May 1999.^[65]
	10 October 1962^[66]	See Iceland–South Korea relations The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Iceland and the Republic of Korea began on 10 October 1962. The Republic of Iceland and the Republic of Korea relations are primarily based on cooperation over maritime issues such as whaling and bottom trawling and on bi-lateral trade in technology and fish products although there are various other ways in which the two countries interact.
Turkey	1957	See Iceland–Turkey relations Turkish Embassy in Oslo is accredited to Iceland, while the Icelandic Embassy in Copenhagen is accredited to Turkey.^[67] Both countries are full members of NATO.
Turkmenistan	13 February 1997	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 February 1997.^[68]
Uzbekistan	25 September 1997	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 1997.^[69]

Europe

Country	Diplomatic Relations Established	Notes
Albania	1976	Iceland is represented in Albania through its embassy in Stockholm and an honorary consulate in Tirana.^[70] Both countries are full members of NATO.
Andorra	1995	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1995.^[71]
Austria	1928	Iceland has an embassy in Vienna.^[72] Iceland is accredited to Austria from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík. Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Iceland (in German only) See also: Austrians in Iceland and Icelandics in Austria
Belarus	2001	Iceland is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Moscow and an honorary consulate in Minsk.
Belgium	1945	Belgium is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.^[73] Iceland has an embassy in Brussels.^[74] Both countries are full members of NATO.
Bulgaria	1963	Iceland is represented in Bulgaria through its embassy in Copenhagen and an honorary consulate in Sofia. Both countries are full members of NATO.
Croatia	1992	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 1992.^[75] ^[76] Both countries are full members of NATO.
Cyprus	1979	Cyprus is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.^[77] Iceland is represented in Cyprus by its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.^[78]
Czech Republic	1993-01-01	See Czech Republic–Iceland relations The Czech Republic is represented in Iceland through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík. Iceland is represented in the Czech Republic through its embassy in Vienna (Austria) and through an honorary consulate in Prague. Both countries are full members of NATO.
Denmark	1918	See Denmark–Iceland relations Iceland was a part of the Kingdom of Denmark from 1814 to 1918 and a separate kingdom in a personal union with Denmark until 1944, when Iceland declared independence. Denmark has an embassy in Reykjavík.^[79] Iceland has an embassy in Copenhagen and consulates-general in the Danish territories of Nuuk, Greenland and in Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.^[80] Both countries are full members of NATO.
Estonia	1991	Iceland is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Helsinki and an honorary consulate in Tallinn. Iceland was the first country to recognize Estonia's independence in 1991. Both countries are full members of NATO.
Finland	1947	See Finland–Iceland relations Finland has an embassy in Reykjavík.^[81] Iceland has an embassy in Helsinki.^[82] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and NATO.
France	1945	See France–Iceland relations France has an embassy in Reykjavík.^[83] Iceland has an embassy in Paris.^[84] Both countries are full members of NATO.
Germany	1952	See Germany–Iceland relations Iceland has an embassy in Berlin.^[85] Germany has an embassy in Reykjavík.^[86] Both countries are NATO members. See also: Germans in Iceland and Icelandics in Germany
Greece	1958	See Greece–Iceland relations Greece is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík. Iceland is represented in Greece through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and through an honorary consulate in Athens. Both countries are full members of NATO.
Hungary	1955	Hungary is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Oslo, Norway.^[87] Both countries are full members of NATO.
Ireland	11 March 1948	See Iceland–Ireland relations Iceland is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and through an honorary consulate in Dublin.^[88] Ireland is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Copenhagen (Denmark) and through an honorary consulate in Garðabær.^[89] Both countries are full members of Council of Europe.
Italy	1945	Iceland is accredited to Italy from its embassy in Paris.^[90] Italy is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.^[91] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, of NATO and of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Latvia	1991-08-22	See Iceland–Latvia relations Iceland was the first country to recognise the independence of Latvia in August 1991. Iceland is represented in Latvia through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland). Latvia is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík. Both countries are full members of NATO.
Lithuania	1991-08-05	Iceland was the first country to recognise the independence of Lithuania in February 1991.^[92] Iceland is represented in Lithuania through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland).^[93] Lithuania is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Copenhagen (Denmark) and 2 honorary consulates (in Mosfellsbær and Reykjavík).^[94] Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States, of NATO, and of the Council of Europe. There was 1.652 Lithuanians living in Iceland 2015.^[95] Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Iceland (in Lithuanian only)
Malta	3 July 1998	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 July 1998.^[96]
	1995	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 May 1995.^[97]
Montenegro	2006	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2006.^[98] Both countries are full members of NATO.
Netherlands	1946	Iceland is represented in the Netherlands by its embassy in Oslo, Norway.^[99] The Netherlands is represented in Iceland by its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.^[100] See also: Dutchs in Iceland and Icelandics in the Netherlands Both countries are full members of NATO.
	1993	Iceland is represented in North Macedonia through its embassy in Vienna, Austria.^[101] North Macedonia is represented in Iceland through its embassy in London, England,^[102] and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.^[103] Both countries are full members of NATO.
Norway	1940	See Iceland–Norway relations Iceland has an embassy in Oslo.^[104] Norway has an embassy in Reykjavík.^[105] Both countries are full members of NATO.
Poland	January 1946	See Iceland–Poland relations Iceland has an embassy in Warsaw.^[106] Poland has an embassy in Reykjavík.^[107] Both countries are full members of NATO.
Romania	1956	Iceland is represented in Romania through its embassy in Copenhagen and an honorary consulate in Bucharest. Both countries are full members of NATO.
	1943	See Iceland–Russia relations Iceland has an embassy in Moscow.^[108] Russia has an embassy in Reykjavík.^[109] Both countries have close ties in financing, which has strengthened the relations between the two.^[110] Iceland also called Russia as its "new friend" after having been turned down by its traditional allies for an emergency loan to boost the balance sheet of its second largest commercial bank.^[111] On August 1, 2023, Iceland suspended its embassy operations in Moscow.^[112]
Serbia	2000	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 2000.^[113] A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.^[114]
Spain	1949	See Iceland–Spain relations Iceland is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France. Spain is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway. Both countries are full members of NATO.
Sweden	1940	See Iceland–Sweden relations The governments of Iceland and Sweden signed on 23 March 1921 a joint declaration for the protection of trade marks.^[115] Iceland has an embassy in Stockholm.^[116] Sweden has an embassy in Reykjavík.^[117] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and NATO.
Switzerland	1947	Iceland has an embassy in Geneva (which is accredited to Switzerland and to the United Nations). Switzerland is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo and through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík Both countries are members of Council of Europe and the European Free Trade Association. See also: Swisses in Iceland and Icelandics in Switzerland
Ukraine	1992	See Iceland–Ukraine relations Iceland is represented in Ukraine through its embassy in Warsaw (Poland).^[118] Ukraine is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland) and through an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.^[119] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
United Kingdom	1940	See Iceland–United Kingdom relations Iceland established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 8 May 1940. Iceland maintains an embassy in London.^[120] The United Kingdom is accredited to Iceland through its embassy in Reykjavík.^[121] The UK occupied Iceland from 10 May 1940 until July 1941, when the United States assumed responsibility of the country.^[122] The two countries have a sovereignty dispute over the Rockall Bank. Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,^[123] Council of Europe, Joint Expeditionary Force, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a free trade agreement.^[124]

Oceania

Country	Diplomatic Relations Established	Notes
Australia	1984	Australia is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark. Iceland is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Beijing, China.
Marshall Islands	25 January 1993	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 January 1993.^[125]
	2004	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2004.^[126]
New Zealand	1988	Iceland is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Beijing, China and maintains honorary consulates in Auckland and Nelson.^[127] New Zealand is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in The Hague, Netherlands.
Samoa	2004	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 2004.^[128]

See also

• List of diplomatic missions in Iceland
• List of diplomatic missions of Iceland
• Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Iceland)
• Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations

Further reading

• Baldur Thorhallson (ed.). 2018. Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland’s External Affairs. Routledge.
• Baldur Thorhallsson (ed.). 2004. Iceland and European Integration: On the Edge. Routledge.
• Pétur J. Thorsteinsson. 1992. Utanríkisþjónusta Íslands og utanríkismál: Sögulegt Yfirlit. Rekjavík: Hið íslenska bókmenntafélag.
• Valur Ingimundarson. 2011. The Rebellious Ally: Iceland, the United States, and the Politics of Empire 1945–2006. Dordrecht Publishing.
• Valur Ingimundarson. 2002. Uppgjör við umheiminn. Reykjavík: Vaka-Helgafell.
• Valur Ingimundarson. 1996. Í eldlínu kalda stríðsins. Reykjavík: Vaka-Helgafell.

External links

• Icelandic Foreign Service Iceland's embassies and missions abroad
• (in Icelandic) Historical overview by Iceland's Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• Iceland's Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• European Commission > The EU's relations with Iceland
  • The Icelandic European Movement (favours Icelandic EU membership)
  • Heimssýn, the cross-political organisation of Icelandic eurosceptics

Foreign representations in Iceland

• Canadian Embassy in Iceland
• United States Embassy in Reykjavík

Notes and References

1. Web site: 80th anniversary of the Icelandic Foreign Service. government.is. en-US. live. https://archive.today/20200409154227/https://www.government.is/news/article/2020/04/09/80th-anniversary-of-the-Icelandic-Foreign-Service/. 9 April 2020. 2020-04-09.
2. Book: The Rebellious Ally: Iceland, the United States, and the Politics of Empire 1945-2006. 9789089790699. Ingimundarson. Valur. 2011. Republic of Letters .
3. https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/schengen-agreement/#:~:text=Since%20then%2C%20the%20Schengen%20Area,new%20five%20countries%20to%20join History of the Schengen Agreement
4. News: Return to Keflavik Station. Petursson. Gustav. 24 February 2016. Foreign Affairs. 24 December 2018. Winger. Gregory. 0015-7120.
5. GuÐmundsson. GuÐmundur J.. 1 June 2006. The Cod and the Cold War. Scandinavian Journal of History. 31. 2. 97–118. 10.1080/03468750600604184. 143956818. 0346-8755.
6. Steinsson. Sverrir. 22 March 2016. The Cod Wars: a re-analysis. European Security. 25. 2. 256–275. 10.1080/09662839.2016.1160376. 155242560. 0966-2839.
7. Web site: Iceland resumes commercial whaling. Greenpeace International. 17 October 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20061030181624/http://oceans.greenpeace.org/en/the-expedition/news/iceland-resumes-commercial-wha. 30 October 2006. dead.
8. News: Iceland rapped over whale hunting. BBC. 2 November 2006 . 1 November 2006.
9. Web site: Vlada Crne Gore. gov.me.
10. Web site: Važniji datumi iz povijesti saborovanja. Hrvatski Sabor. 23 April 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20130520072524/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=1769&sec=461. 20 May 2013. dead.
11. News: Iceland recognises Palestinian state. Associated Press. 30 November 2011. The Guardian. 0261-3077. 1 May 2016.
12. Book: Jóhannesson, Guðni Th.. Fyrstu forsetarnir. 2016.
13. Web site: Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland's External Affairs. 2018. Thorhallsson. Baldur. Routledge. 108–113.
14. Woods. Ngaire. Lombardi. Domenico. 2006. Uneven patterns of governance: how developing countries are represented in the IMF. Review of International Political Economy. 13. 3. 480–515. 10.1080/09692290600769351. 154895221. 0969-2290.
15. News: John . Ross . Why a barren rock in the Atlantic is the focus of an international battle of wills . The Scotsman . 27 September 2007 . 27 September 2007.
16. http://www.reglugerd.is/interpro/dkm/WebGuard.nsf/key2/196-1985 Regulation 196/1985
17. Source: Icelandic Ministry for Foreign Affairs.
18. http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/iceland/ Iceland
19. http://www.eeas.europa.eu/iceland/index_en.htm Iceland
20. http://europe.mfa.is/phase1/timeline/ Timeline of events – Iceland's application for membership of the EU
21. http://europe.mfa.is/phase-3---ratification-process/ratification-process/ National Referendum – Iceland's application for membership of the EU
22. Web site: Iceland: EU membership depends on fishery 'superpowers'. 27 June 2011 . 20 February 2015.
23. News: Iceland drops EU membership bid: 'interests better served outside' union. AFP. 12 March 2015. The Guardian.
24. Web site: Establishment of Diplomatic Relations . 7 June 2024. Government of Iceland. https://web.archive.org/web/20240226010259/https://www.government.is/ministries/ministry-for-foreign-affairs/protocol/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations/. 26 February 2024. live.
25. News: 11 December 1950 . Iceland Extends De Jure Recognition to Jewish State; Official Announcement Issued . JTA News Archive . 7 December 2011 . 6 April 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120406001925/http://archive.jta.org/article/1950/12/11/3026660/iceland-extends-de-jure-recognition-to-jewish-state-official-announcement-issued . dead .
26. Book: Memoria. Argentina Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto. 1952. 210. es.
27. Book: Anais da Câmara dos Deputados (12). Brazil, Congresso Nacional. Câmara dos Deputados. 1952. 206. pt.
28. Web site: 2015 . Memoria anual 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190507190813/https://archivo.cubaminrex.cu/sites/default/files/memoria_anual_2015.pdf . 7 May 2019 . 21 . es.
29. Book: Diplomatic Corps and Consular, Trade, and Other Foreign Representatives in Pakistan . 1981 . 32.
30. Web site: Štáty a teritóriá . 26 May 2023 . sk.
31. Web site: Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190330202757/http://mfa.gov.kg/contents/view/id/98 . 30 March 2019 . 1 August 2021 . ru.
32. Web site: March 1, 2007 . Diplomatic relations established between Iceland and Democratic Republic of Congo . 17 November 2023 . Iceland Review.
33. Web site: Diplomatic And Consular List . PDF . Ministry For Foreign Affairs Of Iceland, Department Of Protocol . Reykjavík . December 2018.
34. Web site: Máritanía.
35. Web site: Archived copy . 12 March 2018 . 13 August 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170813184054/https://www.foreign.gov.bb/documents/foreign-policy/22-countries-with-diplomaic-relations-with-barbados/file . dead .
36. Web site: Archived copy . 30 December 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171230194831/http://www.mfa.gov.bz/images/documents/DIPLOMATIC%20RELATIONS.pdf . 30 December 2017 . dead .
37. Web site: Embassy of Canada. 20 February 2015. 24 November 2011.
38. Web site: Canada – Ottawa. The Icelandic Foreign Services. 20 February 2015. 1 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181001201329/https://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/ca. dead.
39. Web site: Embassy. iceland.is. 23 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184723/https://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/un/nyc/embassy. 12 June 2018. dead.
40. Iceland and Dominica to cooperate on geothermal energy . https://web.archive.org/web/20160404235311/https://www.mfa.is/news-and-publications/nr/4938 . 2016-04-04 . Iceland Ministry for Foreign Affairs.
41. Web site: Countries with which Guyana has Establishment Diplomatic Relations . 16 July 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160307101008/http://www.minfor.gov.gy/docs/other/diplomatic_relations_list.pdf . 7 March 2016 . 5 March 2015.
42. Web site: United States – Washington DC > The Icelandic Foreign Services. 20 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150218054859/http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/us/. 18 February 2015. dead.
43. Web site: BIENVENIDOS. 12 November 2016. 13 November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161113180550/https://embamex2.sre.gob.mx/dinamarca/index.php/es/. dead.
44. Web site: Jurisdiction – Embassy of Iceland in Ottawa. iceland.is. 7 January 2017. 8 January 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170108094459/http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/ca/about-the-embassy/jurisdiction/. dead.
45. Web site: Archived copy . 7 January 2017 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806131148/https://www.mire.gob.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/Trasnsparencia/gestion-anual-2011-2012.pdf . dead .
46. Web site: Úrúgvæ.
47. Web site: Portal Oficial del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República del Paraguay :: Embapar Reino Unido . 2 March 2019 . 9 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181109072138/http://www2.mre.gov.py/index.php/representaciones/embajadas-del-paraguay-en-el-mundo/europa/embapar-reino-unido . dead .
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49. Web site: About the Mission . Permanent Mission of Iceland to the UN . Government of Iceland.
50. Web site: Home – Embassy of the United States Reykjavík, Iceland. 20 February 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150225141415/http://iceland.usembassy.gov/. 25 February 2015.
51. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/16/business/global/16iht-iceland16.html Iceland and China Enter a Free Trade Agreement
52. Web site: A new honorary consul in Hong Kong . Embassy of Iceland. 4 April 2012.
53. Web site: KBRI Oslo – Indonesian Ambassador Presented Credentials to the President of Iceland . 12 March 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181101063716/https://www.kemlu.go.id/oslo/lc/berita-agenda/berita-perwakilan/Pages/Indonesian-Ambassador-Presented-Credentials-to-the-President-of-Iceland.aspx . 1 November 2018 . dead .
54. http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/no/akkrediteringsland/ Akkrediteringsland
55. Web site: بروز خطا در صفحه . 9 June 2015 . 15 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210415171955/http://oslo.mfa.ir/index.aspx?fkeyid=&siteid=148&pageid=2623&newsview=304487 . dead .
56. Web site: Government Offices of Iceland – Government.is. mfa.is.
57. Web site: Embassy of Israel in Norway. embassies.gov.il.
58. Web site: English > Japan > The Icelandic Foreign Services. 20 February 2015.
59. Web site: LIST OF STATES WITH DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS. https://web.archive.org/web/20110722215952/http://www.mfat.gov.mn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=83&lang=en. dead. 22 July 2011. 22 July 2011.
60. Web site: Diplomatic Relations – Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA. mofa.gov.np.
61. Web site: Press Information Department (Government of Pakistan) . Pid.gov.pk . 24 November 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120306014546/http://www.pid.gov.pk/press16-06-09.htm . 6 March 2012 .
62. Web site: Ísland viðurkennir sjálfstæði Palestínu. Utanríkisráðuneyti. 20 February 2015.
63. Web site: Contact Us. Embassy of the Philippines, Oslo. 24 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130323112515/http://philembassy.no/contact. 23 March 2013. dead.
64. Web site: Listi yfir alla kjörræðismenn Íslands. Utanríkisráðuneytið Íslands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Iceland. 24 March 2013.
65. Web site: Foreign Representative to Singapore. mfa.gov.sg. 12 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180312205231/https://www1.mfa.gov.sg/Overseas-Missions/Foreign-Representative-to-Singapore. 12 March 2018. dead.
66. http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/europe/countries/20070818/1_24616.jsp?menu=m_30_40 "Countries and Regions > Europe > List of the Countries"
67. Web site: From Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
68. Web site: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan.
69. Web site: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan – States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations. mfa.uz. 12 March 2018. 12 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180312205431/https://mfa.uz/en/cooperation/country/?sphrase_id=2004455. dead.
70. Web site: Icelandic representation in Albania . 12 March 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130916192402/http://brunnur.mfa.is/interpro/utanr/HBvefur.nsf/Pages/IslSendiradIsl?OpenDocument&CountryNr=355&Lang=354 . 16 September 2013 . dead .
71. Web site: Bilateral Affairs. exteriors.ad.
72. Web site: Nýtt sendiráð opnað í Vín . www.mbl.is . is.
73. Web site: Addresses of Belgian Embassies and Consulates abroad. 20 February 2015.
74. Web site: Belgium > The Icelandic Foreign Services. 20 February 2015. 6 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150206081242/http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/be/. dead.
75. Web site: MVEP • Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations. mvep.hr.
76. Web site: MVEP • Overview of Bilateral Treaties of the Republic of Croatia by Country. mvep.hr.
77. Web site: MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS - Bilateral Relations.
78. Web site: MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS - Foreign Diplomatic Missions in Cyprus – International Organizations.
79. Web site: Danmark i Island. 20 February 2015.
80. Web site: English > Denmark > The Icelandic Foreign Services. 20 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20110817114158/http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/dk/english/. 17 August 2011. dead.
81. Web site: Suomen suurlähetystö, Reykjavík. 20 February 2015.
82. Web site: English > Finland > The Icelandic Foreign Services. 20 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150330002848/http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/fi/english/. 30 March 2015. dead.
83. Web site: Ambassade de France en Islande – Franska sendiráðið á Íslandi. 20 February 2015. 4 November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161104002207/http://www.ambafrance-is.org/. dead.
84. Web site: English > France > The Icelandic Foreign Services. 20 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20171223235528/http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/fr/english. 23 December 2017. dead.
85. Web site: English > Germany > The Icelandic Foreign Services. 20 February 2015. 24 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180324040956/https://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/de/english/. dead.
86. Web site: Deutsche Botschaft Reykjavík – Startseite. 20 February 2015.
87. Web site: Home | Embassy of Hungary . Oslo.
88. Web site: United Kingdom > The Icelandic Foreign Services. 20 February 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110522160744/http://www.iceland.org/uk/. 22 May 2011.
89. Web site: Denmark – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Department of Foreign Affairs. 20 February 2015.
90. Web site: English > France > The Icelandic Foreign Services. 20 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20110528022208/http://www.iceland.org/fr/english/. 28 May 2011. dead.
91. Web site: Ambasciata d'Italia – Oslo. amboslo.esteri.it.
92. Web site: unhchr.ch. unhchr.ch.
93. Web site: English > Finland > The Icelandic Foreign Services. 20 February 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110525081504/http://www.iceland.org/fi/english/. 25 May 2011.
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100. Web site: San Marínó.
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103. Web site: Министерство за надворешни работи. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
104. Web site: Norway > The Icelandic Foreign Services. 20 February 2015. 8 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150208092746/http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/no/. dead.
105. Web site: Norge – det offisielle nettstedet på Island. 20 February 2015.
106. https://www.government.is/diplomatic-missions/embassy-of-iceland-in-warsaw/ Embassy of Iceland in Warsaw
107. Web site: Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Reykjavik. reykjavik.msz.gov.pl.
108. Web site: English > Russia > The Icelandic Foreign Services. 20 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150329234411/http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/ru/english/. 29 March 2015. dead.
109. http://www.iceland.mid.ru/index_e.html Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Iceland
110. News: Iceland seeks Russian comfort . Russia received a similar official request late on Tuesday and the country's Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin was quoted by Interfax as saying: "We will consider it. Iceland has a reputation for strict budget discipline and has a high credit rating. We're looking favorably at the request." Negotiations on the loan are supposed to start on October 14. . . 26 June 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090531021947/http://www.mnweekly.ru/columnists/20081010/55350499.html . 31 May 2009 .
111. News: Rowena. Mason. Iceland nationalises bank and seeks Russian loan . Prime Minister Geir Haarde rushed emergency measures through the Nordic nation's parliament to nationalise Landsbanki and give the country's largest bank, Kaupthing, a £400m loan to bolster its balance sheet. . . 7 October 2008. 26 June 2009 . London.
112. Web site: Iceland suspends embassy operations in Moscow . government.is . Government of Iceland . 1 August 2023.
113. Web site: Iceland. mfa.gov.rs. 30 December 2016. 4 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200704080516/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/foreign-policy/bilateral-issues/96-bilateral-issues/12291-iceland. dead.
114. Web site: Archived copy . 30 December 2016 . 31 December 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161231080545/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/images/stories/bilaterala_ugovori/ICELAND.doc . dead .
115. Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 4, pp. 138–140.
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118. Web site: Embassy of Iceland in Warsaw. 6 May 2024.
119. Web site: Посольство України в Фінляндській Республіці та Республіці Iсландія (за сумісництвом). 20 February 2015.
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